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Profile of mood states hollanders structure and questions
1.
2. Profile of Mood States
(Morgan 1979)
A test designed to measure certain
psychological traits.
Profile Of Mood States (POMS) is a popular
tool among sport psychologists who have
used it to compare the prevailing moods of
elite athletes and non-athletes.
3. Six mood states are used;
Tension
Depression
Anger
Vigour
Fatigue
Confusion
Subjects are given a score for each trait according to
their responses to certain statements which include
key words such as unhappy, tense, careless, and
cheerful.
4. POMS
For each statement, subjects state how they
feel at that moment, or how they felt over the
previous day, few days, or week, by choosing
one of the following responses: not at all; a
little; moderately; quite a lot; extremely
5. Applied to sports
performers
Elite athletes from different sports tend to
score below average for negative states such
as tension, depression, fatigue, and
confusion; and score well above average on
vigour.
6. Applied to sports
performers
When presented on a graph, the POMS
profile for these elite athletes assumes a
characteristic shape that has been called the
‘iceberg’ profile; the better the athlete, the
more pronounced the profile (figure 53).
8. Over-training
POMS may be used to diagnose overtraining
because the shape of the profile becomes
inverted when an athlete over-trains.
9. Personality Structure – Hollander
(1971)
Psychological
Core
Hollander (1971)
Psychological Core
Beliefs and values that remain more or less
permanent
Typical Responses
The way in which an individual responds in
certain situations
Usual way we respond to the environment.
Learned & stored experience. LH
Responses may indicate the nature of the core.
Role Related Behaviour
In other situations we may behave differently
Can be changed at any time
Social Environment
How the behaviour and expectations of others
affect our role
10. Exam Questions
It was previously thought that certain personality
types tended to become involved in particular
sports: therefore, those participating in a triathlon
may have shared common personality
characteristics.
(c) In terms of personality, explain what is meant by
trait and interactionist theories. (3 marks)
(d) One aspect of personality is achievement
motivation. What are the characteristics of an
individual with a motive to achieve success? (4
marks)
11. Answer…….
(c) 1. Traits . innate/inherited/stable/enduring factors;
2. Same personality in all situations/pre-disposition to behave in the same
way;
Sub max 2 marks
3. Interactionist . concerned with traits;
4. And interaction with the situation;
5. B = f (P.E.). Sub max 2 marks
3 marks
(d) 1. Seek out challenging situations;
2. Concerned with high standards of performance;
3. Task persistence;
4. Approach behaviours;
5. Enjoy evaluative situations;
12. Personality profiling and biomechanical analysis can be
used to prepare performers who compete at the highest
level. Morgan’s Profile of Mood State (POMS) is a
questionnaire given to performers to establish their
relative measures on the six mental health states of
fatigue, vigour, tension, depression, anger and
confusion.
2
a. Research has shown that the profile for POMS differs
between elite and non-elite performers. Describe these
differences. (3 marks)
b. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using
questionnaires to provide psychological information? (4
marks)
13. 2 (a) 1. Elite score higher on vigour/anger;
2. No difference/lower on other scores for both elite and non elite;
3. Iceberg profile;
4. Iceberg profile does not guarantee an elite performer 3 marks
(Credit annotated diagrams showing iceberg profile)
(b) Advantages
1. High researcher: respondent ratio/lots of subjects at a time/quick/efficient;
2. Cheap/cost effective;
3. Numerical/objective measures achieved;
4. Reliable. Sub max of 3 marks
(Do not credit easy)
Disadvantages
5. Weak validity/non specific/too general/too simplistic for complex areas;
6. Tendency to give expected answer/lie/respond with demand characteristics/biased
questions;
7. Difficult to self-assess;
8. Ambiguous questions/misinterpretation. Sub max of 3 marks
4 marks
14. The outcome of a sprint race may be
determined by a performer’s personality and
ability to overcome and generate forces to
provide acceleration and maintain velocity.
The performance and behaviour of sports
performers may be affected by their
personalities.
Discuss this statement, using suitable
examples, with reference to both trait and
interactionist theories of personality. (7
marks)
15. Trait theory
1. Inherited characteristics/born with/innate/genetic;
2. Stable/enduring/unchanging;
3. Same behaviour in a variety of situations;
4. Behaviour is predictable.
5. E.g. aggressive in all situations/extrovert in all situations/etc.
Sub max 4 marks
Interactionist theory
6. B = f (PE)/behaviour is a function of personality and environment;
7. Inherited traits are amended by environment/situation;
8. Leads to stable behaviour in a certain situation;
9. Change environment change behaviour.
10. Eg: normally calm, but becomes aggressive in sport environment.
sub max 4 marks
7 marks