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Mom, Dad… There’s something  you need to know… I’m a MAMMAL! The Origin of Species
So…what is a species? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Western Meadowlark Eastern Meadowlark Distinct species: songs & behaviors are different enough to prevent interbreeding
How and why do new species originate? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PRE-reproduction barriers ,[object Object],[object Object],behavioral isolation geographic isolation ecological isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation
Geographic isolation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Harris’s antelope squirrel inhabits the canyon’s south rim (L). Just a few miles away on the north rim (R) lives the closely related white-tailed antelope squirrel  Ammospermophilus spp
Ecological isolation ,[object Object],[object Object],2 species of garter snake,  Thamnophis , occur in same area, but one lives in water & other is terrestrial ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Temporal isolation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Eastern spotted skunk (L) & western spotted skunk (R) overlap in range but  eastern  mates in  late winter  &  western  mates in  late summer
Behavioral isolation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Blue footed boobies mate only after a courtship display unique to their species sympatric speciation
Mechanical isolation: Plants ,[object Object],[object Object],Even in closely related species of plants, the flowers often have distinct appearances that attract different pollinators.  These 2 species of monkey flower differ greatly in shape & color, therefore cross-pollination does not happen. sympatric speciation
Mechanical isolation: Animals ,[object Object],[object Object],Damsel fly penises
Gametic isolation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sea urchins release sperm & eggs into surrounding waters where they fuse & form zygotes. Gametes of different species—  red  & purple —are unable to fuse. sympatric speciation
Sometimes, it is possible to breed two related, but different species ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
POST-reproduction barriers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],zebroid
Reduced hybrid viability ,[object Object],Species of salamander genus,  Ensatina,  may interbreed, but most hybrids do not complete development & those that do are frail. sympatric speciation
Reduced hybrid fertility ,[object Object],[object Object],Mules are vigorous, but sterile Donkeys have 62 chromosomes (31 pairs) Horses have 64 chromosomes (32 pairs) Mules have 63 chromosomes!
Hybrid breakdown ,[object Object],In strains of cultivated rice, hybrids are vigorous but plants in next generation are small & sterile, so why would these species even hybridize in the first place…there is no reason to… On path to separate species. sympatric speciation
Rate of Speciation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Niles Eldredge Curator American Museum of Natural History
Gradualism  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Punctuated Equilibrium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Time
Evolution is not goal-oriented ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Evolution is not the survival of the fittest. Rather it is the survival of the just good enough.
Any Questions??

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The Origin of Species and Biological Concepts Explained

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Humans re so diverse but considered one species, whereas these Meadowlarks look so similar but are considered different species. Meadowlarks Similar body & colorations, but are distinct biological species because their songs & other behaviors are different enough to prevent interbreeding
  2. The most comedic species of the Galapagos Islands is the Blue Footed Booby, what a ridiculous outfit and expression! Their name is in fact taken from the Spanish 'bobo' which means clown. The Blue Footed Boobies above display part of their humorous courtship ritual whereby they raise their feet one at a time and then swivel their heads away from the prospective mate looking to the sky. Other interesting Booby features are the highly evolved airbag systems in their skulls which allow them to dive bomb into the sea for fish from great height, and the egg and hatchling nesting boundaries they make which are rings of Boobie poop. They aren't the only Booby on the island — there are also Masked and Red Footed Boobies about.
  3. The most comedic species of the Galapagos Islands is the Blue Footed Booby, what a ridiculous outfit and expression! Their name is in fact taken from the Spanish 'bobo' which means clown. The Blue Footed Boobies above display part of their humorous courtship ritual whereby they raise their feet one at a time and then swivel their heads away from the prospective mate looking to the sky. Other interesting Booby features are the highly evolved airbag systems in their skulls which allow them to dive bomb into the sea for fish from great height, and the egg and hatchling nesting boundaries they make which are rings of Boobie poop. They aren't the only Booby on the island — there are also Masked and Red Footed Boobies about.
  4. The selection is intense because it directly affects offspring production -- it is affecting sex itself
  5. What’s wrong with having 63 chromosomes? Odd number! Cannot pair up in meiosis.