SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 25
Studying organisms in their environment biosphere ecosystem community population organism
Population Ecology population ecosystem community biosphere organism
Life takes place in populations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Population Ecology: What factors affect a population?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Factors that affect Population Size
Characterizing a Population ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],range density 1937 1943 1951 1958 1961 1960 1965 1964 1966 1970 1970 1956 Immigration from Africa ~1900 Equator
Population Range ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],adaptations to polar biome adaptations to rainforest biome
At risk populations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Socorro  isopod Devil’s hole pupfish Iriomote cat Northern white rhinoceros New Guinea tree  kangaroo Iiwi Hawaiian bird Catalina  Island mahogany tree
Population Spacing (Density) ,[object Object],uniform random clumped Provides insight into the environmental associations  & social interactions of individuals in population
Clumped Pattern  (most common)
Uniform Clumped patterns May result from direct interactions between individuals in the population    territoriality
Characterizing a Population ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],range density 1937 1943 1951 1958 1961 1960 1965 1964 1966 1970 1970 1956 Immigration from Africa ~1900 Equator
Population Size ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Population growth rates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Age structure ,[object Object],What do these data imply about population growth in these countries?
Survivorship curves ,[object Object],What do these graphs tell about survival &  strategy of a species? I. High death rate in post-reproductive years II. Constant mortality rate throughout life span III. Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long (stay reproductive) 0 25 1000 100 Human (type I) Hydra (type II) Oyster (type III) 10 1 50 Percent of maximum life span 100 75 Survival per thousand
Trade-offs: survival vs. reproduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Natural selection favors a life history that maximizes  lifetime  reproductive success
Reproductive strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],K-selected r-selected
Trade-offs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],r-selected K-selected “ Of course, long before you mature, most of you will be eaten.”
Life strategies & survivorship curves K-selection r-selection 0 25 1000 100 Human (type I) Hydra (type II) Oyster (type III) 10 1 50 Percent of maximum life span 100 75 Survival per thousand
Exponential Population growth ,[object Object],d N  =  r N d t N = # of individuals r = rate of growth t = time d = rate of change growth increasing at constant rate every pair has 4 offspring every pair has 3 offspring
Regulation of population size ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],swarming locusts marking territory = competition competition for nesting sites
Logistic rate of growth ,[object Object],K = carrying capacity Of course  not ! effect of  natural controls no natural controls What happens as  N approaches K ?
[object Object],[object Object],Carrying capacity What’s going  on with the  plankton? 500 400 300 200 100 0 20 0 10 30 50 40 60 Time (days) Number of cladocerans (per 200 ml) Time (years) 1915 1925 1935 1945 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of breeding male fur seals (thousands)
Human population growth ,[object Object],1650  500 million 2005  6 billion Bubonic plague "Black Death" adding 82 million/year ~ 200,000 per day ! Doubling times 500m    1b = y (~200 yrs) 1b    2b = 80y (1850–1930) 2b    4b = 75y (1930–1975)  Is the human  population reaching carrying capacity? Industrial Revolution Significant advances in medicine through science and technology
Any Questions?

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Unit 3 population ecology
Unit 3 population ecologyUnit 3 population ecology
Unit 3 population ecology
Raymond Ngobeni
 
population ecology
population ecologypopulation ecology
population ecology
imlovestruck
 
Intro To Forest Ecology
Intro To Forest EcologyIntro To Forest Ecology
Intro To Forest Ecology
divangou
 
Population ecology
Population ecologyPopulation ecology
Population ecology
Crystal Wood
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Population Ecology
Population EcologyPopulation Ecology
Population Ecology
 
Population ecology 2016 ppt
Population ecology 2016 pptPopulation ecology 2016 ppt
Population ecology 2016 ppt
 
Metapopulation
MetapopulationMetapopulation
Metapopulation
 
Unit 3 population ecology
Unit 3 population ecologyUnit 3 population ecology
Unit 3 population ecology
 
population ecology
population ecologypopulation ecology
population ecology
 
3B.2 Measuring Biodiversity
3B.2 Measuring Biodiversity3B.2 Measuring Biodiversity
3B.2 Measuring Biodiversity
 
Diversity
DiversityDiversity
Diversity
 
Population ecology 2014
Population ecology 2014Population ecology 2014
Population ecology 2014
 
Life Table & Survivorship curves Prajwal.pptx
Life Table & Survivorship curves Prajwal.pptxLife Table & Survivorship curves Prajwal.pptx
Life Table & Survivorship curves Prajwal.pptx
 
Population ecology
Population ecologyPopulation ecology
Population ecology
 
Population dynamics
Population dynamicsPopulation dynamics
Population dynamics
 
Competition intra and inter-specific
Competition  intra and inter-specificCompetition  intra and inter-specific
Competition intra and inter-specific
 
Community ecology
Community ecologyCommunity ecology
Community ecology
 
52 lectures ppt
52 lectures ppt52 lectures ppt
52 lectures ppt
 
Intro To Forest Ecology
Intro To Forest EcologyIntro To Forest Ecology
Intro To Forest Ecology
 
Population Ecology
Population EcologyPopulation Ecology
Population Ecology
 
Population ecology
Population ecologyPopulation ecology
Population ecology
 
Lotka volterra model of competition
Lotka volterra model of competitionLotka volterra model of competition
Lotka volterra model of competition
 
Ecological niche
Ecological nicheEcological niche
Ecological niche
 
Grade 10 - Population Ecology
Grade 10 - Population EcologyGrade 10 - Population Ecology
Grade 10 - Population Ecology
 

Andere mochten auch

Hardy Weinberg Populations
Hardy Weinberg PopulationsHardy Weinberg Populations
Hardy Weinberg Populations
Jenny Klemme
 
Evolution Of Populations
Evolution Of PopulationsEvolution Of Populations
Evolution Of Populations
Jenny Klemme
 
12 matu the demographic transition
12 matu the demographic transition12 matu the demographic transition
12 matu the demographic transition
Sykesroom31
 
Population ecology
Population ecologyPopulation ecology
Population ecology
Karl Pointer
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

11 Ecology
11 Ecology11 Ecology
11 Ecology
 
population dynamics of insects
population dynamics of insects population dynamics of insects
population dynamics of insects
 
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthCauses and Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
 
Population: Employment and Unemployment in Pakistan
Population: Employment and Unemployment in PakistanPopulation: Employment and Unemployment in Pakistan
Population: Employment and Unemployment in Pakistan
 
Population Estimation Methods of Insects by M.Salman
Population Estimation Methods of Insects by M.SalmanPopulation Estimation Methods of Insects by M.Salman
Population Estimation Methods of Insects by M.Salman
 
Phylogeny
PhylogenyPhylogeny
Phylogeny
 
Hardy Weinberg Populations
Hardy Weinberg PopulationsHardy Weinberg Populations
Hardy Weinberg Populations
 
Evolution Of Populations
Evolution Of PopulationsEvolution Of Populations
Evolution Of Populations
 
Ecosystems
EcosystemsEcosystems
Ecosystems
 
12 matu the demographic transition
12 matu the demographic transition12 matu the demographic transition
12 matu the demographic transition
 
Pictorial essay: Wilderness Safaris Community-Based Natural Resource Manageme...
Pictorial essay: Wilderness Safaris Community-Based Natural Resource Manageme...Pictorial essay: Wilderness Safaris Community-Based Natural Resource Manageme...
Pictorial essay: Wilderness Safaris Community-Based Natural Resource Manageme...
 
What does freedom of choice mean to me, draft act 21.12.2016
What does freedom of choice mean to me, draft act 21.12.2016What does freedom of choice mean to me, draft act 21.12.2016
What does freedom of choice mean to me, draft act 21.12.2016
 
Population Dynamics
Population DynamicsPopulation Dynamics
Population Dynamics
 
Critically analyse the demographic transition, unemployment,
Critically analyse the demographic transition, unemployment,Critically analyse the demographic transition, unemployment,
Critically analyse the demographic transition, unemployment,
 
Effect of Light on Growth and Development of Stored Product Insects
Effect of Light on Growth and Development of Stored Product InsectsEffect of Light on Growth and Development of Stored Product Insects
Effect of Light on Growth and Development of Stored Product Insects
 
Community Ecology
Community EcologyCommunity Ecology
Community Ecology
 
Speciation
SpeciationSpeciation
Speciation
 
Energy resource management
Energy resource managementEnergy resource management
Energy resource management
 
Population ecology
Population ecologyPopulation ecology
Population ecology
 
Water Sustainablity
Water SustainablityWater Sustainablity
Water Sustainablity
 

Ähnlich wie Population Ecology

16 ch53populationecology2008
16 ch53populationecology200816 ch53populationecology2008
16 ch53populationecology2008
sbarkanic
 
Unit2 Ecology Ib Populations Ppt2003
Unit2 Ecology Ib  Populations Ppt2003Unit2 Ecology Ib  Populations Ppt2003
Unit2 Ecology Ib Populations Ppt2003
tnewberry
 
Deocareza populationecology
Deocareza populationecologyDeocareza populationecology
Deocareza populationecology
carlo2307
 
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
carlo2307
 
Populations
PopulationsPopulations
Populations
Elisa
 
Ecology of populations
Ecology of populationsEcology of populations
Ecology of populations
jtwining
 
Ecology of populations
Ecology of populationsEcology of populations
Ecology of populations
jtwining
 
Population ecology and human impact
Population ecology and human impact Population ecology and human impact
Population ecology and human impact
Mmatsela Kobe
 

Ähnlich wie Population Ecology (20)

16 ch53populationecology2008
16 ch53populationecology200816 ch53populationecology2008
16 ch53populationecology2008
 
07 pop bio
07 pop bio07 pop bio
07 pop bio
 
Chapt06 lecture
Chapt06 lectureChapt06 lecture
Chapt06 lecture
 
Ch 6 ed
Ch 6 edCh 6 ed
Ch 6 ed
 
Population Growth APBio
Population Growth APBioPopulation Growth APBio
Population Growth APBio
 
Unit2 Ecology Ib Populations Ppt2003
Unit2 Ecology Ib  Populations Ppt2003Unit2 Ecology Ib  Populations Ppt2003
Unit2 Ecology Ib Populations Ppt2003
 
Human population and the environment
Human population and the environmentHuman population and the environment
Human population and the environment
 
Human population and the environment
Human population and the environmentHuman population and the environment
Human population and the environment
 
Deocareza populationecology
Deocareza populationecologyDeocareza populationecology
Deocareza populationecology
 
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
 
Populations
PopulationsPopulations
Populations
 
Populations
PopulationsPopulations
Populations
 
Population growth
Population growthPopulation growth
Population growth
 
Lecture 5 ns 5 2010
Lecture 5 ns 5 2010Lecture 5 ns 5 2010
Lecture 5 ns 5 2010
 
2.1 Population Dynamics new revision slides
2.1  Population Dynamics new revision slides2.1  Population Dynamics new revision slides
2.1 Population Dynamics new revision slides
 
Unit 3 pp #4
Unit 3 pp #4Unit 3 pp #4
Unit 3 pp #4
 
Food plants1
Food plants1Food plants1
Food plants1
 
Ecology of populations
Ecology of populationsEcology of populations
Ecology of populations
 
Ecology of populations
Ecology of populationsEcology of populations
Ecology of populations
 
Population ecology and human impact
Population ecology and human impact Population ecology and human impact
Population ecology and human impact
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
ZurliaSoop
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
ciinovamais
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
QucHHunhnh
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxUnit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
Explore beautiful and ugly buildings. Mathematics helps us create beautiful d...
 
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptxDyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
Dyslexia AI Workshop for Slideshare.pptx
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
 
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptxUnit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning PresentationSOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
SOC 101 Demonstration of Learning Presentation
 
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 

Population Ecology

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Within a population’s geographic range, local densities may vary substantially. Variations in local density are among the most important characteristics that a population ecologist might study, since they provide insight into the environmental associations and social interactions of individuals in the population. Environmental differences—even at a local level—contribute to variation in population density; some habitat patches are simply more suitable for a species than are others. Social interactions between members of the population, which may maintain patterns of spacing between individuals, can also contribute to variation in population density.
  2. The most common pattern of dispersion is clumped, with the individuals aggregated in patches. Plants or fungi are often clumped where soil conditions and other environmental factors favor germination and growth. For example, mushrooms may be clumped on a rotting log. Many animals spend much of their time in a particular microenvironment that satisfies their requirements. Forest insects and salamanders, for instance, are frequently clumped under logs, where the humidity tends to be higher than in more exposed areas. Clumping of animals may also be associated with mating behavior. For example, mayflies often swarm in great numbers, a behavior that increases mating chances for these insects, which survive only a day or two as reproductive adults. Group living may also increase the effectiveness of certain predators; for example, a wolf pack is more likely than a single wolf to subdue a large prey animal, such as a moose
  3. A uniform, or evenly spaced, pattern of dispersion may result from direct interactions between individuals in the population. For example, some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of nearby individuals that could compete for resources. Animals often exhibit uniform dispersion as a result of antagonistic social interactions, such as territoriality —the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals. Uniform patterns are not as common in populations as clumped patterns.
  4. A Type I curve is flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age groups. Humans and many other large mammals that produce few offspring but provide them with good care often exhibit this kind of curve. In contrast, a Type III curve drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but then flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that have survived to a certain critical age. This type of curve is usually associated with organisms that produce very large numbers of offspring but provide little or no care, such as long–lived plants, many fishes, and marine invertebrates. An oyster, for example, may release millions of eggs, but most offspring die as larvae from predation or other causes. Those few that survive long enough to attach to a suitable substrate and begin growing a hard shell will probably survive for a relatively long time. Type II curves are intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organism’s life span. This kind of survivorship occurs in Belding’s ground squirrels and some other rodents, various invertebrates, some lizards, and some annual plants.
  5. A Type I curve is flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age groups. Humans and many other large mammals that produce few offspring but provide them with good care often exhibit this kind of curve. In contrast, a Type III curve drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but then flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that have survived to a certain critical age. This type of curve is usually associated with organisms that produce very large numbers of offspring but provide little or no care, such as long–lived plants, many fishes, and marine invertebrates. An oyster, for example, may release millions of eggs, but most offspring die as larvae from predation or other causes. Those few that survive long enough to attach to a suitable substrate and begin growing a hard shell will probably survive for a relatively long time. Type II curves are intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organism’s life span. This kind of survivorship occurs in Belding’s ground squirrels and some other rodents, various invertebrates, some lizards, and some annual plants.
  6. Decrease rate of growth as N reaches K
  7. The population doubled to 1 billion within the next two centuries, doubled again to 2 billion between 1850 and 1930, and doubled still again by 1975 to more than 4 billion. The global population now numbers over 6 billion people and is increasing by about 73 million each year. The population grows by approximately 201,000 people each day, the equivalent of adding a city the size of Amarillo, Texas, or Madison, Wisconsin. Every week the population increases by the size of San Antonio, Milwaukee, or Indianapolis. It takes only four years for world population growth to add the equivalent of another United States. Population ecologists predict a population of 7.3–8.4 billion people on Earth by the year 2025.