Various basic propeties of nuclear physics like structure atomand molecule

1. AIM TO ACQUAINT YOU WITH BASIC NUC PHYSICS

2. PHASES PHASE 1 STRUCTURE OF ATOM PHASE 2 BINDING ENERGY AND MASS DEFECT PHASE 3 NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY, ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY & NEUTRON BOMBARDMENT. PHASE 4 FISSION AND FUSION. PHASE 5 CHAIN REACTION,CRITICAL MASS AND REFLECTORS.

3. SCOPE TO FAMILIARISE YOU WITH THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM, BINDING ENERGY AND MASS DEFECT, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RADIO ACTIVITY,FISSION, FUSION, CHAIN REACTION, CRITICAL MASS AND REFLECTORS.

4. MATTER

5. ELEMENT AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE SPLIT UP INTO TWO OR MORE SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY THE USUAL CHEM METHODS OF APPLYING HEAT, LT OR ELECTRIC ENERGY. AN ELEMENT IS MADE UP OF ATOMS, ALL HAVING SAME ATOMIC NUMBER.

6. A MOLECULE IS THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF A SUBSTANCE ( ELEMENT OR COMPOUND) WHICH HAS THE PROPERTIES OF THAT SUBSTANCE AND CAN EXIST IN FREE STATE. MOLECULE

9. STRUCTURE OF ATOM NUCLEUS PROTONS NEUTRONS

10. STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN ATOM EMPTY SPACE SHELL ELECTRON 10,000 IN (APPROX 1 / 6 MILE) ATOM OF HYDROGEN MAGNIFIED 2.5 X 10 12 TIMES 140 YD 1”

11. HELIUM ATOM NEUTRON ELECTRON PROTON EMPTY SPACE

12. EVOULUTION OF STRUCTURE OF ATOM

13. STRUCTURE OF HELIUM ATOM EMPTY SPACE SHELL NEUTRONS PROTONS NUCLEUS

15. UNIT OF ATOMIC MASS UNIT OF ATOMIC MASS OR ATOMIC MASS UNIT (AM U) IS DEFINED AS 1/16 OF THE MASS OF OXYGEN ATOM AND IS EQUAL TO 1.66X10 -24 GRAMS

21. EINSTEIN'S MASS ENERGY RELATIONSHIP E = MC 2 E = ENERGY IN ERGS – (10 7 ERGS = 1 JOULE ) M = MASS IN GRAMS C = VELOCITY OF LIGHT = 3 x 10 10 CM/SEC ERG - WORK DONE BY A FORCE OF 1 DYNE WHEN ITS POINT OF APPLICATION MOVES BY ONE CM IN THE DIRECTION OF THE FORCE.

27. BINDING ENERGIES PER NUCLEON 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 U 235 2 H 1 2 H 1 6 L1 3 10 B 5 MAX 8.7 MEV E N E R G Y (MeV ) MASS NO

31. NEUTRON-PROTON RATIOS OF STABLE NUCLEI 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 NUMBER OF PROTONS (P) NUMBER OF NEUTRONS (N)  EMISSION -EMISSION STABILITY BELT n/p = 1

33. RELATIVE COMPARATIVE PENETRATING POWER OF RADIATIONS PAPER LEAD ALLUMINIUM γ α β α α β β γ γ

36. Gamma rays, or high energy photons, are emitted from the nucleus of an atom when it undergoes radioactive decay. The energy of the gamma ray accounts for the difference in energy between the original nucleus and the decay products. Gamma rays typically can have about the same energy as a high energy X ray. Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic gamma-ray energy. GAMMA RAYS

40. PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT NUCLEUS (Photon)E=h f ELECTRON

42. COMPTON EFFECT NUCLEUS ELECTRON ORGINAL MOTION PATH OF PHOTON SCATTERED PHOTON PATH ץ PHOTON e = hy

44. PAIR PRODUCTION NUCLEUS γ photon ELECTRON POSITRON

49. HALF - LIFE The time taken by half of the atoms of a RA element to disintegrate is called its half life. After half life, the radioactivity of an element also becomes half of the original value. The half life of Ra is about 1600 yrs, which means that a given sample of Ra will disintegrate half in 1600 yrs. Eg, if we start with 1 gm of Ra today, then half gm of it will disintegrate in 1600 yrs. After another 1600 yrs half of remains will have disintegrated and so on.

53. BETA DECAY

61. NUCLEAR FISSION

62. FISSION IS A PROCESS , THE REACTING NUCLEUS SPLITS INTO PARTS OF ROUGHLY EQUAL MASS, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE MUCH LOWER ATOMIC NOS AND MASS NOS THAN THE ORIGINAL NUCLEUS. THE REACTION IS ACCOMPANIED BY THE RELEASE OF ENORMOUS QTY OF ENERGY AND VERY IMP, THE EXPULSION OF ONE OR MORE NEUTRONS.

68. CHAIN REACTION IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS KEEP ON MULTIPLYING RAPIDLY (IN A GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION) DURING FISSION TILL THE ENTIRE FISSIONABLE MATERIAL IS EXHAUSTED

70. U235 CHAIN REACTION U235 FISSION FRAG NEUTRON LOST NEUTRON U235 U235

75. TYPICAL FISSION PRODUCTS 92 U 235 40 ZR 97 41 Nb 97 42 Mo 97 52 Te 137 53 I 137 54 Xe 137 55 Cs 137 56 Ba 137 40 PROTONS 57 NEUTRONS 41 PROTONS 56 NEUTRONS 42 PROTONS 55 NEUTRONS STABLE 52 PROTONS 85 NEUTRONS 53 PROTONS 84 NEUTRONS 54 PROTONS 83 NEUTRONS 55 PROTONS 82 NEUTRONS 56 PROTONS 81 NEUTRONS STABLE - β - β - β - β 1 MIN 22.5 SEC 3.4 MIN ABOUT 27 YRS 17 HRS 75 MIN - β - β NEUTRON 92 PROTONS 143 NEUTRONS Zirconium / Tellurium Niobirium Molydbynum Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium

76. NUCLEAR FUSION

83. ANY QUESTIONS

84. PERIODIC TABLE