4. Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude
Earth as a whole is in thermal equilibrium, but different latitudes are not.
Moving masses of air and ocean currents transport energy from
5/1/2013
Author-Guru IB/ESS
4
locations with a surplus to those with a deficit.
5. Cell 3 North
Cold,
dry air
falls
Model of global air
circulation and
biomes.
The direction of air
flow and the ascent
and descent of air
masses in
convection cells
determine the
earth’s climatic
zones.
Moist air rises — rain
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
Evergreen
coniferous forest
60°
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Desert
30°
Cell 2 North
Cool, dry
air falls
Cell 1 North
Moist
air rises,
cools, and
releases
moisture
as rain
Tropical deciduous forest
0°
Equator
Tropical
rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
30°
60°
Desert
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Cell 1 South
Cool, dry
air falls
Cell 2 South
Polar cap
5/1/2013
Cold,
Moist air rises — rain
dry air Author-Guru IB/ESS
falls
Cell 3 South
5
6. Generalized effects of altitude and latitude on climate and biomes.
Parallel changes in vegetation occur when moving from the
Equator to the poles or from the lowlands to mountaintops.
Altitude
Mountain
Ice and snow
Tundra (herbs,
lichens,
mosses)
Coniferous
Forest
Latitude
Deciduous
Forest
Tropical
Forest
Tropical
Forest
5/1/2013
Deciduous
Forest
Author-Guru
Coniferous
Forest
IB/ESS
Tundra (herbs,
lichens, mosses)
Polar ice
and snow
6
12. High tide
Low tide
Sun
Sea level
0
Photosynthesis
Open Sea
50
Euphotic Zone
Estuarine
Zone
100
Continental
shelf
200
500
Bathyal Zone
1,000
Twilight
Coastal Zone
Depth in
meters
1,500
Abyssal Zone
2,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
12
Darkness
3,000
13. DIVERSITY is a generic term for
heterogeneity. If may refer to:
1. Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic
characteristics of a specific species.
2. Habitat diversity is the diversity of habitats in a given
unit area.
3. Species diversity
a. Species richness – total number of species.
b. Species evenness – relative abundance of each
species.
c. Species dominance – the most abundant species.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
13
14. A
Figure A and B have
the same species
richness, but
different species
evenness.
B
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
14
15. What is Biome?
A biome is a specific area characterized
by the animals and plants that live
within it, the climate conditions, the
amount of water available, the soil
conditions, and the location of the area.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
15
17. • The seven main biomes that can be found all
over the world.
• The Desert, Grasslands, Temperate
Deciduous Forests, Rainforests, Taiga, and
the Tundra
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
17
18. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMES
A fundamental classification of biomes is into:
• Terrestrial (land) biomes
• Freshwater biomes
• Marine biomes
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
18
20. What is tropical rainforest ?
A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem usually
found around the equator,
They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa,
South America, Central America, Mexico and
on many of the Pacific Islands.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
20
22. Rainforests are home to half of all the living
animal and plant species on the planet.
Tropical rain forests are called the "world's
largest pharmacy" because over one-quarter of
modern medicines originate from its plants.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
22
23. DISTRIBUTION
The tropical forests are restricted to the small land
area between the latitudes 22.5 North and 22.5
South of the equator, or in other words between
the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.
Since the majority of Earth's land is located north
of the tropics, rainforests are naturally limited to a
relatively small area.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
23
27. CENTRAL AMERICA
Central America is famous for its large number
of tropical birds, including many kinds of
parrots
This region was once entirely covered with
rainforest, but large areas have been cleared for
cattle ranching and for sugar cane plantations.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
27
29. The photograph below shows a particular ecosystem.
1.State and briefly describe the ecosystem shown in the photograph
2. State whether you would expect ecosystems of the type shown in the
photograph to have a low, medium or high level of abiotic factors.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
29
30. THE AMAZON
The Amazon is the world's largest and most famous
rainforest.
The Amazon is home to more species of plants and
animals than any other ecosystem on the planet and
perhaps 30% of the world's species are found there.
American rainforests are most threatened today with
large-scale agriculture (especially soybeans), clearing
for cattle pasture, subsistence agriculture by poor
farmers, and logging.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
30
35. AFRICA
Central Africa holds the world's second largest
rainforest.
To the south east, the large island of Madagascar was
once intensively forested, but now much of it is gone.
Africa contains areas of high cloud forest, mangrove
swamps and flooded forests.
The island of Madagascar is home to many unique
plants and animals not found anywhere else.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
35
38. SOUTHERN ASIA
• The rainforests of Asia stretch from India and
Burma in the west to Malaysia and the islands
of Java and Borneo in the east.
•
• In Southeast Asia the climate is hot and humid
all year round. In the mainland Asia it has a
subtropical climate with torrential monsoon
rains followed by a drier period.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
38
45. What is Freshwater Biome?
The freshwater biome is a low-saline, or sweet
water, aquatic biome that covers one fifth of the
earth's surface.
Streams, rivers, swamps, bogs, ponds, lakes,
ditches, puddles, and canals comprise the
tributaries of the freshwater biome.
Animals and plants in this biome might reside
along the bank, beneath open water, on the
surface of the water, or move between water and
an adjacent biome.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
45
47. TYPES OF FRESHWATER
• There are 3 different types of freshwater
regions:
Ponds and Lakes
Streams and Rivers
Wetlands
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
47
49. These regions range in size from just a few
square meters to thousands of square
kilometers. Scattered throughout the earth.
Many ponds are seasonal, lasting just a couple
of months.
Ponds and lakes may have limited species
diversity since they are often isolated from one
another and from other water sources like
rivers and oceans.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
49
59. Streams and rivers
These are bodies of flowing water moving in
one direction.
Streams and rivers can be found everywhere
— they get their starts at headwaters, which
may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and
then travel all the way to their mouths, usually
another water channel or the ocean.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
59
65. Numerous aquatic green plants and algae can
be found in these bodies.
Since there is less light, there is less diversity
of flora, and because of the lower oxygen
levels, fish that require less oxygen, such as
catfish and carp, can be found.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
65
67. 1.Name an organism in an ecosystem that you have studied and state one abiotic
factor that might affect this organism.
Organism:
.........................................................................................................
Factor:
...............................................................................................................
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
67
69. Wetlands
Wetlands are areas of standing water that
support aquatic plants.
Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered
wetlands. Plant species adapted to the very
moist and humid conditions are called
Hydrophytes.
These include pond lilies, cattails, sedges,
tamarack, and black spruce. Marsh flora also
include such species as cypress and gum.
These support different species of animals,
such as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
69
77. What is Marine Biome?
The marine biome includes all the water that is on
the earth's surface.
The marine biome covers three fourths of the earth.
There are thousands of animals and plants in the
biome.
or
Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the
Earth's surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and
estuaries
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
77
78. Marine Biomes are classified into three types.
• Coral reefs
• Estuaries
• Oceans
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
78
79. Oceans
The largest of all the ecosystems, oceans are
very large bodies of water that dominate the
Earth's surface.
The ocean regions are separated into separate
zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic.
All four zones have a great diversity of
species.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
79
81. The intertidal zone is where the ocean meets the
land — sometimes it is submerged and at other
times exposed, as waves and tides come in and
out.
The pelagic zone includes those waters further
from the land, basically the open ocean.
The pelagic zone is generally cold though it is
hard to give a general temperature range since,
just like ponds and lakes
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
81
85. The benthic zone is the area below the pelagic
zone, but does not include the very deepest
parts of the ocean
The bottom of the zone consists of sand, slit,
and/or dead organisms.
The deep ocean is the abyssal zone. The water
in this region is very cold (around 3 C), highly
pressured, high in oxygen content, but low in
nutritional content.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
85
104. TUNDRA
• Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra
comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning
treeless plain.
• It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes,
extremely low temperatures, little precipitation,
poor nutrients, and short growing seasons.
• Dead organic material functions as a nutrient
pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and
phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological
fixation, and phosphorus is created by
precipitation.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
104
105. Biomes of the World
1. The Tundra
1. Extremely cold climate
2. Low biotic diversity
3. Simple vegetation structure
4. Permafrost limited drainage
5. Short growing season
6. Energy and nutrients in the form
of dead organic material
7. Large population oscillations
5/1/2013
alpine vs arctic tundra
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
105
109. Characteristics of tundra include:
• Extremely cold climate
• Low biotic diversity
• Simple vegetation structure
• Limitation of drainage
• Short season of growth and reproduction
• Energy and nutrients in the form of dead
organic material
• Large population oscillations
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
109
110. • Tundra is separated into two types:
• Arctic tundra
• Alpine tundra
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
110
112. Arctic tundra
• Arctic tundra is located in the northern
hemisphere, encircling the north pole and
extending south to the coniferous forests of the
taiga.
• The growing season ranges from 50 to 60 days.
• The average winter temperature is -34 C, but
the average summer temperature is 3-12 C
(37-54 F) which enables this biome to sustain
life.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
112
116. • There are no deep root systems in the
vegetation of the arctic tundra, however, there
are still a wide variety of plants that are able
to resist the cold climate.
• There are about 1,700 kinds of plants in the
arctic and subarctic, and these include:
• Low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses,
liverworts, and grasses
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
116
118. • Animals are adapted to handle long, cold
winters and to breed and raise young quickly
in the summer.
• Animals such as mammals and birds also
have additional insulation from fat.
• Many animals hibernate during the winter
because food is not abundant.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
118
123. Alpine tundra
• Alpine tundra is located on mountains
throughout the world at high altitude where
trees cannot grow.
• The growing season is approximately 180
days.
• The nighttime temperature is usually below
freezing. Unlike the arctic tundra, the soil in
the alpine is well drained.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
123
126. • The plants are very similar to those of the arctic
ones and include:
• tussock grasses, dwarf trees, small-leafed shrubs,
and heaths
• Animals living in the alpine tundra are also well
adapted:
• Mammals: pikas, marmots, mountain goats, sheep,
elk
• Birds: grouselike birds
• Insects: springtails, beetles, grasshoppers, butterflies
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
126
131. The desert biome
• Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth's
surface and occur where rainfall is less than
50 cm/year.
• Most deserts have a considerable amount of
specialized vegetation, as well as specialized
vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
131
133. • Desert biomes can be classified according to
several characteristics.
There are four major types of deserts:
•
•
•
•
Hot and dry Desert
Semiarid Desert
Coastal Desert
Cold Desert
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
133
134. Hot and dry desert
• Hot and dry desert present in North American
countries.
• The seasons are generally warm throughout the
year and very hot in the summer.
• The winters usually bring little rainfall.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
134
137. • Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice
the solar radiation received by humid regions .
• The animals include small nocturnal (active at
night) carnivores.
• The dominant animals are burrowers and
kangaroo rats. There are also insects, arachnids,
reptiles and birds.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
137
140. Semiarid Desert
•
•
•
•
The major deserts of this type include the
Sagebrush of Utah,
Montana and Great Basin.
They also include the North America,
Newfoundland, Greenland, Russia, Europe and
northern Asia.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
140
144. Coastal desert
• These deserts occur in moderately cool to
warm areas is the coastal desert.
A good example is the Atacama of Chile.
• The soil is fine-textured with a moderate salt
content.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
144
151. Cold desert
• These deserts are characterized by cold winters
with snowfall and high overall rainfall
throughout the winter and occasionally over the
summer.
• They occur in the Antarctic, Greenland and the
Nearctic realm. They have short, moist, and
moderately warm summers with fairly long,
cold winters.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
151
152. The Atacama desert is, according to NASA, National Geographic and many other
publications, the driest desert in the world
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
152
153. • The heaviest rainfall of the spring is usually in
April or May. In some areas, rainfall can be
heavy in autumn.
• The burrowing habit also applies to carnivores
like the badger, kit fox, and coyote.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
153
154. The 10 largest deserts
Rank
Desert
Area (km²)
Area (mi²)
1
Antarctic Desert
(Antarctica)
13,829,430
5,339,573
2
Arctic
13,700,000+
5,300,000+
3
Sahara (Africa)
9,100,000+
3,320,000+
4
Arabian Desert (Middle
2,330,000
East)
900,000
5
Gobi Desert (Asia)
500,000
6
Kalahari Desert (Africa) 900,000
360,000
7
Patagonian Desert
(South America)
670,000
260,000
8
Great Victoria Desert
(Australia)
647,000
250,000
9
Syrian Desert (Middle
East)
520,000
200,000
10
Great Basin Desert
(North America)
492,000
190,000
5/1/2013
1,300,000
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
154
155. Which is the biggest cold desert in
India
siachen glacier
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
155
170. The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a
large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian
subcontinent.
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
170
171. The region surrounding Aravalli hills near
Ranthambore, Rajasthan
5/1/2013
Author-Guru
IB/ESS
171
