2.natural captia & resourcesl

1. 3.2 RESOURCES-
NATURAL CAPITAL
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2. What is Natural Capital ?
•Natural capital is the term used for ‘natural resources’ which can be exploited to produce natural income of goods and services.
•e.g. trees as timber that can be harvested and sold for money.
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4. Natural Capital OF EARTH
It includes the core and crust of the earth, the biosphere itself - teeming with forests, grasslands, wetlands, tundra forests, deserts, and other ecosystems - and the upper layers of the atmosphere.
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5. •The stock is the present accumulated quantity of natural capital. It is a supply accumulated for future use; a store.
•Natural capital is the term used for ‘natural resources’ which can be exploited to produce natural income of goods and services.
•e.g. trees as timber that can be harvested and sold for money.
NATURAL CAPITAL & INCOME
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6. •Natural capital provides a wide variety of valuable ecosystem services including flood control, climate stabilization, maintenance of soil fertility, and even beauty and play.
•Globally, and within the bioregion, natural capital is being depleted through over-harvesting, development, poor agricultural practices, toxic contamination, and other causes.
Human capture
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7. 3 TYPES OF NATURAL CAPTIAL
oRenewable
oNon renewable
oReplenishable
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8. Resources
Perpetual
Nonrenewable
Renewable
Fresh air
Fresh
water
Fertile soil
Plants and
animals
(biodiversity)
Direct
solar
energy
Winds, tides, flowing water
Fossil
fuels
Metallic
minerals
Non- metallic minerals
(iron,
copper,
aluminum)
(clay, sand, phosphates)
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9. RECAP
•What is Natural Resources?
•What is Natural Capital?
•Example of Natural Resources?
•Types of Natural resources
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10. Values of Natural Capital:
•Economic value: can be determined from the market price of the goods and services it produces.
•Ecological value: have no formal market price. Photosynthesis, nitrogen-fixation, soil erosion control are essential for human existance, but are taken for granted.
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11. •Aesthetic value: have not market price and may not provide identifiable commodities, so they are unpriced or undervalued from an economic viewpoint.
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12. Natural Environment SOURCES
Raw Materials
production
Economy Products
consumption
money
Waste products
Natural Environment
SINKS
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13. •Healthy ecosystems make very significant economic contributions, but often in ways that transcend conventional accounting.
•In order to maintain Natural Capital and the services that it provides, the physical basis for the productivity and diversity of nature must not be systematically deteriorated.
Years of growth
30
25
15
10
5
Clear cut
Weak trees removed
Seedlings planted
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14. Natural Capital can be protected through careful application of:
•Ecological Land-Use to maintain habitat quality and connectivity for all species.
•A connected system of wild lands can coexist with productive rural areas and towns and cities, with each part of the landscape contributing to the stability of natural capital.
•Sustainable Materials Cycles prevent the systematic contamination of living systems.
•Social Capital contributes to a culture of sufficiency easing consumption pressures on natural capital.
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15. •Rapid population growth
•Unsustainable resource use
•Poverty
•Not including the environmental costs of economic goods and services in their market prices
•Trying to manage and simplify nature with too little knowledge about how it works
Environmentalists have identified 5 basic causes of environmental problems we face.
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16. 3 TYPES OF NATURAL CAPTIAL
oRenewable
oNon renewable
oReplenishable
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17. What is Renewable energy & Nonrenewable energy?
•Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable
•Nonrenewable energy is energy that comes from the ground and is not replaced in a relatively short amount of time.
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20. RECAP
•What is Natural Resources?
•What is Natural Capital?
•Example of Natural Resources?
•Types of Natural resources
•Environmentalists have identified 5 basic causes of environmental problems we face.
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21. What is Replenishable energy?
•Replenishable energy is that energy source that doesn’t reduce and gets their replenishment of energies from other natural sources like wind, sun, trickling water, geothermal flows of heat and biological processes
•Example:
•Water stores,Ground Water or surface water
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22. Difference between renewable &non renewable energy
Renewable Energy
1.The resources that can be renewed by reproduction are called renewable resources.
2. Renewable resources are inexhaustible.
3.Renewable resources are not affected by the human activities.
4.All biotic resources are renewable. For example: air and water.
Non Renewable Energy
1.The resources that are present in fixed quantities are called non-renewable resources.
2.Non-renewable resources are exhaustible.
3.Non renewable resources are affected by human activities
4. Some abiotic resources are non-renewable. For example- fossil fuels and minerals.
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25. What is Fossil fuels?
•Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" becausethey have been formed from the organic remains ofprehistoric plants and animals.
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27. FOSSIL FUELS SOURCE OF ENERGY
•Coal ,oil and natural gas are the three fossil fuels.
They have two common characteristic
1.They were formed from the decomposition of the remains of plants and animals.
2.It has taken millions of years for them to accumulate and form deposit which are large enough to be mined for human use
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29. •These were formed from the decomposition of plant and dead creatures, which collected in layers on the sea bed.
•Each one rotted to form a tiny spot of oil.
•Their remains were covered by mud and sand.
Formation of Oil &Natural Gas
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31. •As the sand was compressed into hard sandstone rock, the oil and gas separated and rose through the sandstone filling in the spaces between the rock.
•Finally lighter gas rises to the top
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32. Rank
Company
1
Saudi Aramco
2
National Iranian Oil Company
3
Qatar Petroleum
4
Iraq National Oil Company
5
Petróleos de Venezuela
6
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
7
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
8
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
9
Libya NOC
10
Sonatrach
TOP 10 OILS COMPANIES
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33. Advantage & Disadvantage of Fossil fuel
Advantages
1.Large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply.
2.Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.
3. Fossil fuels are very easy to find.
4.Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be constructed in almost any location.
Disadvantages
1.Basically, the main drawback of fossil fuels is pollution. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the "greenhouse effect“.
2. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain.
3.Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.
4.Coal-fired power stations need huge amounts of fuel, which means train-loads of coal almost constantly.
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35. •Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission.
•At the power plant, the fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam, which is used by a turbine to generate electricity.
•Nuclear energy contributed only between 7 & 8 % of total world commercial energy consumption .
What is Nuclear Energy?
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37. Nuclear Power plants
•A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors.
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39. Nuclear Power plants in India
•Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.
• As of 2010, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, generating 4,780 MW.
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41. Is Nuclear Power plants is safe ?
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42. SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
•Scientist have repeatedly emphasized how safe nuclear power is ,but they have not been able to convince most .
•Public confidence is nuclear power was shattered by the great explosion in 1986,at chernobl in the Ukraine
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44. countries produce the most nuclear power?
Huge demand for power
No coal left,very little oil & gas
Major industrial country;has little coal,no oil and gas
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45. Advantage
1.Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
2.Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.
3.Produces small amounts of waste.
4.Nuclear power is reliable.
Disadvantage
1.Nuclear plants are more expensive to build and maintain.
2.Waste products are dangerous and need to be carefully stored for long periods of time.
3. Nuclear power plants can be dangerous to its surroundings and employees.
Advantage & Disadvantage of Nuclear Energy
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46. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCES
AND
OTHER CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES
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48. •An alternative source usually refers to an energy source that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels.
•Most alternative sources are also renewable sources of energy
•They are also SUSTAINABLE sources of energy, which means that people will be able to use long after fossil fuels run out.
What is alternative source of energy?
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51. 1.Solar energy is generating of electricity from the sun
2.Wind energy is generating of electricity from the wind
3.Geothermal energy is using hot water or steam from the Earth’s interior for heating buildings or electricity generation.
4.Biofuel and ethanol are plant-derived substitutes of gasoline for powering vehicles
5.Wave : force of the sea waves as they break against the coastline
6.Biomass: using fuel wood, crop wastes and animal dung as fuel
Most common types of alternative energy
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52. What is biomass?
•Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms.
• As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel.
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55. Advantages
1.Theoretically inexhaustible fuel source
2. Minimal environmental impact
3.Alcohols and other fuels produced by biomass are efficient, viable, and relatively clean-burning
4.Available throughout the world
Disadvantages
1.Still an expensive source, both in terms of producing the biomass and converting it to FUEL
2.On a small scale there is most likely a net loss of energy--energy must be put in to grow the plant mass
Advantage & Disadvantage of Biomass
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57. What is Solar Energy
•Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for various purposes.
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61. Advantage
1.Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.
2.Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all.
3.Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install.
Disadvantage
1.The Solar Cells and Solar Panels that are needed to harness solar energy tend to be very expensive
2.Solar power cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudy day or at night.
Advantage & Disadvantage of Solar Energy
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64. What is Geothermal Energy?
•Geothermal means earth-heat. It is related to the thermal energy of Earth’s interior.
•On a large scale, the intensity of this thermal energy increases with depth, that is, the temperature of the Earth increases as we travel closer to its centre.
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65. •Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.
•We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators.
•There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them.
How it works?
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66. 1.Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution,
2.The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment.
3.No fuel is needed.
4.Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free.
1.Not universally available.
2.High Cost:
Advantage & Disadvantage of GeoThermal Energy
Advantage
Disadvantage
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72. •Hydropower or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of moving water
• The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water
What is HYDRO POWER?
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75. •Most hydroelectric power (HEP) comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator.
•The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.
WORKING PROCESS
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78. 1.Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
2.No waste or pollution produced.
3.Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.
4.Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.
5.Electricity can be generated constantly.
1.The dams are very expensive to build.
2.Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there.
3.Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable.
4.Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life.
Advantage
Disadvantage
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80. What is Wind Energy?
•Wind energy is energy that is created by using the wind to generate power.
•It is a form of kinetic energy that can be transformed into mechanical energy or electricity.
How it works?
•Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind into mechanical power, which can then be used directly for grinding etc. or further converting to electric power to generate electricity.
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84. •On hill tops and other areas of open high ground
•Along the coastline
•Offshore(in the sea) but close to the coast
Where you can see?
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85. Top 10 countries by windpower capacity (2010) MW
China
44,733
United States
40,180
Germany
27,215
Spain
20,676
India
13,066
Italy
5,797
France
5,660
United Kingdom
5,204
Canada
4,008
Denmark
3,734
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86. 1.Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel.
2.Produces no waste or greenhouse gases.
3.The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.
4.Wind farms can be tourist attractions.
5.A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.
1.The wind is not always predictable - some days have no wind.
2.Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive.
3.Some people feel that covering the landscape with these towers is unsightly.
4.Can kill birds - migrating flocks t
5.Can affect television reception if you live nearby.
Advantage
Disadvantage
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88. What is Ecological Footprint?
•The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.
•An ecological footprint measures the total amount of land and resources used, it includes your carbon footprint but goes further
•It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste.
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90. Ecological footprint?
•Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.
•It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecology
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91. 2007
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94. Ecological footprints can be increased by:
1.Greater reliance on fossil fuels
2.Increased use of technology and energy (but technology can also reduce the footprint)
3.High levels of imported resources (which have high transport costs)
4.Large per capita production of carbon waste (high energy use, fossil fuel use)
5.Large per capita consumption of food
6.A meat-rich diet
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95. Ecological footprints can be reduced by:
1.reducing use of resources
2.recycling resources
3.reusing resources
4.improving efficiency of resource use
5.reducing amount of pollution produced
6.transporting waste to other countries to deal with
7.improving country to increase carrying capacity
8.importing resources from other countries
9.reducing population to reduce resource use
10.using technology to increase carrying capacity
11.using technology to intensify land
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97. 3.8.3: Describe and explain the differences between the ecological footprints of two human populations, one from an LEDC and one from a MEDC
•LEDCs have small ecological footprints as MEDCs have much greater rates of resource consumption.
•This is partly because MEDCs have higher incomes and the demands for energy resources is high. MEDCs consume a lot of resources as they are wasteful, they also have more waste and pollution.
• LEDCs are the opposite with lower consumption as people do not have too much to spend. The economy of the country forces them to recycle many resources, however they are developing and they’re ecological footprint is increasing.
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100. 3.2.4
INTRINSIC VALUE
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101. •Intrinsic values, in relation to ecosystems, means those aspects of ecosystems and their constituent parts which have value in their own right, including:
•(a) Their biological and genetic diversity; and
•(b) The essential characteristics that determine an ecosystem's integrity, form, functioning, and resilience.
What is Intrinsic value?
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102. Intrinsic value?
•Environmentalists argue that every part of the ecosystem has intrinsic value.
•This means that although living things may have no monetary value to human beings, they have significant worth in other ways.
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103. DOES ENVIRONMENT HAVE ITS OWN INTRINSIC VALUE?
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104. Environment have its own Intrinsic value
In the modern world, many governments look at the economic value of an aspect of the environment when making policy decisions.
 Those who believe in intrinsic value would say that though an endangered species or a rainforest may not provide any use or value for people, they have inherent worth nonetheless.
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107. 3.2.6
Sustainable development
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109. What is Sustainable development?
•Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
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111. •the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
•the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."
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114. •Sustainability is the extent to which a given interaction with the environment exploits and uses the NATURAL INCOME without causing long term deterioration of NATURAL CAPITAL.
•Harvesting renewable or replenishable resources at a rate that will be replaced by natural growth.
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115. Which one is Sustainable Yield?
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116. Sustainable Yield
•Rate of increase in NATURAL CAPITAL.
•Amount which can be exploited without depleting the original stock or its potential to be replenished.
•Exploitation must not affect long term productivity.
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117. Calculation of SY
• Gain in biomass over time through growth and recruitment (addition of individuals to the population).
• Can express as energy rather than biomass.
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118. REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE
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121. •Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics
•Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that include weathering and erosion.
What is SOIL?
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122. Soil formation is a slow process:
1.Weathering of rock (mechanical).
2.Deposition of sediments by erosion (mechanical).
3.Decomposition of organic matter in dead organisms (chemical).
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125. These top two layers are most fertile, have the highest concentration of organic matter, and contain large amounts of living organisms.
Flatworm
Rove beetle
Ant
Centipede
Mite
Pseudoscorpion
Ground beetle
Adult
fly
Millipede
Fly
larvae
Sowbug
Mite
Earthworm
Slug
Snail
Roundworms
Protozoa
Bacteria
Organic debris
Beetle
Mite
Fungi
Springtail
Actinomycetes
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126. “B” (subsoil) and “C” (parent material) HORIZON contain most of the soil’s inorganic matter, broken-down rock.
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127. •Soil has four basic constituents
1.Organic matter: living plants and animals and their dead remains and wastes
2.Mineral matter: mainly sand, silt and clay
3.Water
4.Air
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128. Soil Content
•Clay (very fine particles)
•Silt (fine particles)
•Sand
•Gravel (coarse to very coarse particles)
SOIL TEXTURE is determined by the relative amounts of the different types and sizes of mineral particles.
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129. Silt (fine particles)
Clay (very fine particles)
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130. Sand (medium-size particles)
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131. Gravel (coarse to very coarse particles)
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133. Properties of Soils with Different Texture
Nutrient Capacity
Infiltration
Water- Holding Capacity
Aeration
Workability
Clay
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Poor
Silt
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Sand
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Good
Loam
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
medium
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135. SOIL PROFILE
•Soil Profile refers to the layers of soil;
•Horizon A, B, and C.
•Horizon A refers to the upper layer of soil, nearest the surface. It is commonly known as topsoil.
•Horizon A provides plants with nutrients they need for a great life
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136. •The layer below horizon A, of course, has to be horizon B
•The subsoil is the horizon B
•This is where materials accumulates from horizons above & below
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137. •Horizon C consists mostly of weatherized big rocks.
•This contains many loose pieces of rock, broken off from the parent rock below weathering
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140. Soil Minerals
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141. •Soil minerals play a vital role in soil fertility since mineral surfaces serve as potential sites for nutrient storage.
•There are numerous types of minerals found in the soil.
•These minerals vary greatly in size and chemical composition.
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142. Soil texture
•Soil texture is a qualitative classification tool used in both the field and laboratory to determine classes for agricultural soils based on their physical texture.
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143. 100%clay
Increasing percentage silt
Increasing
percentage clay
0
20
40
60
80
80
60
40
20
0
100%sand
80
60
40
20
100%silt
Increasing percentage sand
sandy clay
clay
silty clay
silty clay loam
clay
loam
loam
silty
loam
silt
sandy clay loam
sandy loam
loamy sand
sand
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144. SOIL PERMEABILITY is the rate at which water and air move from upper to lower soil layers.
Water
Water
High permeability
Low permeability
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145. Nitrogen fixing
by lightning
Commercial inorganic fertilizer
10-6-4 N-P-K
Organic fertilizers, animal manure, green manure, compost
Crop plant
Dead
organic matter
Application to land
Nitrogen fixing
by bacteria
Nitrogen fixing
Weathering of rock
Nutrient removal with harvest
Decomposition
Supply of available plant nutrients in soil
Nutrient loss
by bacterial
processes
such as
conversion
of nitrates to
nitrogen gas
Nutrient loss from soil erosion
Absorption of nutrients
by roots
Pathway of plant nutrients in soil.
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146. Desertification is the enlargement of deserts through human activities.
Consequences
Causes
Worsening drought
Famine
Economic losses
Lower living
standards
Environmental
refugees
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Surface mining
Erosion
Salinization
Soil compaction
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147. •October summative : 22.10.2012(Monday)
•Marks:60
•Format: Paper 2
•Syllabus:
•Ecological footprint
•Intrinsic value
•Sustainable development &Yield
•Calculation of Sustainable Yield
•SOIL &FOOD SYSTEM
•Book page numbers:192 to 253
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148. EOST 2012
• Thursday, 22nd,November
• Time :11.30 am-1.00 pm
Syllabus:
Topic 3: Human population, carrying capacity and resource use
•3.1 Population dynamics
•3.2 Resources—natural capital
•3.3 Energy resources
•3.4 The soil system
•3.5 Food resources
•3.6 Water resources
•3.7 Limits to growth
•3.8 Environmental demands of human populations
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149. What is Leaching?
•Leaching refers to the loss of water- soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation.
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151. 3.4.3
Soil Degradation
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153. What is Soil Degradation?
•Soil degradation is the decline in quantity and quality of soil.
•It includes erosion by wind and water, biological degradation(e.g. the loss of humans and plant or animal life)
•Physical degradation(loss of structure, changes in permeability)
•Chemical degradatrion(acidification,declining fertility,changes in ph & salinity)
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155. Types of Soil Degradation
•There are three main types of soil degradation:
1.Soil erosion,
2.Desertification, and
3.Salinization.
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157. What is Soil erosion?
•Soil is naturally removed by the action of water or wind or
•Soil erosion is when the soil is blown away by the wind or washed away by the rain.
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158. Causes of soil erosion
•Water can cause soil erosion. Rainfall is an example of water causing soil erosion.
• The lack of permanent vegetation cover in certain locations can cause soil erosion due to the wind.
•Human activities such as farming, logging, and constructions also cause soil erosion.
Consequences of soil erosion
•Soil erosion can lead to poor crop growth and yield reductions in areas of fields.
•Loss of soil fertility through depletion of plant nutrients in top soil.
•Soil quality, structure, stability and texture can be affected by the loss of soil.
1.Soil Erosion
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161. What is called this type of land?
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163. •Desertification is the development of desert-like conditions in regions that have experienced human disturbance such as deforestation, overgrazing, or poorly managed agriculture.
What is Soil Desertification?
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165. Causes of desertification
•Natural climate change that causes prolonged drought.
•Human activities that reduce or degrade top soil.
•Increased population and livestock pressure on marginal lands accelerates desertification.
•Deforestation
Consequences of desertification
•Economic loses
•Lower living standards
•Major threat to biodiversity
•Prolonged droughts
2.Desertification
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166. Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue. The lake has shrunk by 95% since the 1960s
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169. Causes of Salinization
•High level of salt in the soils
•Over cultivation
•Irrigation mismanagement
•Climate trends that favor accumulation
Consequences of Salinization
•Stunts crop growth
•Lowers crop yields
•Destroys fertility and plants
•Damage to infrastructure (i.e. roads, bricks etc.)
•Reduction of water quality
3.Salinization
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174. Soil Conservation involves reducing soil erosion and restoring soil fertility.
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175. Soil Restoration
•Organic fertilizer
•Manure
•Compost crop rotation
•No till farming
•Contour farming
•Terracing
•Nitrogen fixation-legumes
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176. 3.4.4
SOIL
CONSERVVATION
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177. 1.PLANTING TREES
•Roots of trees firmly hold on to the soil. As trees grow tall, they also keep rooting deeper into the soil.
• As the roots of trees spread deep into the layers of soil, they hold it tightly, thus preventing soil erosion.
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178. •The process of preparing soil for plowing is known as tilling.
• No-till farming is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage.
• The process of tilling is beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and preparing the surface for sowing.
2. No-till Farming
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179. 3.Crop Rotation
•Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops are cultivated again and again.
•To save the soil from these adverse effects, crop rotation is practiced.
•It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area. Crop rotation also helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility.
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180. • A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area.
•Owing to its unique structure, it prevents rapid surface runoff of water.
•Terracing gives the landmass a stepped appearance, thus slowing the washing down of soil.
4. Build Terraces
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181. 5. Water the Soil
•Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation.
• Watering the soil along with plants growing in it is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind.
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182. 6. Salinity Management
• The salinity of soil increases due to excessive accumulation of salts in the soil.
•The salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in it.
• The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion. Hence, salinity management is an indirect way of conserving soil.
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