Treasures of Arabic Morphology

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 1
From the
Treasures
of
Arabic
Morphology
NOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has been
published by Zam zam Publishers of Pakistan.
Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and the
publishers have retyped the contents pages with
typing errors. If anyone is prepared to publish the
book in a quality format, kindly contact the author at
alinaam@alinaam.org.za. All comments and criticisms
are welcome. Post your comments to the above email
address.
Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown - http://www.al-inaam.com/

Page 2
Title From the Treasures of Arabic
Morphology
Author Moulānā Ebrāhīm Muhammad
First Edition Safar 1427 A.H.
March 2006
Published by
Academy for Islamic Research
Madrasah In’āmiyyah
P.O. Box 39
Camperdown
3720
South Africa
Tel +27 031 785 1519
Fax +27 031 785 1091
email al_inaam@yahoo.com
Copyright © 2006 Madrasah In’āmiyyah
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior
permission of Madrasah In’āmiyyah, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by
Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah In’āmiyyah, Camperdown,
KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

Page 3
Contents
Introduction 10
Some Useful Terms 11
Arabic Terms 12
The Types of Words 14
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 15
Positive and Negative 15
Active and Passive 15
The Second Category of Verbs 16
Exercise 1 17
Types of Nouns 18
The Scales of Verbs 20
Exercise 2 22
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs 23
Exercise 3 25
The Perfect Active ( ) 26
Exercise 4 28
The Perfect Passive ( ) 29
Exercise 5 33
The Imperfect ( ) 35
Exercise 6 38
The Imperfect Passive ( ) 39
Exercise 7 40
The ( ) 41
Exercise 8 44
The ( ) 45
Exercise 9 49
The ( ) and ( ) of Emphasis 50
Exercise 10 55
The Imperative ( ) 56
Exercise 11 61

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The Prohibition ( ) 61
Exercise 12 65
The Derived Nouns ( ) 66
The Active Participle ( ) 66
Exercise 13 68
The Passive Participle ( ) 69
Exercise 14 70
The Elative ( ) 71
Exercise 15 73
The ( ) 74
The Noun of the Instrument ( ) 76
Exercise 16 78
The Adverb ( ) 79
Exercise 17 81
The Intensive Adjective ( ) 82
Exercise 18 84
The Categories ( ) of Verbs 85
The ( ) of ( ) 85
The First ( ) 85
The Second ( ) 86
The Third ( ) 86
The Fourth ( ) 87
The Fifth ( ) 88
The Sixth ( ) 88
Exercise 19 90
The ( ) of ( ) 91
Construction of the Derived Nouns 95
The Abbreviated Paradigm of each ( ) 97
( ) 97

Page 5
Exercise 20 99
( ) 99
Exercise 21 101
( ) 101
Exercise 22 103
( ) 103
Exercise 23 105
( ) 105
Exercise 24 110
( ) 110
Exercise 25 112
( ) 112
Exercise 26 114
( ) 114
Exercise 27 117
( ) 117
Exercise 28 119
( ) 119
Exercise 29 121
( ) 121
Exercise 30 123
( ) 123
Exercise 31 125
Four Root-Letter Verbs 126
Exercise 32 129
The Derived Forms of Four Root-Letter
Verbs
130
( ) 130
Exercise 33 132
( ) 132
Exercise 34 134

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( ) 134
Exercise 35 136
Other Derived Forms 137
Exercise 36 142
The Seven Categories 143
Exercise 37 146
The Rules of ( ) 147
Rule 1 147
Rule 2 147
Rule 3 148
Rule 4 148
Rule 5 150
Rule 6 151
Rule 7 152
Rule 8 153
Rule 9 154
Rule 10 156
Exercise 38 156
The Orthography of the Hamzah 157
The Paradigms of ( ) 158
Exercise 39 160
Exercise 40 161
Exercise 41 163
Discussion of ( ) 163
Discussion of ( ) 164
Exercise 42 165
Rule 1 166
Rule 2 167
Rule 3 168
Rule 4 169
Rule 5 170
Rule 6 171

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Rule 7 171
Rule 8 179
Rule 9 184
Rule 10 189
Exercise 43 193
Rule 11 193
Rule 12 194
Rule 13 195
Rule 14 196
Rule 15 199
Rule 16 199
Rule 17 202
Rule 18 203
Rule 19 204
Rule 20 205
Rule 21 206
Rule 22 207
Rule 23 208
Rule 24 209
Rule 25 210
Rule 26 212
Exercise 44 213
Exercise 45 220
Exercise 46 228
The Paradigm of ( ) 229
Exercise 47 240
The Paradigms of ( ) and ( ) 241
Exercise 48 250
Exercise 49 260
Exercise 50 271
Combination of ( ) and ( ) 272
Exercise 51 283

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Rule 1 284
Rule 2 286
Rule 3 287
Rule 4 288
Rule 5 289
Exercise 52 290
Exercise 53 297
A Combination of ( ) , ( ) and ( ) 301
Exercise 54 303
Special Meanings ( ) of Each ( ) 304
The ( ) of ( ) 304
The ( ) of ( ) 304
The ( ) of ( ) 305
The ( ) of ( ) 305
The Derived Categories 306
The ( ) of ( ) 306
The ( ) of ( ) 309
The ( ) of ( ) 311
The ( ) of ( ) 312
The ( ) of ( ) 314
The ( ) of ( ) 314
The ( ) of ( ) 315
The ( ) of ( ) 317
The ( ) of ( ) 318
The ( ) of ( ) 319
The ( ) of ( ) 320
The ( ) of ( ) 320
The ( ) of ( ) 321

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The ( ) of ( ) 321
The ( ) of ( ) 322
The ( ) of ( ) 322
Application of the Special Meanings 323
Challenging Words 325
Appendix A - Morphology or Etymology? 352
Bibliography 356

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Introduction
Arabic Morphology ( ) is a branch of Arabic
Grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is
highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to
learn this science in order to be proficient in the language.
Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime
importance in learning the language.
This is a comprehensive book dealing with all the
important aspects of the subject. If a student has to study
this book thoroughly, he would develop a very good
foundation in this science and it would absolve him of the
need to study any further books on the subject.
The Arabic names of morphologic terms have been
adopted instead of the Urdu forms commonly found in the
text books of Islamic seminaries. Thus I have used the
term ( ) instead of ( ). Similarly, instead
of writing ( ), the correct Arabic form of ( )
has been used while the term ( ) is used instead of
( ) which is incorrect. This will enable the student to
learn the correct Arabic terms from the initial stages of his
learning.
Included also is a collection of rules of word-changes
which affect many Arabic verbs and nouns. The rules have
been clearly explained with examples and a step by step

Page 11
method as to how a word is changed from its original form
to its present one.
It is hoped that this book will be beneficial for the students
of Arabic Grammar and Morphology and simplify the path
to understanding the intricacies of the language. Āmīn.
For a detailed discussion on the name of this subject,
whether it is called Morphology or Etymology, refer to
Appendix A at the end of this book.
Some Useful Terms
Conjugation: A paradigm, class, or table of verb forms in
such inflected languages as Latin and French, where
elements are distinguished from each other by patterns of
inflection relating to tense, person, number.1
Declension: A term used to describe the case system of
nouns and other words.2
Inflection: The variation or change of form that words
undergo to mark distinctions of case, gender, number,
tense, person, mood, voice, comparison.3
Linguistics and Philology: The study of language.
Paradigm: pronounced (pa-ra-dime), in grammar, a set of
all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (write, writes,
wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model
for all other words of the same type.4
1
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.
2
Ibid, p. 281.
3
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.
4
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.

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Arabic Terms
The following are some of the Arabic terms used
frequently in this book. It would be advisable to learn
them thoroughly as they are frequently used throughout
the book.
Term Meaning
A diacritical point denoting the sound
of ‘a’.
A diacritical point - denoting the sound
of ‘u’.
A diacritical point - denoting the sound
of ‘i’.
A diacritical point - that serves the
purpose of joining two letters in
pronunciation
A letter having a fathah, e.g. ( )
A letter having a dammah, e.g. ( )
A letter having a kasrah, e.g. ( )
A letter having a sukûn or jazm, e.g. ( )
The three diacritical points, fathah
dammah and kasrah are each called a
harakah
A letter having a harakah, e.g. ( )

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The first root letter of a word, also referred
to as consonant or radical, e.g. the ( ) of
( )
The second root letter of a word, e.g. the
( ) of ( )
The third root letter of a word, e.g. the ( )
of ( )
Word-form denoting the number, gender
and mood of the verb
( ) is the plural of ( ) which refers
to a category of verbs belonging to one
class. The first verb of the perfect tense
( ) and the imperfect tense ( ),
are used to indicate the diacritical points of
the alphabets of the verbs.

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The Types of Words
Term Meaning Example
word
noun
verb
particle – it is dependent on either
an ( ) or ( ) in conveying its
meaning
With regards to meaning and tense, a verb is of three
types:
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the past tense. It
is referred to as the perfect
tense in English.
– He
did.
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the present or
future tense. It is referred to
as the imperfect tense in
English.
- He is
doing or he
will do.
a command – You
do.

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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive – does
not require an object
- He is
walking.
Transitive - requires
an object
– He is
opening the door.
Positive and Negative
positive
– He is doing.
negative
– He is not doing.
The terms ( ) and ( ) are also used.
Active and Passive
active tense – the doer
of the action is known
– He is doing.
passive tense – the doer
of the action is not
known
– It is being
done.

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The Second Category of Verbs
With regard to the root letters ( ) of a verb, they
are of two types:
3 root letters or
triliteral
4 root letters or
quadriliteral
Each of these two types is further divided into two categories:
(1) ( ) – the ( ) consists of root letters only, without
any extra letters.
(2) ( ) - the ( ) has root letters plus extra letters.
This results in the following four categories:
3 root letters only
3 root letters plus extra
letters
4 root letters only
4 root letters plus extra
letters

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Exercise 1
(1) Determine whether the following verbs have 3 root-
letters or 4 root-letters.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(2) What do the following terms mean:
Term Meaning

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Types of Nouns
(1) There are three types of nouns - ( ):
[a] , [b] and [c] .
(2) The ( – verbal noun) is a word that indicates the
occurrence of an action and is free of tense e.g. ( ) –
to assist.
(3) The ( ) is a word derived from a verb e.g. ( ) –
helper is derived from ( ).
(4) The ( ) is neither a ( ) nor a ( ) e.g.
( ) – man.
(5) The ( ) and the ( ) also fall under the
categories of ( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ) like
the ( ). The categories mentioned under the verb like
( ) etc. also apply to an ( ).
(6) The noun ( ) with regard to its letters can either
have three root letters (triliteral), four root letters
(quadriliteral) or five root letters (quinquiliteral). It is
therefore of six types:
[1] ( ) e.g. ( ) – a man
[2] ( ) e.g. ( ) – a donkey

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[3] ( ) e.g. ( ) – scorpion
[4] ( ) e.g. ( ) - paper
[5] ( ) e.g. ( ) - quince
[6] ( ) e.g. ( ) – a
spider
(7) The scholars of morphology generally deal with the
( ) because most of the changes ( ) occur in a
( ) while few changes occur in an ( ) and none occur
in a ( ).

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The Scales of Verbs
The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usually
consists of three letters called consonants or radicals.
These consonants form a kind of skeleton which
constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes
may be added.
Arabic verbs are mostly triliteral, that is, they are
constructed of three root letters. The simplest form of the
verb is the third person masculine singular of the perfect
tense ( ). In most
dictionaries, all the words derived from a triliteral root are
entered under the third person masculine singular form of
the verb.
In Arabic, there are two main tenses, the perfect or past
tense ( ), denoting actions completed at the time to
which reference is made; and the imperfect ( ), for
incompleted actions, referring to the present or future
tenses. The present and future tenses are thus expressed by
the imperfect form ( ). The imperative ( ) may
be considered a modification of the imperfect.
To indicate patterns or type-forms of verbs, the
grammarians use the three letters of the verb ( ), where
the ( ) represents the first radical of the verb, the ( )
represents the second radical of the verb and the ( )
represents the third radical of the verb. This is the scale

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( ) or standard by which the root letters of a verb are
determined. Accordingly, the word ( ) is on the scale
of ( ), ( ) is on the scale of ( ) and ( )
is on the scale of ( ).
The letter that corresponds to the ( ) of the ( ) is
called the (ِ ), that which corresponds to the ( ) is
called the (ِ ) while the letter corresponding to
the ( ) is called the (ِ ).
Example: the word ( ) is on the scale of ( ):

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Exercise 2
(1) Determine the scales of the following verbs and what
each letter represents. The first one has been done for you.
(a) ( )
The ( ) is the ( ), the ( ) is the ( ), the
( ) is the ( ).
(b) ( )
(c) ( )
(d) ( )
(e) ( )
(f) ( )
(g) ( )
(h) ( )
(i) ( )
(j) ( )

Page 23
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
( )
(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in
the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah ( ).
The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a ( ),
( ) or ( ). The active perfect tense (
) of triliteral verbs ( ) is used on three
scales:
[a] e.g. ( )
[b] e.g. ( )
[c] e.g. ( )
(2) The conjugation of the ( ) and ( ) forms is similar
to the conjugation of ( ).
(3) The imperfect tense ( ) of ( ) is
sometimes ( ) e.g. ( ) and sometimes ( )
e.g. ( ) and sometimes ( ) e.g. (
).
(4) The conjugation of the ( ) and ( ) is similar to
the conjugation of ( ).

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(5) The ( ) of ( ) is sometimes ( ) e.g.
( ) and sometimes ( ) e.g. ( ).
(6) The ( ) of ( ) is only ( ) e.g.
( ).
(7) The ( ) of all three scales is ( ).
(8) The ( ) of all three scales is ( ).
(9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six
categories ( ) of ( ) which are as follows:
( ) )1(
( ) )2(
( ) )3(
( ) )4(
( ) )5(
( ) )6(
(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to
which category ( ). It is based on ( ) – as heard
from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which
category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are
however certain guidelines which are as follows:
[a] If the verb belongs to the category of (

Page 25
) the second or third letter will be from the (
)5
, e.g. ( ), ( ), ( ).
[b] If the perfect ( ) is of the form
( ), the imperfect ( ) is generally from the
category of ( ).
[c] If the perfect ( ) is of the form ( ),
the imperfect ( ) is generally from the
category of ( ).
Exercise 3
To which category ( ) does each of the following verb
belong:
(1) ( )
(2) ( )
(3) ( )
(4) ( )
(5) ( )
5
The ( ) are the following six letters:
( ).

Page 26
The Perfect Active Tense ( )
(1) There are 14 word-forms ( ) of the perfect tense
( ). All three diacritical points or vowels
( ) can be used on the ( ) as is apparent
from the above-mentioned six categories ( ).
(2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect (
) and Imperfect ( ) conjugations with the
third person ( ), followed by the second person
( ) and finally the first person ( ).
(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the
second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural
form is used for both the dual and plural.
(4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense.
Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while
the second three are for the feminine of the third person.
The following six forms are for the second person, the first
three being for the masculine and the second three for the
feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.

Page 27
(Word-form) Verb

Page 28
Exercise 4
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense (
) in table form :
(a) ( )
(b) ( )
(c) ( )
(d) ( )
(e) ( )
(f) ( )
(g) ( )
(h) ( )
(i) ( )
(j) ( )

Page 29
The Perfect Passive ( )
The ( ) is constructed from the (
) in all triliteral verbs ( ). If we take the
first verb, namely the third person singular form, ( ), a
( ) is rendered to the first letter, a ( ) is rendered
to the second letter while the third letter remains in its
original condition. The result is ( ). No matter what the
( ) of the second letter in the active tense is, in the
passive tense it will always be ( ). Examples:
Active – ( ) Passive – ( )
Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the passive tense if
they are used with a particle ( ), e.g.
( ) – It was taken.

Page 30
Word-form Verb
singular masculine 3rd
person
dual masculine 3rd
person
plural masculine 3rd
person
singular feminine 3rd
person
dual feminine 3rd
person
plural feminine 3rd
person
singular masculine 2nd
person
dual masculine 2nd
person
plural masculine 2nd
person
singular feminine 2nd
person
dual feminine 2nd
person
plural feminine 2nd
person
singular first person
dual and plural first person

Page 31
Verb Pronoun
The words ( ) or ( )
are used for the
negative sense. To use
( ) with ( ), the
condition is that the
( ) must be repeated
eg.
( ).
The column on the
right indicates how the
pronouns ( ) are
used with the verbs.

Page 32
Word-form Verb
Note the Arabic terms used for the different word-forms in
this table.

Page 33
Exercise 5
(a) Translate the following sentences:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(
(b) What is the ( ) of the following verbs:
[1] ( )
[2] ( )
[3] ( )
[4] ( )
[5] ( )

Page 34
[6] ( )
[7] ( )
[8] ( )
[9] ( )
[10] ( )
(c) Are the following verbs ( ) or ( )?
[1] ( )
[2] ( )
[3] ( )
[4] ( )
[5] ( )

Page 35
The Imperfect ( )
The Imperfect ( ) is formed by adding prefixes and/or
suffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the
letters ( ). The suffixes may either be ( ), ( ), ( ) or just
( ).
After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has
( ), e.g. the ( ) of ( ) has a sukûn. The second letter
can have any of the three harakât, depending on which category
( ) the verb belongs to.
In the indicative case ( ), the final vowel of the third
radical ( ) is ( ) in the singular form of the verb, e.g.
( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ). For the subjunctive case (
), this ( ) is changed to ( ), e.g. ( ), ( ),
( ) and ( ); while for the jussive case ( ), it is
replaced by a ( ), e.g. ( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ). The
changes in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.

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Meaning Verb
He is doing or he will do.
They (2 males) are doing or they will do.
They (plural males) are doing or they will do.
She is doing or she will do.
They (2 females) are doing or they will do.
They (plural females) are doing or they will do.
You (1 male) are doing or you will do.
You (2 males) are doing or you will do.
You (plural males) are doing or you will do.
You (1 female) are doing or you will do.
You (2 females) are doing or you will do.
You (plural females) are doing or you will do.
I am doing or will do.
We are doing or we will do.

Page 37Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown - http://www.al-inaam.com/

Page 38
Exercise 6
(1) To which category ( ) do each of the following
verbs belong:
(a) ( )
(b) ( )
(c) ( )
(d) ( )
(e) ( )
(2) What is the ( ) of the following words:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(

Page 39
The Imperfect Passive Tense ( )
The ( ) is constructed from the (
) in all triliteral verbs ( ). If we take the
first verb, namely the third person singular form, ( ), a
( ) is rendered to the first letter which is the (
) – sign of the imperfect tense. A ( ) is
rendered to the ( ) while the ( )
remains as it is. The result is ( ). No matter what the
( ) of the ( ) in the active tense is, in the
passive tense, it will always be ( ). Examples:
Active – ( ) Passive – ( )

Page 40
Exercise 7
(a) Translate the following into English:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
(b) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
[1] The door of the school is being opened.
[2] He is being sent to Madînah.
[3] The disbelievers will be defeated.
[4] The car will be left on the road.
[5] The book will be read today.
(c) Conjugate the following verbs into the (
):
)5( )4( )3( )2( )1(

Page 41
The ( )
The ( ) are: ( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ). When they
precede the ( ), they render ( ) to the following
five words:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
The ( ) of the following seven words is deleted:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
The following two words remain unchanged:

Page 42
)1(
)2(
The word ( ) changes the positive imperfect tense (
) to negative ( ) with emphasis.
The paradigms of ( ) – the active tense and ( ) – the
passive tense – when used with the other particles, ( ), ( ) and
( ) will be the same as was in the case of ( ).
Examples:
Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( ) when used with
the particle ( ).

Page 44
Exercise 8
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ( ):
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(

Page 45
The ( )
The ( ) are ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) and (
). When they precede the ( ), they render ( )
to the following five words:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
The ( ) of the following seven words is deleted:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
The following two words remain unchanged:
)1(

Page 46
)2(
The word ( ) changes the positive imperfect tense (
) to the negative perfect tense ( ).
The paradigms of ( ) – the active voice and ( ) – the
passive voice – when used with ( ), ( ), ( ) and (
), will be the same as was in the case of ( ).
Examples:
The word ( ) means ‘not as yet’. Thus ( ) will mean ‘he
did not do as yet’.
The ( ) enters all the word-forms of the passive tense
( ). In the active tense ( ), it is only used in the third
person ( ) and first person ( ) word-forms.
If any of the ( ) precede a ( ) whose (

Page 47
) is a ( ), the ( ) is deleted.
Examples:
(
)
Example of
( )
Example of
( )
Example of
( )
Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( ) when used with
the particle ( ).

Page 49
Exercise 9
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(

Page 50
The ( ) and ( ) of Emphasis
( ) – The Energetic Forms
(1) To create emphasis in the meaning of ( ), the (
) is prefixed to it and ( ) or ( ) suffixed to
it. The ( ) is ( ) and is suffixed to all the word-forms
( ). The ( ) is ( ) and is not suffixed to the
( ) and ( ) word-forms.
(2) The letter prededing the ( ) is ( ) in the
following word-forms:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
(3) The ( ) is deleted in the following words before
attaching the ( ):
)1(

Page 51
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(_
(4) The ( ) of the ( ) is retained while the ( ) itself
becomes ( ), e.g. ( ).
(5) The ( ) of ( ) and the ( ) of ( ) are also
deleted. The ( ) before the ( ) and the ( ) before the
( ) are retained, e.g. ( ) and ( ).
(6)In the ( ) word-forms, an ( ) is inserted between
the ( ) of ( ) and the ( ) so that three nûns do not
occur in one place. This will occur in the following two word-
forms:
)1(
)2(
(7) The ( ) itself is ( ) in these two words. In short,

Page 52
the ( ) is ( ) after ( ) and ( ) in the other
instances.
(8) The ( ) is similar to the ( ) except in the
( ) and ( ) word-forms. The ( ) is only used
in those words where there is no ( ) before ( ) and
these are eight word-forms.
Once ( ) and ( ) enter a ( ), its
meaning changes to the future tense.

Page 54
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘
◘

Page 55
Exercise 10
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ( ) in the
active and passive tenses:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ( ) in the
active and passive tenses:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(

Page 56
The Imperative ( )
The ( – imperative second person) is constructed
from the ( ) in the following manner:
(1) The ( ) – the sign of the imperfect tense -
is deleted.
(2) If the following letter is ( ), the final letter is
rendered ( ). Example: the verb ( ) changes to ( ).
(3) If the following letter is ( ), a ( ) is
inserted at the beginning and the end is rendered ( ).
(4) If the ( ) has a ( ), the ( ) is
rendered a ( ). Example: ( ) becomes ( ).
(5) If the ( ) has a ( ) or ( ), the (
) is rendered a ( ). Examples:
( ) becomes ( ).
( ) becomes ( ).
(6) The ( ) is deleted while the ( ) –
the nūn of the feminine plural - is retained. Examples:
( ) becomes ( ).
( ) becomes ( ).

Page 57
(7) The ( ) at the end is deleted. Examples:
( ) becomes ( ).
( ) becomes ( ).
( ) becomes ( ).
(8) The imperative of the first and third persons (
) is formed by adding a ( ) at the
beginning of ( ). This ( ) has the same effect
on the verbs as ( ).
(9) The ( ) and ( ) can also be attached
to the ( ) word-forms.
Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( - the
imperative active) and ( - the imperative
passive).

Page 60
X

Page 61
Exercise 11
Conjugate the imperative ( ) of the following verbs in
the active and passive forms first and then conjugate them
using the ( ) and ( ):
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
The Prohibition ( )
(1) The particle ( ) is used before ( ) to denote
prohibition. It has the same effect as ( ) in changing the
different word-forms.
(2) The ( ) and ( ) can be attached to all
the forms of ( ).

Page 65
Exercise 12
(1) Conjugate the prohibition ( ) of the following
verbs in the active and passive forms first and then
conjugate them using the ( ) and ( ):
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
(2) What is the ( ) of the following verbs?
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(

Page 66
THE DERIVED NOUNS ( )
The following six nouns are derived from the verb:
)1()2()3()4(
)5()6(
The Active Participle ( )
The active participle ( ) indicates the person or being
from whom the action emanates, e.g. ( ) – a person who
listens.
In 3-root letter verbs ( ), the ( ) is formed by
adding an ( ) after the first letter, rendering a ( ) to the
second letter and ( ) to the final letter. Thus, ( ) becomes
( ). In the dual forms ( ), ( ) and ( ) are attached to
the end, e.g. ( ). For the feminine form, a round ( ) is
inserted at the end. For the masculine plural ( ), ( ) is
inserted, e.g. ( ), while for the feminine plural ( ),
the syllable, ( ) is attached, e.g. ( ). There are three
scales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of
the word.

Page 67
In the indicative case ( ), the ( ) is used with an ( )
while in the accusative and genative cases ( ), it
is used with a ( ) preceded by a ( ). The ( ) of the ( ) is
( ), e.g. ( ) and ( ).
For the masculine plural in ( ), a ( ) is used while in
( ), a ( ) preceded by a ( ) is used. The
( ) of ( ) is ( ), e.g. ( ) and ( ).

Page 68
Exercise 13
Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 69
The Passive Participle ( )
The passive participle ( ) is that entity on which the
action occurs, e.g. ( ) – the thing which is opened. It is
formed by adding a ( ) at the beginning, a ( ) after the
second letter and ( ) at the end. The first root letter (
) becomes ( ) while the second one becomes ( ).
The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the
( ). Like the ( ), it also has six word-forms.

Page 70
Exercise 14
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 71
The Elative ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun that indicates the comparative
or superlative degree e.g. ( ) – more virtuous or most
virtuous. The scale of ( ) is used for this purpose, except for
colours and defects. In the case of colours and defects, the scale
of ( ) is used for ( ) e.g. ( ) – red, ( ) –
blind. Tanwīn never enters the end of ( ). The (
) generally renders the meaning of the doer ( ) but
sometimes it can render the meaning of the object ( ), e.g.
( ) - more famous.
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the ( ):

Page 73
Exercise 15
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 74
The ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun referring to the permanent
quality of an entity, e.g. ( ) – beautiful. The ( ) on
the other hand describes a temporary quality e.g. ( ) –
listening at the moment. A person will only be referred to as
( ) if the quality of ( ) emanates from him whereas the
attribute of ( ) applies to a person all the time.The (
) is always intransitive ( ) even though it may be
constructed from a transitive verb ( ). Hence the difference
between ( ) and ( ) is that ( ) indicates a being
listening at the moment while ( ) indicates a being which
permanently has the quality of listening even though there may
be no object. Therefore one can say ( ), but to say
( ) is incorrect. The ( ) has six word-forms
like the ( ). For the dual and plural forms, changes are
made to the end as in the ( ).
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the ( ):

Page 75
The ( ) is used on many scales for which there is no
rule. It is based on ( ) – as heard from the Arabs. Sometimes
a ( ), ( ) or ( ) is inserted after the second alphabet, e.g.
( ), ( ), ( ). Sometimes the root-form remains
intact but a change occurs in the harakāt, e.g. ( ), ( ),
( ). Some of the more common scales are listed hereunder.
Scale Example Meaning
handsome
impure
brave

Page 76
chaste
thick
empty
free
happy
companion
noble
red
thirsty
The Noun of the Instrument ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun that indicates the instrument
used for the action. It is formed by adding a ( ) at the
beginning of the root letters. It has three scales.
Scales
Examples
Meanings needle fan key

Page 77
The paradigm including the dual and plural cases is as follows:
Scales Examples
Sometimes the underived noun ( ) is used to denote an
instrument. Different scales are used for this purpose but there is
no rule for arriving at a particular scale. Examples:
( ) - axe , ( ) – adze6
, ( ) - knife.
6
Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.

Page 78
Exercise 16
(a) Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)5( )4( )3( )2( )1(
)10( )9( )8( )7( )6(
(b) Identify the derived nouns in the following sentences:
)1(.
)2(.
)3(.
)4(.
)5(.
)6(.

Page 79
The Adverb ( )
The ( ) is a derived noun that indicates the place or
time of the action. If the word indicates the place of the action, it
is called ( ) and if it indicates the time of the action, it
is called ( ). It is made by adding a ( ) at the
beginning of the root letters. It has two scales, namely ( ) and
( ). If the ( ) is ( ) or ( ) or
( ), the ( ) will be on the scale of ( ), e.g.
( ), ( ) and ( ). If the ( ) is ( ) or
( ), the ( ) will be on the scale of ( ), e.g.
( ) and ( ).
The paradigm including the dual and plural forms is as follows:
scale
example
The ( ) is often constructed from the underived noun
( ) on the scale of ( ) to indicate an excess of that object
in that place, e.g.

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( ) – a place of many lions - derived from ( ) – lion,
( )– a place of many predators - derived from ( ) –
predator,
( ) – a place of many ducks - derived from ( ) – duck.
There are certain words, which according to the rule should have
a ( ) on the ( ), but have been used with a ( )
instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. The
scholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these
words with a ( ) as well. These words are:
Word Meaning Word Meaning
place of
prostration
place of assembly
place of rising place of falling
place of staying intersection
place of
slaughtering
place of slaughtering
place of
germinating
east
place of resting
the elbow
west
nostril place where one
expects something
Sometimes the ( ) is used on the scale of ( ), e.g.

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( ) – antimony bottle, from ( ) - antimony.
The scale of ( ) indicates the place where a thing falls during
the action, e.g.
( ) – the water which falls during bathing,
( ) – the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping.
Exercise 17
(a) Conjugate the ( ) of the following verbs:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 82
The Intensive Adjective ( )
The ( ) is a noun that indicates excess in meaning of
the verbal noun e.g. ( ) – one who hits a lot. The difference
between ( ) and ( ) is that in ( ),
the excess meaning is limited to itself without taking others into
consideration whereas in the ( ), the excess in
meaning is in comparison to others. Hence ( ) or
( ) is in comparison to others while ( ) is not in
comparison to anyone.
In the ( ), there is no difference in gender. Sometimes
a ( ) is added for excess in meaning, e.g. ( ) – a very
learned man, ( ) - a very learned woman.
When ( ) is in the meaning of ( ), or ( ) is in the
meaning of ( ), a differentiation is made between the
masculine and feminine forms. Examples:
( ) , ( )
( ) , ( ).
The following scales are the ones most frequently used for

Page 83
( ):
Scale Example Meaning
very cautious
very knowledgeable
big eater
shedder of blood
very great
very truthful
one who cuts a lot
one who awards many prizes
chatterbox
very strange
very decisive
one who habitually laughs
eternal
most holy
very agile

Page 84
Exercise 18
(A) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
(1) He is very agile.
(2) This book is very strange.
(3) The principal awards many prizes.
(4) Abū Bakr is very truthful.
(5) She is a big eater.
(6) Allāh is very knowledgeable.
(7) The king was a shedder of blood.
(8) The student is very cautious.
(9) His mother is very patient.
(10) The mujāhid is extremely brave.
(B) What is the scale of the following ( ):
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 85
The Categories ( ) of Verbs
The ( ) of ( )
You have already learnt that the verbs of ( ) –three root-
letter verbs – have six categories ( ) – plural of ( ).
The First ( ): ( )
( ) – the ( ) of the ( ) has a ( ) while
the ( ) has a ( ), e.g. ( ) – to help. The abbreviated
paradigm7
of this ( ) is as follows:
7
The abbreviated paradigm is where the first ( ) of each paradigm
of the active and passive tenses is used.

Page 86
The Second ( ) : ( )
the ( ) has a ( ), eg ( ) – to hit. The abbreviated
paradigm of this ( ) is as follows:
The Third ( ) : ( )
the ( ) also has a ( ), e.g. ( ) – to open. The
condition for this ( ) is that if the verb is ( )8
, the (
) or ( ) must be from the ( ). This
does not mean that every verb which is ( ) and whose (
8
( ) is that word which has no ( ), two letters of the
same type or ( ) as its root letter.

Page 87
) or ( ) is from the ( ), will be from
( ). The abbreviated paradigm of this ( ) and the
remaining ( ) is similar to the above-mentioned examples.
The Fourth ( ) : ( )
the ( ) has a ( ), e.g. ( ) – to listen.

Page 88
The Fifth ( ) : ( )
the ( ) also has a ( ), e.g. ( ) – to be noble. The
verbs of this ( ) are intransitive. In this ( ), instead of the
( ), the ( ) on the scale of ( ) has been
used, e.g. ( ).
The Sixth ( ) : ( )
the ( ) also has a ( ), e.g. ( ) – to ponder.
Besides ( ), no other ( ) has been used in this
( ). Acccording to some scholars, the verb ( ) is also

Page 89
from this ( ). However, verbs that are ( )9
or ( )10
have
been used, e.g. ( ) and ( ). The verb ( ) has
also been used with a ( ) on the ( ) of ( ),
that is ( ).
9
A word having a ( ) or ( ) as the ( ).
10
A word having two ( ).

Page 90
Exercise 19
Conjugate the following verbs as done above:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 91
The ( ) of ( )
The Derived Forms of the Triliteral Verb
Arabic is extremely rich and copious in derived forms
which extend or modify the meaning of the root form of
the verb, giving many exact shades of meaning. This is a
common feature of Semitic languages and perhaps it
reaches its pinnacle in Arabic.
Derived forms are made by adding letters before or between the
root letters of the simple verb. Accordingly, ( ), which is the
root, means to help. From this verb the following verbs are
derived with differing meanings:
Verb Meaning
to support
to try to help
to render mutual assistance
to come to someone’s aid
to ask for assistance
Another example of derived verbs is ( ) which means to kill.
When extra letters are added to this root, the following meanings
are achieved.

Page 92
Verb Meaning
to massacre
to combat, battle
to fight with one another
to risk one’s life
Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have
only one (like – to drive away) or two (like – to sink),
while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is
often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.
Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms
are used, e.g. ( - to arrange).
The ( ) of ( ) are twelve in total. They are
formed by adding extra letters to the ( ) of (
). Upto a maximum of three extra letters can be added to a
verb, thus bringing the maximum number of letters of a verb to
six (root letters plus extra letters).
Seven of these ( ) have ( ) at the beginning while
five do not have. Besides ( ), every letter with a ( )
will become ( ) in the ( ) except for the

Page 93
penultimate letter which will be ( ). The ( ) will
remain as it is,
e.g. ( ), ( ).
When ( ) or ( ) are used in the ( ), the ( )
will not be pronounced as will the ( ) of the ( ) and ( ), e.g.
( ), ( ).

Page 94
The 12 ( ) of ( ) are as follows:
Example Extra Letters
no hamza
no hamza
no hamza
no hamza

Page 95
Construction of the Derived Nouns
To construct the ( ) of any ( ) besides ( ),
the ( ) is modified by adding a ( ) at the
beginning and making the penultimate letter ( ) if it is not
already ( ).
Examples:
The ( ) is like the ( ) except that the
penultimate letter is ( ).
Examples:
The ( ) of these ( ) is used on the scale of the
( ). There is neither ( ) nor ( ) in
these ( ). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( ),

Page 96
the words ( ) are added to the ( ) for this purpose, e.g.
( ) – the means of refraining.
To express the ( ), the word ( ) is used before the
( ), e.g. ( ) – more refraining. Words like
( ), ( ) etc. can also be used.

Page 97
The Abbreviated Paradigm ( ) of Each
( )
The sign of ( ) is a ( ) 11
in the
( ) and ( ) while the ( ) is
always ( ). The ( ) of the ( ) is
deleted from the ( ). Thus ( ) becomes ( ).
The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern.
The detailed paradigms of this verb are provided
hereunder.
11
A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any
letter.

Page 98
:
.

Page 99
Exercise 20
Conjugate the following verbs:
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the tashdîd of the ( ) in the
( ) and ( ) without a ( ) preceding the (
). The ( ) of this ( ) is also always
( ).
The ( ) of this ( ) is also used on the following scales:
( ) e.g. ( );
( ) e.g. ( );
( ) e.g. ( );
( ) e.g. ( ).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.

Page 100
:
.

Page 101
Exercise 21
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the ( ) after the ( )
in the ( ) and ( ) without a ( )
preceding it. The ( ) of this ( ) is always
( ).
The ( ) of ( ) is also used on the following scales:
( ) e.g. ( );
( ) e.g. ( ).

Page 102
:
.

Page 103
Exercise 22
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the ( ) before the ( ). This
( ) is always intransitive ( ).

Page 104
:
.

Page 105
Exercise 23
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the ( ) after the ( ).
Rule 1
If the ( ) of ( ) is ( ), ( ), or ( ), the ( ) of
( ) is changed to ( ). If the ( ) is a ( ), then ( -
assimilation) is compulsory, e.g. ( ) changes to ( ).
If the ( ) of ( ) is ( ), then after changing the
( ) to ( ), the following three changes are permissible:
(1) The ( ) is changed to ( ) and the rule of ( ) is applied,
e.g. ( ) changes to ( ).

Page 106
(2) Sometimes the ( ) is changed to ( ) and then the rule of
( ) is applied to the ( ), e.g. ( ) changes to
( ).
(3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of
( ), e.g. ( ).
( ) to ( ), the following two changes are permissible:
(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of ( ),
e.g. ( ).
(2) Sometimes the ( ) is changed to ( ) and then the rule of
( ) is applied to the ( ), e.g. ( ) changes to
( ).
Rule 2
If the ( ) of ( ) is ( ), ( ), ( ), or ( ), the
( ) of ( ) is changed to ( ). If the ( ) is a ( ), then
it is compulsory to apply ( ) e.g. ( ) changes to ( ).
( ) to ( ), the following three changes are permissible:

Page 107
e.g. ( ).
If the ( ) of ( ) is ( ) or ( ), then after
changing the ( ) to ( ), the following two possibilities are
permissible:
e.g. ( ) and ( ).
(2) Sometimes the ( ) is changed to ( ) or ( ) and then the
rule of ( ) is applied, e.g. ( ) changes to ( ) and
( ) changes to ( ).
Rule 3
If the ( ) of ( ) is ( ), then it is permissible to
change the ( ) to ( ) and apply the rule of ( ), e.g. ( )
changes to ( ).

Page 108
Rule 4
If the ( ) of ( ) is ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),
( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), or ( ), then after changing the
( ) to the same letter as the ( ), the ( ) of the ( )
is transferred to the preceding letter and the rule of ( ) is
applied. The ( ) is deleted, e.g. ( ) changes to
( ) and ( ) changes to ( ).
(4.2) The ( ) of these verbs - ( ) and ( ) - will be
( ) and ( ).
(4.3) It is permissible to have a ( ) on the ( ), e.g.
( ) and ( ). The words ( ) and
( ) which have appeared in the Qur’ân are from this ( ).
(4.4) It is permissible to read a ( ) on the ( ) of the
( ). Therefore all three harakats are permissible, e.g.
( ), ( ), ( ).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.

Page 109
:
.

Page 110
Exercise 24
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the repetition of the ( ) and
four letters after the ( ) in the ( ). The (
) of this ( ) is always ( ) except in ( ).12
hereunder.
12
The rules of ( ) will be discussed later.

Page 111
:
.

Page 112
Exercise 25
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the tashdīd of the ( ) and ( )
precedes the ( ) in the ( ).
hereunder.

Page 113
:
.

Page 114
Exercise 26
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is that the ( ) precedes the ( )
in the ( ) and there is an extra ( ) after the (
).
Rule 1
In ( ) and ( ), when two ( )’s are adjacent to
one another in the ( ), it is permissible to delete one,
e.g.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ).

Page 115
Rule 2
If the ( ) of ( ) and ( ) is ( ), ( ),
( ), ( ) ,( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) or ( ), it is
permissible to change the ( ) into the ( ) and apply the
rule of ( ). In this case, the ( ) and ( ) require a
( ) at the beginning. The ( ) and ( )
have been created due to this rule.
Examples:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
_
hereunder.

Page 116
:
.

Page 117
Exercise 27
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the extra ( ) and ( ) before the
( ).
It is permissible to delete the ( ) from the verb (
). The verbs ( ) and ( ) mentioned
in the Qur’ân are from this ( ).
hereunder.

Page 118
:
.

Page 119
Exercise 28
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the repetition of the ( ) and the
appearance of a ( ) between the two ( )’s. This ( ) has changed
to a ( ) in the ( ) due to the preceding ( ). This ( )
is mostly intransitive ( ).
hereunder.

Page 120
:
.

Page 121
Exercise 29
)1()2()3(
The sign of ( ) is the repetition of the ( ) and the
appearance of an extra ( ) before the first ( ) in the (
). This ( ) changes to a ( ) in the ( ).
The ( ) in this ( ) is similar to the ( ) of ( ).
The verbs of ( ) and ( ) mostly have the
meanings of colours and defects and they are intransitive ( ).
hereunder.

Page 122
:
.

Page 123
Exercise 30
)1()2()3()4(
The sign of ( ) is the ( ) after the ( ).
hereunder.

Page 124
:
.

Page 125
Exercise 31
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
)1(
)2(
(B) What is the ( ) of the following words:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 126
Four-Root letter Verbs
The ( ) of ( )
The sign of ( ) is the presence of four root letters in the
( ). The ( ) of this ( ) is ( ).
The rule for the ( ) of the ( ) is that if the (
) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the
( ) will be ( ) even in the active tense
( ), e.g. ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). If the (
) has less than or more than four letters, the (
) will be ( ), e.g. ( ), ( ), ( ).
Four-root letter verbs are of three types:
(1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. ( ) – to translate.
(2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. ( ) –

Page 127
to gargle, ( ) – to stammer.
(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination
of roots, e.g. ( ) – to say Al-hamdulillāh, ( ) – to say
Bismillāh.
hereunder.

Page 128
:
.

Page 129
Exercise 32
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 130
The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs
The sign of ( ) is the extra ( ) before the four root
letters.
hereunder.

Page 131
:
.

Page 132
Exercise 33
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is having four root letters, the repetition
of the second ( ) and the inclusion of ( ) in the (
) and ( ).
hereunder.

Page 133
:
.

Page 134
Exercise 34
)1()2()3()4()5(
The sign of ( ) is the inclusion of ( ) in the
( ) and ( ) and the extra ( ) after the ( ).
hereunder.

Page 135
:
.

Page 136
Exercise 35
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 137
Other Derived Forms
The ( ) of ( )
There are two categories of ( ) here:
(1) ( )
(2) ( )
The first category ( ) has seven ( ):
(1) ( ) – the ( ) is repeated, e.g. ( ) – to don a
shawl.
:
(2) ( ) – there is an extra ( ) after the ( ), e.g.
( ) – to don a trouser.
:
( ) – to command. This word can be used as ( ) as well.

Page 138
:
( ) – to trim the extra leaves of a plant.
:
(5) ( )– there is an extra ( ) after the ( ), e.g.
( ) – to make someone don socks.
:
(6) ( )– there is an extra ( ) after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to
make someone don a hat.
:
(7) ( )– there is an extra ( ) after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to

Page 139
make someone don a hat.
:
( ) was originally ( ). ( ) was originally
( ). ( ) was originally ( ). These changes will be
discussed later.
The second category - ( ) has three groups:
(1) ( )
(2) ( )
(3) ( )
The first group ( ) has 8 ( ):
(1) ( ) – the extra letters are ( ) before the ( ) and the ( )
is repeated, e.g. ( ) – to don a shawl.
(2) ( ) – the extra letters are ( ) before the ( ) and the ( )
between the ( ) and the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to don a trouser.
(3) ( ) – the extra letters are ( ) before the ( ) and a ( )

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after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to be a satan.
after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to don socks.
after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to don a trouser.
(6) ( ) – the extra letters are a ( ) and a ( ) before the ( ),
e.g. ( ) – to be poor.
(7) ( ) – the extra letters are a ( ) before the ( ) and a
( ) after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to behave like a devil.
(8) ( ) – the extra letters are a ( ) before the ( ) and a ( )
after the ( ), e.g. ( ) – to don a hat.
The conjugation of these ( ) should be done like
( ), while the last one, namely, ( ) is like ( ).
The second group, ( ) has two ( ):
(1) ( ) – The second ( ), the ( ) after the ( ) and the (

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) are extra, e.g. ( ) – to walk with the chest and
neck protruding out.
:
(2) ( ) – The ( ) after the ( ), the ( ) after the ( ) and the
( ) are extra, e.g. ( ) – to lie on one’s back.
:
The ( ) of this ( ) – ( ) was originally
( ). The ( ) was changed to a ( ).
The third group - ( ) has one ( ):
( ) – The ( ) after the ( ) and one ( ) is extra, e.g.
( ) – to strive.
:

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In all the word-forms of this ( ), ( ) has been applied and
the changes are similar to those of ( ).
Exercise 36
What is the word-form ( ) of the following words and which
( ) are they from:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

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The Seven Categories
With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven
categories, namely:
Definitions
A word whose root letters do
not have a ( ), ( )13
or two letters of the same type
A word having a ( )
in the ( )
A word having a ( )
in the ( )
A word having a ( )
in the ( )
A word having a ( ) as a
root letter – a hamzated verb
A word having, as its root
letters, two letters of the same
type
A word having two (
) as the root letters
13
The ( ) are ( ), ( ) and ( ).

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1) The term ( ) refers to any verb that contains a
( ).
2) If there is a ( ) in the ( ), it is called
( ) or ( ), eg ( ).
( ) or ( ), e.g. ( ).
( ) or ( ), e.g. ( ).
5) If the ( ) has a ( ), it is called ( ) eg
( ).
6) If the ( ) has a ( ), it is called ( ). eg
( ).
7) If the ( ) has a ( ), it is called ( )
eg ( ).
eg ( ).

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( ).
( ).
eg ( ).
12) If the ( ) has a ( ), it is called (
) eg ( ).
eg ( ).
14) ( ) is of two types: ( ) and (
).
15) ( ) is when the two ( ) are
separate, e.g. ( ).
16) ( ) is when the two ( ) are
adjacent to one another, e.g. ( ).
17) If the ( ) and ( ) are the same, it is
called ( ) e.g. ( ).

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18) If the ( ) and the first ( ) and the ( ) and the second
( ) are the same letters, it is called ( ) e.g.
( ).
Exercise 37
Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

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The Rules of ( )
Rule 1:
It is permissible to change a ( ), that is alone and
( ) to correspond to the previous ( ).
That is,
(a) after a ( ), change the ( ) into an ( ).
Example
( )(head) becomes( . )
(b) after a ( ), change the ( ) into a ( ).
Example
(destitute) becomes ( ).
(c) after a ( ), change the ( ) into a ( ).
Example
(wolf) becomes ( ).
n n n n n
Rule 2
If a hamzah mutaharrik ( ) appears before a
( ) that is ( ), it becomes necessary to change the
( ) letter to the corresponding ( ).
Examples

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becomes
becomes
becomes .
n n n n n
Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a ( ) that is ( )
and is preceded by a ( ) to a ( ).
Example
becomes
is the plural of which means a perfume holder.
(3.2) It is permissible to change a ( ) that is ( )
and is preceded by a ( ) into a ( ).
Example
becomes .
n n n n n
Rule 4
(4.1) If two ( )’s are ( ) and one of them is
( ), then it is permissible to change the second ( )
into a ( ).
Example

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can also be read as .
If there are two ( )'s which are ( ) and none of
them are ( ), then it is necessary to change the
second ( ) into a ( ).
Examples
i) will be read as
ii) will be read as
( ) originally was ( ) ( of ). The
( ) which comes after ( ) will change into a
( ). It becomes ( ). Now there are two (
) and one of them is ( ) . The second ( )
changes into a ( ) becoming ( ) (according to the
rule of - rule 4.1). ( ) can also be written as
. The ( ) on the ( ) is (difficult to
pronounce). Therefore it is removed and ( )
remains. Now due to ( ) (the coming
together of two [ ] letters), the ( ) is deleted.

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We are left with which can also be read as .
Step by Step
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n n n n n
Rule 5
If a ( ) comes after the ( ) or ( ) that are and
or if a ( ) comes after the ( ) of ( ), it is
permissible to change the ( ) into the letter that
precedes it and then ( ) (incorporation of one letter
into another) is made.
Example of ( )
The word ( ) is the ( ) of ( ).
Example ( )
.

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Example of
.
The word ( ) is the ( ) of ( ) which is
the ( ) of ( ) - meaning axe.
n n n n n
Rule 6
If there occurs a ( ) after the ( ) of and before
a ( ), the ( ) changes to ( ) and the ( )
changes to ( ).
Example
The word ( ) is the plural of ( ).
The word ( ) was originally ( ). The ( ) which
comes after the ( ) of ( ) as the second last letter,
changes into a ( ).14
It becomes ( ). Now we
have two ( )’s and one of them is ( ).
The rule of ( ) applies, whereby the second ( )
changes into a ( ) and becomes . Now there is a
14
This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of .

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( ) after the ( ) of and it is before a ( ). It
changes to ( ) and the ( ) changes to ( ). The
word becomes ( ).
NOTE: This law is compulsory ( ).
Step by Step
n n n n n
Rule 7
If a ( ) is ( ) and it comes after a ( ) that is
not a ( ) nor is it ( ) , then the ( ) of
the ( ) is given to the letter preceding it.
This law is permissible ( ).
Examples
1) In the word ( ), the ( ) of the ( ) is given to
the ( ) and the ( ) is then deleted. It becomes
( ).
2) In the words the ( ) of the ( ) is given to
the ( ) and the ( ) is then deleted. It becomes

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( ).
3) In the words the ( ) of the ( ) is
transferred to the ( ) and the ( ) is then deleted. It
becomes ( ).
n n n n n
Rule 8
The rule of ( ) is compulsorily applied to all the
( ) (verbs) of ( ) and ( ) (
).
Example
In ( ) the ( ) of the ( ) is given to the ( ) and the
( ) is deleted. It becomes ( ).
NOTE:
It is permissible to apply this rule to the ( )
(derived nouns) too.
The ( ) can be read as ( ) or ( ).
The ( ) of the ( ) of ( ) is given to the ( ) and

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then the ( ) is removed leaving ( ).
n n n n n
Rule 9
If a ( ) is preceded by a ( ) letter, then
both ( ) and ( ) are both
permissible.
9.1 ( ) is to read the ( ) between its ( )
and the ( ) of the ( ) corresponding to its
(hamza’s) .
9.2 ( ) is to read a letter between its ( ) and
the ( ) of the ( ) corresponding to the
preceding ( ).
( ) is also known as .
Examples
When ( ) is made on the word ( ), then in both
( ) and ( ) the ( ) will be that of ( )
and ( ).
In the word ( ) if ( ) is made, then the

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( ) will be between ( ) and ( ). If ( ) is
made, then the ( ) will be between ( ) and
( ).
In the word ( ) if ( ) is made, then the
( ) will be between ( ) and ( ). If ( ) is
made then the ( ) will be between ( ) and ( ).
(9.3) If there is a ( ) after ( ), it is
permissible to apply ( ) only. ( ) is
not permissible in this case.
Examples
[1] In the word ( ), the ( ) is ( ). Therefore the
( ) will be read between the ( ) of the ( ) and the
( ).
[2] If ( ) is read with a ( ), the ( ) will be read
between the ( ) of the ( ) and ( ).
[3] If ( ) is read with a ( ), the ( ) will be read
between the ( ) of the ( ) and ( ).

Page 156
Rule 10
If a ( ) comes before a ( ) as in the word
( ), then it is permissible to apply the rule of
( ) (Rule 4). Thus, ( ) will be read as ( ) .
It is also permissible to make ( ), whether ( ) or
( ).
It is also permissible to bring an ( ) between the two
( )’s and read it as ( ).
n n n n n
Exercise 38
(1) Apply rule no.1 to the following words:
)1()2()3(
(2) Which rule applies to the word ( ) and how?
(3)Analyse the changes to the word ( ).
(4) Apply the rule of ( ) to the word ( ).
(5) What can ( ) also be read as?

Page 157
The Orthography15
of the Hamzah
The following rules are general guidelines with regards to
how a hamzah is written:
(a) Hamzah is invariably written over or under an alif at
the beginning of a word, e.g. ( ), ( ) and ( ).
(b) When the initial hamzah is followed by an alif of
prolongation (long vowel ), the latter is replaced by a
madd over the initial alif, e.g. ( ) for ( ).
(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semi-
consonant ( ) corresponding to the vowel
( ) of the preceding letter.
Examples:
( ), ( ), ( ), ( )
(d) Where the previous consonant has a ( ), the
hamzah tends to be written over the semi-consonant
( ) coinciding with its own vowel ( ).
Examples:
( ), ( ), ( )
This rule is applied for ( ) instead of (c) above.
Thus, ( ) is written with a ( ) and ( ) with a ( )
without dots.
15
the correct spelling

Page 158
The Paradigms of ( )
Analysis of the changes
(1) The ( ) of this ( ) is ( ) which is an exception
from the normal method of constructing the ( ). ( )
was originally ( ).
(2) Similarly, the ( ) of ( ) is ( ). It is
necessary to delete the ( ) from both ( ) and ( ).
(3) In the verb, ( ), it is permissible to delete the
hamzas and to retain them. Therefore, both ( ) and
( ) are correct to use. If the verb is used at the
beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the

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( ), e.g. it is stated in a hadîth, ( ).
(4) If the verb is used in the middle of the sentence, then
most often the hamzah is retained, e.g. The Qur’ânic verse,
( ).
(5) In the word-forms of ( ) of this ( ),
besides the singular first person ( ), the rule of
( ) has been applied. The same rule applies to the
( ) and ( ).
(6) The rule of ( ) applies in the ( ).
(7) The rule of ( ) applies in the ( )
except for the singular first person ( ).
(8) In the singular first person ( ) of (
) and the ( ), the rule of ( ) applies.
(9) In the plural ( ) of ( ), the rule of ( )
applies.
(10) In the singular first person of the ( ),
the rule of ( ) applies.

Page 160
Exercise 39
(a) Conjugate the following verbs:
)1(
)2(
(b) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of
( )?
(c) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of
( )?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of
( )?
(e) How has the word ( ) changed from its original?

Page 161
(1) The changes of this ( ) are similar to those of (
) except for the imperative ( ) – ( ) – where the
rule of ( ) applies.
(2) The other ( ) of ( ) follow the same
pattern.
Exercise 40
)1(
)2(
( )?
(c) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( )?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( )?

Page 162
(1) The rule of ( ) applies in the ( ),
( ) and ( ).
(4) The rule of ( ) applies in the ( ),
( ), ( ) and ( ).
(1) Conjugate all the verbs of ( ) like
the conjugations of ( ) and ( ).

Page 163
Exercise 41
)1(
)2(
)3(
( )?
(c) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( )?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( )?
Discussion of ( )
(1) The rule of ( ) or ( ) applies to all the verbs
of ( ) of ( ). Note that this rule
is optional.
(2) The rule of ( ) applies to the ( ) and ( ) of
( ).
(3) ( ) is from ( ), ( ) is from

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( ), ( ) is from ( ), ( ) is from
( ).
(4) In the imperative ( ), after applying the rule of
( ), the ( ) is deleted. Therefore ( )
becomes ( ), ( ) becomes ( ), ( ) becomes
( ) and ( ) becomes ( ).
The conjugation of the imperative second person (
) form is as follows:
Discussion of ( )
(1) In most of the word-forms of ( ), the rule of
( ) or ( ) applies, e.g. ( ).
(2) The rule of ( ) applies to ( ), e.g.

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( ).
(3) The rule of ( ), that is the rule of
( ) applies to all the word-forms of ( ) and (
). Accordingly, in the words ( ) and ( ), the
hamzah can become ( ), in the words ( ) and (
), the hamzah can become ( ) and in the words ( )
and ( ), the hamzah can become ( ).
Exercise 42
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(

Page 166
The Rules Of ( )
Rule 1
(1.1) The ( ) which appears between ( )16
which is ( ) and the ( ) which is ( ),
falls off.
Example
The word becomes .
Every ( ) that comes between the
( ) and the ( ) which is
( ), the ( ) falls off, on condition that either the
( ) or the ( ) is from the ( )17
.
Example
The word becomes .
Note:
Every ( ) on the scale of ( ) follows this
rule.
n n n n n
16
are the following letters
17
The are the following letters:

Page 167
Rule 2
If a ( ) is on the scale of ( ) and its ( ) is a
( ), that ( ) is deleted and the ( ) is given a
( ). A ( ) is then added at the end of the word.
Step by Step Example
Note:
If the ( ) has a ( ) on its ( ), for example
in the word ( ), the ( ) of the ( ) can also
be given a ( ).
The word ( ) the ( ) of ( ).
Note:
It is also permissible to read ( ) as ( ).
n n n n n

Page 168
Rule 3
(3.1) If a ( ) is not ( ) and is preceded by a
( ), it changes into a ( ).
Example
The word changes to .
Exception
The word ( ) will remain unchanged, because the ( )
is ( ).
(3.2) If ( ) is not ( ) and it is preceded by a
( ), the ( ) changes into a ( ).
Example
The word ( ) changes to ( ).
Exceptions
The word ( ) remains unchanged because the ( ) is
( ).
(3.3) If an ( ) is preceded by a ( ), it will change
into a ( ).

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(3.4) If an ( ) is preceded by a ( ), it will change
into a ( ).
Example
The plural of ( ) is ( ). This changes to
( ) because the ( ) is preceded by a ( ).
n n n n n
Rule 4
If the ( ) of ( ) is a ( ) or
( ), the ( ) or ( ) will change into a ( ) and
( ) will be made, that is, both the ( )’s will be
assimilated.
Step by Step Example of ( )
Step by Step Example of ( )

Page 170
n n n n n
Rule 5
(5.1) If at the beginning of a word there is a ( ), it
is permissible to change it into a ( ).
Examples
( – plural of ) changes to ( ). (This is an
example of an ).
( – the [ ] of ) changes to
( ). (This is an example of a ).
(5.2) If ( ) appears at the beginning of a word, it
is permissible to change it to a ( ).
Example
( – swordbelt) can be read as ( ).
(5.3) If a ( ) appears in the middle of a word, it is
permissible to change it into a ( ).
Example
( ) can be read as ( ).

Page 171
Rarely is a ( ) changed into a ( ).
Examples
( - one) can be read as ( ).
( – a lazy woman) can be read as ( ).
n n n n n
Rule 6
When two ( ) come together at the beginning of
a word, it is compulsory ( ) to change the first ( )
into a ( ).
Example
( ) is read as ( ) (This is the plural of ).
( ) is read as ( ). This is the ( ) of
( ).
n n n n n
Rule 7
(7.1) If ( ) or ( ) ( ) is preceded by a , the ( )
or ( ) is changed into an ( ).

Page 172
Examples
Example of a ( ) in the middle of a ( ):
( ) changes to ( ).
Example of a ( ) in the middle of a ( ):
( ) changes to ( ).
Example of a ( ) at the end of a ( ):
( ) changes to ( ).
Example of a ( ) at the end of a ( ):
( ) changes to ( ).
Example of a ( ) in an ( ):
( ) changes to ( ).
Example of a ( ) in an ( ):
( ) changes to ( ).
Conditions for the above rule
This rule only applies if the following conditions are met:
[1] The ( ) or ( ) must not be in the place of the
( ). Therefore this rule will not apply to the word

Page 173
- the ( ) is in the place of the ( ) and the
( ) is a ( ). It will also not apply to ( )
because the ( ) is in the place of the ( ) of (
).
It will also not apply to - ( ) is in the place of the
( ) of ( ).
[2] The ( ) or ( ) must not be in place of the ( ) of
a word which is ( ). ( is that word which has two
). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
( ) . Here ( ) is in the place of the ( ). The
law will also not apply in the word ( ). Here ( ) is in
the place of the ( ).
[3] The ( ) or ( ) must not come before the ( ) of
( ). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
( ), since there is a ( ) before the ( ) of ( )
and in the word ( ), since there is a ( ) before the
( ) of ( ).

Page 174
[4] The ( ) or ( ) must not come before a ( ).
Therefore this law will not apply to the word ( )
because the ( ) is before a ( ) which is not a (
). It will also not apply in the word ( ) because
the ( ) after the ( ) is not a ( ). Also in the
word ( ), the ( ) is before an ( ) which is not a
( ).
Objection
In the words ( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ), the
( ) and ( ) were not supposed to be changed to ( )
because they came before a ( ), but yet this rule
has been applied.
Answer
The ( ) in these words is a separate word and it is the
( ) of the ( ), while the ( ) is not ( ), therefore
the ( ) or ( ) changes to ( ) and then falls off due to
( ).

Page 175
Step by Step Examples
( )
( )
( )
( )
[5] The ( ) or ( ) must not be before (
), for example, the word ( ). The ( ) or
( ) must also not be before ( ), for example,
the word
( ).
[6] The word must not have the meaning of a colour or
defect, for example,
( ) (to be one-eyed),
( ) (to have a crooked neck).
[7] The word must not be on the scale of ( ), ( ) or
( ), for example
( ) – ( ) – example of ( ). [meaning – rotation]

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( ) – ( ) example of ( ). [meaning – flowing]
( ) – ( ) example of ( ). [meaning – name of a
spring of water]
( ) – ( ) example of ( ). [meaning – to walk
arrogantly – from ]
and ( ) – ( ) example of ( ). [meaning – weaver –
plural of ]
[8] The word must not be from ( ) having the
meaning of ( ). For example, the word (in
the meaning of ) and (in the meaning of
). Both words mean to take in turns.
(7.2) If after such an ( ) (which has been changed from
a or ), there is a ( ) letter, the ( ) falls off.
Examples
[1] In the word ( ), the first ( ) changes to ( ). It
becomes ( ). Here ( ) has come before a ( ).
The ( ) falls off and it becomes ( ).

Page 177
[2] In the word ( ), the first ( ) changes to an ( ).
Due to the ( ) coming before a ( ), it is deleted. It
becomes ( ).
(7.3) If such an ( ) has come before a ( ) of
( ), even if the ( ) is ( ), the ( ) is
deleted.
Examples
1. The word ( ) changes to ( ). Now we have an
( ) before ( ) of ( ). Therefore it is
deleted. It becomes ( ).
2. The word ( ) changes to ( ). There is a (
) after the ( ). Therefore the ( ) is deleted. It
becomes .
(7.4) In the ( ) of ( ), from (
) until the end, if the word is ( ), whether
the ( ) has a ( ) or ( ), after deleting the
( ), the ( ) is given a ( ).

Page 178
Example in which ( ) has a ( )
( ) changes to ( ). The ( ) is now deleted because
it is followed by a ( ). It becomes ( ). The ( ) is
now given a ( ) because it is ( ). It
becomes ( ). The word ( ) is from the ( ) of ( ).
The word ( ) is from the ( ) of ( ).
(7.5) In the ( ), from (
) till the end, after deleting the ( ), if it is (
) or there is a ( ) on the ( ) in (
), the ( ) is given a ( ).
In the word ( ), the ( ) is preceded by a ( ).
Therefore the ( ) changes to ( ). It becomes ( ).

Page 179
The ( ) is deleted. It becomes ( ). Now the ( ) is
given a ( ). It becomes ( ).
Step by Step Example of ( ) with ( )
The word ( ) is from the ( ) of ( ).
n n n n n
Rule 8
(8.1) If the letter before ( ) or ( ) is ( ), the ( )
of the ( ) or ( ) is transferred to the preceding letter.
Example
[1] In the word ( ), the ( ) of the ( ) which is a
( ) in this case, is given to the ( ). It becomes ( ).
(This is an example of ).
[2] In the word ( ), the ( ) of the ( ) is given to the
( ). It becomes ( ). (This is an example of

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).
(8.2) If the ( ) is a ( ), the ( ) or ( ) is changed
into an ( ).
Examples
( ). It becomes ( ). Now due to the ( ), the ( ) is
changed into an ( ) becoming ( ).
( ) becoming ( ). Now due to the ( ) of the ( )
the ( ) changes into an ( ), thus becoming ( ).
Remember
The conditions applicable to Rule 7 apply to Rule 8 as
well.
(8.3) If such a ( ) or ( ) is followed by a ( ), in the

Page 181
case of ( ) and ( ), the ( ) or ( ) will be deleted.
Example of ( )
In the word ( ) because of ( ) the ( )
is deleted. It becomes ( ).
Example of
In the word ( ), the ( ) is followed by a ( ),
therefore the ( ) is deleted. It becomes ( ).
(8.4) If a ( ) or ( ) is followed by a ( ) and preceded
by a ( ), the ( ) (which was originally or ) is
deleted.
Examples
( ) changes to ( ). After the ( ) is deleted,
it becomes ( ).
( ) changes to ( ). After the ( ) is deleted,
it becomes ( ).
Important

Page 182
This rule (Rule 8) does not apply to the words ( )
because condition number one has not been fulfilled.
In the words ( ) and ( ), the rule is not applied
because of condition number 2 - ( ).
The words ( ), ( ) and ( ) remain unchanged
because of the fourth condition - ( ).
However, the ( ) of the ( ) is an exception to
condition number 4. Despite there being a ( ), the
( ) of the ( ) or ( ) will still be given to the previous letter.
Example of ( )
In the word ( ) which is the ( ) of ( ), the
( ) of the ( ) is still transferred to the ( ). It becomes
( ). Due to ( ), the first ( ) is deleted.
It becomes ( ).

Page 183
Example of ( )
In the word ( ) which is the ( ) of ( ), the
( ) of the ( ) is transferred to the ( ). It becomes
( ). Due to ( ), the ( ) is deleted and it
becomes ( ). Since the corresponding ( ) of ( )
is a ( ), the ( ) is given a ( ). It becomes ( ).
Exception
In the words (to be one-eyed), (to have a
crooked neck), (black), (white) and
(black), due to condition number 6 (i.e. having the
meaning of a colour or defect), no change occurs.
The aforementioned rule (Rule 8) does not apply to (
), that is those words on the scale of ( ); or
( ), like ( and ); and words that
are ( ), like ( and ).
n n n n n

Page 184
Rule 9
(9.1) If there is a ( ) in the ( ) of ( ),
the preceding letter is made ( ) and the ( ) of the
( ) is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the ( )
changes to ( ).
Example 1
.
Example 2
(9.2) If there is a ( ) in ( ) in the place of the
( ), the preceding letter is made ( ) and the
( ) of the ( ) is transferred to the preceding letter.
No other changes are made.
Example 1
In the word ( ) the ( ) is made ( ). It becomes
( ). Now the ( ) of the ( ) is transferred to the

Page 185
( ), thus becoming ( ).
Example 2
In the word ( ) the ( ) is made ( ). It becomes
( ). The ( ) of the ( ) is transferred to the
( ). It becomes ( ).
(9.3) It is also permissable to retain the ( ) of the
preceding letter and to make the ( ) or the ( ) ( ). In
this case the ( ) changes to ( ).
Examples
(9.4) It is also permissible to pronounce these words with

Page 186
( ). ( ) means to pronounce a ( ) in such a way
that it has the effect of another ( ). For example in
the word ( ), the ( ) of the ( ) is pronounced in
such a way that it has the fragrance of a ( ).
Similar is the case with the ( ) of ( ). The ( ) of
the ( ) will have the effect of a ( ). The condition for
this rule is that changes must have taken place in the
( ) form of the verb. Therefore, the word ( )
will remain unchanged because the ( ) form of this
word, namely ( ) was unaffected by any change.
(9.5) In ( ), if the ( ) is ( ) in
( ), after the ( ) is deleted in the
( ), the ( ) is given a ( ) from the
( ) of ( ) until the end (i.e.
).

Page 187
(9.6) In ( ), whatever the ( ) may be, or that
( ) where the ( ) is ( ) in the
( ), after deleting the ( ), the ( ) is
given a ( ) from the ( ) of ( ) until
the end, that is, ( ).
Example of ( )
Example of such a ( ) wherein the ( )
is ( )
Note that the forms of ( ) and ( ) are now the
same. However the ( ) - original form of each one will
be different:

Page 188
Original Form Changed
Form
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Note:
In the ( ) of ( ), the transferring of the
( ) is not according to this rule i.e. rule number 9, but
is due to rule number 8 (the rule of ). Therefore the
rule of ( ) and ( ) will not apply. For example
( ) becomes ( ).
n n n n n

Page 189
Rule 10
(10.1) If the ( ) of the following word form’s
( ) is ( ) or ( ), it becomes ( ) if it is preceded
by a ( ) or a ( ):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examples
( ) becomes ( ) – example of ( )
If the ( ) or ( ) of the ( ) is preceded by a ( ),
it becomes ( ) in accordance with the rule of ( ).
Examples

Page 190
(10.2) If a word has a ( ) preceded by a ( ) and
followed by another ( ), that ( ) falls off.
Example of ( )
In the word ( ), before the ( )
there is a ( ) and after the ( ) there is another ( ).
Therefore, the first ( ) is made ( ) and the second one
falls off due to ( ). It becomes ( ).
If a ( ) is preceded by a ( ) and followed by another
( ), the first ( ) becomes ( ) and the other ( ) is
deleted because of ( ).
Example of ( )
In the word ( ) there is a ( )
before the ( ) and it is followed by a second ( ).
Therefore the first ( ) becomes ( ) and the second
( ) falls off. It becomes ( ).
(10.3) If a ( ) is preceded by a ( ) and followed by a

Page 191
( ), the preceding letter is made ( ) and the ( )
of the ( ) is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the
( ) changes into a ( ) and falls off due to (
).
Example
In the word ( ) the ( ) is preceded by a ( ) and
followed by a ( ), therefore the preceding letter ( ) is
made ( ) and the ( ) of the ( ) which is a ( )
is transferred to the preceding letter, the ( ). It therefore
becomes ( ). Due to the preceding ( ), the ( )
changes into a ( ). Now due to ( ) the ( )
is deleted. It becomes ( ).
(10.4) If a ( ) is preceded by a ( ) and followed by a
( ), the preceding letter is made ( ) and the ( ) of
the ( ) is given to the preceding letter. Then the ( )
changes into a ( ) and falls off due to ( ).

Page 192
Example
In the word ( ), the ( ) is preceded by a ( ) and
followed by a ( ). Therefore, the preceding letter ( ) is
made ( ) and the ( ) of the ( ) which is a ( ),
is transferred to the preceding letter ( ). It becomes
( ). Due to the preceding ( ), the ( ) changes to
( ). It becomes ( ). Now due to ( ),
the ( ) is deleted. It becomes ( ).
Further Examples
( – ) becomes .
( – ) becomes .
Step by Step
n n n n n

Page 193
Exercise 43
(a) Identify the rules or changes of ( ) in the following
words:
)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(
)5(
)6(
)7(
)8(
)9(
)10(
Rule 11
If a ( ) appears in the place of the ( ) after a
Example
In the word ( ) the ( ) appears in the place of the (
) after a ( ). Therefore the ( ) changes into a
( ). It becomes ( ).
The same change occurs in ( ), ( ) and ( ).

Page 194
Rule 12
If a ( ) is in the place of the ( ), preceded by a
Example
In the word , which is ( ) of (
) from the masdar ( ), meaning intellect, the ( ) is
in the place of the ( ), preceded by a ( ). The
( ) changes into a ( ). It becomes ( ).
n n n n n

Page 195
Rule 13
(13.1) If a ( ) comes in the place of the ( ) preceded
by a ( ) in the ( ), it changes into a ( ), on
condition that ( – a change) occurred in the ( ).
Examples
1. The word (which is the of ) was originally
.
2. The word (which is the of ) was
originally .
However, the word ( ) which is the ( ) of ( ) of
( ) remains unchanged, because no ( )
occurred in the ( ). The ( ) is ( ).
(13.2) The same ( ) occurs if a ( ) comes in place of
the ( ) of a word that is ( ), on condition that ( )
is ( ) in the ( ) or ( ) took place in the
( ) of the ( ).

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