4. Figure 12.2
100 µm Reproduction of an amoeba
(a)
200 µm
(b) Growth and
development
of a sand dollar
embryo
(c) Tissue renewal in dividing
20 µm bone marrow cells
12. Figure 12.5-3
Chromosomal
Chromosomes DNA molecules
1 Centromere
Chromosome
arm
Chromosome duplication
(including DNA replication)
and condensation
2
Sister
chromatids
Separation of sister
chromatids into
two chromosomes
3
25. Figure 12.9
EXPERIMENT
Kinetochore
Spindle
pole
Mark
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Chromosome
movement
Microtubule Kinetochore
Motor protein Tubulin
subunits
Chromosome
36. Figure 12.14
EXPERIMENT
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
S G1 M G1
RESULTS
S S M M
When a cell in the S When a cell in the
phase was fused M phase was fused with
with a cell in G1, a cell in G1, the G1
the G1 nucleus nucleus immediately
immediately entered began mitosis—a spindle
the S phase—DNA formed and chromatin
was synthesized. condensed, even though
the chromosome had not
been duplicated.
42. Figure 12.17
M G1 S G2 M G1 S G2 M G1
MPF activity
Cyclin
concentration
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
1
S
G
Cdk
M
Degraded
2
G
cyclin G2 Cdk
Cyclin is checkpoint
degraded
Cyclin
MPF
(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle
44. Figure 12.18
1 A sample of human Scalpels
connective tissue is
cut up into small
pieces.
Petri
dish
2 Enzymes digest
the extracellular
matrix, resulting in
a suspension of
free fibroblasts.
4 PDGF is added 10 µm
3 Cells are transferred to to half the
culture vessels. vessels.
Without PDGF With PDGF
49. Figure 12.20
Lymph
vessel
Tumor
Blood
vessel
Glandular Cancer
tissue cell
Metastatic
tumor
1 A tumor grows 2 Cancer 3 Cancer cells spread 4 Cancer cells
from a single cells invade through lymph and may survive
cancer cell. neighboring blood vessels to and establish
tissue. other parts of the a new tumor
body. in another part
of the body.
Hinweis der Redaktion
Figure 12.2 The functions of cell division.
Figure 12.3 Eukaryotic chromosomes.
Figure 12.4 A highly condensed, duplicated human chromosome (SEM).
Figure 12.5 Chromosome duplication and distribution during cell division.
Figure 12.6 The cell cycle.
For the Cell Biology Video Myosin and Cytokinesis, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
For the Cell Biology Video Spindle Formation During Mitosis, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 12.8 The mitotic spindle at metaphase.
For the Cell Biology Video Microtubules in Anaphase, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 12.9 Inquiry: At which end do kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase?
For the Cell Biology Video Microtubules in Cell Division, go to Animation and Video Files.
Figure 12.10 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
Figure 12.11 Mitosis in a plant cell.
Figure 12.12 Bacterial cell division by binary fission.
Figure 12.13 Mechanisms of cell division in several groups of organisms.
Figure 12.14 Inquiry: Do molecular signals in the cytoplasm regulate the cell cycle?
Figure 12.15 Mechanical analogy for the cell cycle control system.
Figure 12.16 The G 1 checkpoint.
Figure 12.17 Molecular control of the cell cycle at the G 2 checkpoint.
Figure 12.18 The effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on cell division.
Figure 12.19 Density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence of cell division.
Figure 12.20 The growth and metastasis of a malignant breast tumor.