The Potential Of The Se Re Innovations

The Potential Of The Se Re Innovations
3. Literature Review 3.1 Potential for the SE–RE innovations SE–RE is a fairly new concept but many
researches proves the high potential of its development. First of all, embracing the social values is the aim of
social enterprises, including the environmental sector such as using green energy, recycling or tracking the
fuel poverty. Moreover, growing state support for developing RET and the "technical reserve" of RETs (like
unmanaged woodlands, garden waste going to landfill, etc.) (Kellett, 2007), are giving SE a potential market
to explore (Van der Horst, 2008). 'The Northern Periphery Programme energy cluster has highlighted that
social entrepreneurship has not been yet fully utilized in renewable energy solutions (SECRE, 2013).' ...
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As mentioned in Section ‎
2.1, more constraints may appear including finance, staff, management, marketing,
legal status, etc. Many case studies state, as most investors prefer established and commercially viable
enterprises more than start–ups and smaller enterprises, it is difficult to access capital (Smith, at el., 2014).
Moreover, many social enterprises cannot fund themselves entirely through sales or investment to get a share
in traditional financial markets, which resulting in a financial–social return gap (Bugg–Levine, at el., 2012).
The hybrid nature also brings challenges to its management level. Except establishing and legitimating
organization, managers also have to find suitable way to committed volunteers and employers and enlarged
governance structures (Borzaga, at el., 2001). The sorry state of the non–profit directors (Appendix ‎
G) is
shown in the recent survey, which is among 924 nonprofit directors carried out by Stanford researchers
(HBR, 2015). Human resources is also one of the challenges social enterprises need to face. Lack of
expertise in business planning, legal and marketing skills is one reason. Also, hard to provide competitive
salaries and even relying on staff commitment to the social mission to make up it, may lead to staff shortage
(Smith, at el., 2014). Social
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Technological Advancements Impact On Business Growth And...
Introduction
Technology has always played a major role in business growth and development. Its application has risen at
an unimaginable rate among enterprises. The resultant effect is that organizations continuously experience
innovation resulting from technological advances. The assimilation of technology promotes modifications in
organizational processes, tasks, and the nature of work. The technology–driven changes bring about an
increase in the number of people using technological devices such as computers to perform tasks.
Technological advancements tremendously affect employee 's morale, nature of tasks, and impacts
interactions among co–workers. The managers of technological changes need to play both the roles of
implementers and technical developers. The introduction of technology to an organization comes with a vast
array of challenges to the management.
Most of the changes in the marketplace are driven by technological advancements. Technological
innovations in the marketplace are categorized into two, namely: sustaining and disruptive innovations.
Innovations that do not significantly impact the existing markets are defined as sustaining innovations.
Disruptive innovations, on the other hand, are innovations that result into a new market and value network.
They disrupt existing markets and value networks. Whether sustaining or disrupting, businesses are
supposed to anticipate change and prepare in advance. Appropriate action is required to deal with changing

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Singapore's National...
1. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Singapore's national innovation system.
After gaining political independence from Malaysia in 1965, Singapore experienced a phase of rapid
industrialization based on export–oriented manufacturing by foreign MNCs. The approach was to offer
MNCs favourable conditions to locate in Singapore, with a view to increase overall skills and technological
capabilities. Singapore sought to build its science and technology resources through the transfer of
manufacturing technologies embedded in MNCs and foreign direct investments (FDI). The local skill base
was also developed through "learning by using" techniques among workers and technicians employed by
these foreign MNCs. Thus Singapore followed a dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One important issue is the relative underdevelopment in local technological and marketing capability. The
success of a national innovation system depends on the effectiveness of two things: (i) the deployment of
new technologies and (ii) the development or creation of new technologies. The dependent strategy has led
Singapore to focus more on the deployment and diffusion of technology by leveraging on large foreign
high–tech MNCs, rather than fostering technological development by local enterprises. The development of
new technology in the MNC headquarters and its transfer to their subsidiaries in Singapore has only been a
major source of technological upgrading in Singapore, rather than indigenous research and development.
(Wong, 2000). According to Low (2000), the innovative capacity and culture of Singapore had to be
nourished, apart from the efforts of the government in creating a conducive business environment
Developing the national innovation system using the dependent strategy can shift the government's focus to
creating more incentives for MNCs, rather than the domestic firms. Local small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) with some amount of entrepreneurial risk–taking capabilities become overshadowed by MNCs and
Government Linked companies (GLCs). This creates a credibility gap when obtaining financial assistance
schemes. Efforts must be made to ensure that these private local SMEs are not dwarfed by the MNCs and

The Environment Of An Organization
Introduction
Understanding the environment that encompasses an association that is vital to the executives accountable
for the associations. There are a few reasons behind why understanding the environment is important. First,
the environment provides resources that an organization needs in order to create goods and services. In the
seventeenth century, British writer John Donne broadly noticed "no man is an island." Similarly, it is exact to
say that no association is independent. As the human body must devour oxygen, nourishment, and water, an
organization needs to take in resources, such as, work, cash, and crude materials from outside its limits. An
association can 't make due without the backing of its surroundings. Second, the environment is a place of
opportunities and threats for an organization. Managers must also realize that almost any environmental
movement is possible to create opportunities for some organizations and threats for others. Officials should
likewise understand that for all intents and purposes any ecological pattern or occasion is liable to make
open doors for a few associations and dangers for others. Third, the environment forms the numerous
strategic decisions that manager's make as they try to lead their organizations to success. Nature regularly
puts vital limitations on an association 's objectives, for instance, a firm that sets an objective of expanding
yearly deals by 50 percent may battle to accomplish this objective amid a financial

Innovation Policy in Brazil
As technological globalization advances and technological change progresses more quickly than ever in the
past, one of the central dimensions to gain an understanding of how Latin American countries are posed to
answer to these new challenges concerns changes in their science and innovation policy.
Developing cohesive innovation policies is one of the key challenges Brazil faces as the country strives to
emerge in the global economy characterized by quick progresses because government decision may either
encourage or hinder the Brazilian NIS .
By looking at the recent developments in the Innovation Policy framework in Brazil, the technological
efforts are clear but emerges that the problem with innovation in Brazil is the added costs associated with the
country's weak institu¬tional framework and poor legal enforcement.
The roots of Modern Brazil Innovation policy system starts during Cold War.
In 1951 Brazil sees the creation of two national agencies, the National Research Council, CNPq (today
called National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) – and CAPES with the responsibility
to coordinate the programs of postgraduate education. The system is consolidated later on with the
inauguration of Brazil's innovation agency (FINEP) in the 80s and the creation of FUNTEC the Brazilian
national fund for science and technology.
Until the '90s, the Science and Technology (S&T) policy in Brazil focused a lot on the development of
infrastructures for research

Compare And Contrast The American Industrial System...
With the internal improvements spreading throughout early America during the 1830 and 1840s, science and
organized experimentation became more important than ever. As a result of the transportation revolution,
America started undergoing revolutionary changes in its industrial system. Manufacturers moved from being
ran by small families to large business–ran as the costs and complexities increased. Additionally, in the
1840s, laborers started striking for better working conditions and shorter workdays. With the rapidly
growing industrialization, we start seeing a greater need in the improvement of technology throughout
America. Technologies such as the Francis Turbine, which increased the efficiency of water power, are
needed to power the larger manufactures that continue to succeed. Furthermore, we see the ideology of
Manifest Destiny play a role by creating heavier need for a means of transportation, as well as that for a
means of communication. The circumstances leading up to and during the 1830 and 1840s create a larger
demand for technological innovations than ever ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The improvements such as the water turbines and many of the railroads spreading throughout the
countryside were created as a direct result of the need of these manufactures. The turbines and mills allowed
for them to run more efficiently or produce a wider variety of goods, while the railroads increased the
capability of importing goods and exporting produce. We see a direction correlation between the
manufacture's success and the improvement of technology and internal improvement. The Boston
Association recognized this connection and acted accordingly, in some cases even funding additional
railroads. The overall success of manufacturing in early America drives a key part of the system by a
practical investigation of the most current technological

The Role Of Organizational Performance And Organizational...
Based on your analysis of these two companies, what are the empirical limitations to proving leadership 's
influence on market performance?
The extensive and diverse literature on organizational innovation has received important contributions from
works on organizational learning in the last decade. Darling–Hammond, L (2000). Much of this paper has
observed a positive relationship between organizational performance and organizational innovation in the
market limitation
Different types of organizational performance adaptive generative and organizational innovation incremental
radical are also closely and positively linked. Kumar & K. O, (1998). The deeper innovation reaches, the
greater the degree of performance required. Hofstede (1997). Thus, the process of organizational knowledge
creation by which new knowledge is drawn from existing knowledge organizational performance is the
cornerstone of organizational innovative activities. Kumar & K. O, (1998). Organizational innovation is
dependent on the organization 's knowledge base, which in turn is promoted by organizational learning.
Organizational intelligence
For innovation to come to the fore in technological organizations, a high degree of effective organizational
learning is required. Cohen & Levinthal (2004). An increasing number of firms are analyzing organizational
innovation as an organizational performance process or applying organizational performance models to
specific aspects of the organizational innovation

China 's Drive Toward Ecological Civilization
Moreover, China's drive toward ecological civilization will have far–reaching global impacts and relevance
in fundamentally resolving deep–rooted problems in environment and development. Taking improving
environmental quality as our core task, we've put in place the most stringent environmental protection
system; launched comprehensive campaigns on air, water, and soil pollution prevention and control;
enhanced enforcement of laws and regulations; accelerated and deepened reforms; promoted a green way of
life and production and provided more quality ecological products for the people. These measures will yield
a beautiful China with blue sky, fresh air, and clean soil.
Meanwhile, we are also keenly aware of the significance of innovation in pursuit of sustainable
development, especially in two dimensions.
First is innovative thinking. The mind guides the individual's actions, and the actions shape the future. The
key is to give equal emphasis to both knowledge and actions, and to let actions speak louder than words. But
in reality, to do is difficult while to know is easy. Achieving sustainable development is no exception. We
need to foster a favorable environment to mobilize society and encourage everyone to take actions
voluntarily and consciously. Sustainable development will require a sustainable way of thinking about
production, consumption, development, and management to help people consciously change their behaviors.
If everyone adopts the extravagant lifestyle and

Medieval Weapons Vs Medieval Warfare
While both books have many similar concepts, they also include unique disparities. Both texts may describe
the innovation and accomplishment of the Middle Ages. However, The Medieval Machine explains how
advancements within industry can be immensely beneficial to society. On the other end of the spectrum,
Medieval Warfare attends to the central theme of innovation in a negative fashion. While improving the
fortitude and technology of an army is beneficial to the soldiers, it negatively impacts society. The continual
innovation in weapons and armor will only provoke further warfare. According to Medieval Warfare by
Terence Wise, "Edward was not slow to appreciate the value of the longbow and he raised and trained a large
corps of archers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terence Wise concludes that each innovation leads to another corresponding innovation, which is a valid
notion even in today's society. Throughout the text, he describes how developments in armor led to more
powerful weapons. According to Medieval Warfare, "plate armor was being used so extensively, and
protected the wearer so efficiently, that an entirely new type of sword began to appear; the thrusting sword,
or estoc" (Wise, 70). Additionally, better strategies and scheming in siege warfare resulted in the
development of castles and other fortifications. Jean Gimpel certainly agrees with this notion regarding the
domino effect of inventions, but he delves deeper into the

Technological Innovations in Ghana
Technological Innovations and Banking in Ghana: An Evaluation of Customers' Perceptions
JOSHUAABOR
University of Ghana, Legon
Abstract In Sub–Saharan Africa, developments in information and communication technology are radically
changing the way business is done. These developments in technology have resulted in new delivery
channels for banking products and services such as Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Telephone
Banking, PC–Banking, and Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPoS). This study evaluates the
perceptions of banking customers regarding the effect of technological innovations on banking services in
Ghana. The study focused on customers with banks that have at least one form of technological ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Section 4 presents the methodology employed for the analysis. Section 5 discusses the results and finally
section 6 summarizes and concludes the discussion. 2.0 Technological History of Ghanaian Banks
Over time, technology has increased in importance in Ghanaian banks. Traditionally, banks have always
sought media through which they would serve their clients more cost–effectively as well as increase the
utility to their clientele. Their main concern has been to serve clients more conveniently, and in the process
increase profits and competitiveness. Electronic and communications technologies have been used
extensively in banking for many years to advance agenda of banks
In Ghana, the earliest forms of electronic and communications technologies used were mainly office
automation devices. Telephones, telex and facsimile were employed to speed up and make more efficient,
the process of servicing clients. For decades, they remained the main information and communication
technologies used for transacting bank business.
Later in the 1980s, as competition intensified and the personal computer (PC) got proletarian, Ghanaian
banks begun to use them in back–office operations and later tellers used them to service clients.
Advancements in computer technology saw the banks networking their branches and operations thereby
making the one–branch philosophy a reality. Barclays Bank (Gh.) and Standard Chartered Bank

The National System Of Innovation
Executive Summary
National systems of innovation has been a helpful tool used by all countries. Innovation by itself has proven
to be successful in modern day business with increasing profit margins but also in organisations and the
world. University's governments and companies all work together in building new innovative products and
service that can benefit everyone as a whole. The National innovation system is a success as it allows you to
see where innovations are thriving and where they are lacking. National Innovation systems is an effective
way on where you sitting with the world in innovation and innovators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction
In this report we will be looking at National systems of innovation (NSI). We will be looking into what
innovation is, what's it benefits to an organisation, business and countries. After having discussed that, we
will look at the purpose of national systems of innovation and the different components of one. This will
take us then into how people, companies as well as organisation and countries might know if the national
systems of innovation were effective. I will conclude by stating my opinion on whether or not Australia has
an effective national system of innovation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main
The Australian Innovation system report for 2013 states that an innovation system is 'an open network of
organisations both interacting with each other and

The Role Of Technological Innovation In The Criminal...
Technological innovation has the potential to dramatically improve both the efficiency and the effectiveness
of the criminal justice system; but it also has the potential to divert critical resources away from more
traditional crime prevention and police strategies that may actually make us safer, without the negative side
effects (e.g. erosion of personal freedom, increased public distrust, emphasis on coercive control, etc).
Recent changes in the technology area generally – and in the area of information technology in particular –
have been so dramatic and profound that they deserve special attention and critical review. As we
demonstrate in this article, it is important to consider new technology developed to support crime prevention
generally

Innovation Design and Planning Essay
Innovation Design and Planning Jennifer Bunt MGT/411 February 11, 2013 Kelly Wagner Innovation
Design and Planning Innovation is the process of using ideas within a company to create new products,
services, technology, or processes. Myths used to acknowledge that innovation was the idea of one
individual with no support from others. In reality, innovative ideas that become new products and services
require the support and knowledge of a significant amount of individuals. The individuals involved in the
innovation process become involved in an array of business functions ranging from manufacturing,
marketing, sales, and distribution. Companies will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Rate of technological change: It is important for a company to identify the effects of change on the
company's current products and services. It is vital for the company to change the technology used to keep
up or stay ahead of the pack on a continual bases. According to Davila, Epstein, and Shelton (2006),
"Internal factors are not the only formative forces; external forces can also shape the innovation strategy" (p.
77). Making aware of the internal and external factors can help to update and improve the innovation
strategies the company uses. If the factors are made aware and followed, the factors will work hand–in–hand
to support the company through the design and planning process of the innovation strategies. Equally
important to the innovation process are the factors related to the innovation systems design. Factors that are
analyzed include the creative phase, execution phase, and creation stage. In the creative stage, ideas come
together for everyone to discuss. Next the innovation systems design will lead to the execution stage. During
this stage, management will discuss and decide which idea will be the best to benefit and support the mission
and principles of the company. Once a decision has been accomplished, the company moves to the creation
stage. At this point, every detail will become compiled into the functions of daily business.

Case Study on the Danish Wind Energy System
The Technological Innovation System
Case study on the Danish Wind Energy System
Questions 1 and 2: The two most important scientific journals that publish theoretical work on Innovation
Systems:
The two most important scientific papers are research policy with 330 published articles about innovation
systems and technological forecasting and social change with 364 published articles on innovation systems.
These two journals have the most articles published on Innovation systems and the biggest journal impact
factor.
The 3 most cited papers that cite the paper by Malerba, and their main research question:
First reference:
Geels, F.W. , (2004) From sectoral systems of innovation to socio–technical systems: ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It's important for an innovation system that knowledge can diffuse from one company to another, especially
in a heterogeneous context. It can be measured by number of workshops, conferences and mapping size of
the network.
Guidance of the search
Due to limited resources, companies have to choose what they want to develop and investigate. The things
they choose are the things of which they think it can positively change their processes. This function can be
measured by mapping the specific targets of firms, companies and governments.
Market formation
It's almost impossible for new technologies to compete directly from the beginning with incumbent
technologies. Therefore these new technologies need niche markets or (governmental) subsidies to exist.
This function can be measured by the number of niche markets and the number of subsidies.
Resource mobilization
There are financial and human inputs necessary to make the other functions working properly. It is hard to
measure this function, the best way is to interview different actors and institutions.
Creation of legitimacy/counteract resistance to change
Often when there is a new technologie an old one has to be overthrown. This can be measured by mapping
the growth and lobby actions of investment groups.
According to Porter there are 4 determinants to indicate whether there is competitive advantage in an
innovation system. The 4 determinants are:

1.

Management Of Information Systems ( Mis )
Management of information systems (MIS) looks at combining technology users, the technology itself and
the processes used in order to complete a certain goal. In order to manage the systems, strategic direction is
critical in tracing the strategic goals of any organization.
Careful crafting of investments in the global IT offers Microsoft an opportune to have increased control as
well enhanced coordination. In addition, this has enabled the organization to have access to global markets.
On the other hand, it presents challenges to the management in engineering the global systems.
Introduction
Global business impacts in a significant way on management practices because it differs from regions and
businesses. In order to counter these management problems, the management is required to have an
integrated approach. The main implications concern the micro management aspects as well as the sectoral
management.
Clear understanding of a business' strategy and definition of its goals helps in shaping the business and
informing its stakeholders of their objectives in the business. Better integration, coordination and focus are a
significant determinant of success and creation of a competitive advantage.
Microsoft
Since its inception in the late 70s, Microsoft has continued to grow tremendously from its innovation
coupled with good management. Over the years, proper business strategy has enabled it in executive
decision making which is important in communicating and driving the

Compare and Contrast a Technical Approach to Innovation
Innovation has traditionally been seen as technical issue concerned only with machinery and systems.
Compare and contrast this technical approach to innovation with the more knowledge–centred approaches
discussed on this course. Your answer should draw upon case study evidence to critically assess the value of
the two approaches.
Innovation is a key element of modern business. In a world full of modern industrialised nations it is
essential for big business to innovate. Ed Rhodes and David Wield identify innovation as; "the
implementation of new technologies" (Rhodes, E, 1994, page 79) for a firm to rise above its adversaries and
create brand loyalty innovation is key. There are two fields of innovation, Ed Rhodes highlighted ... Show
"Innovation follows science" (Chris Land, 2006, Lecture 2) scientific discoveries since the spinning jenny in
the industrial revolution have changed the way our industries operate. There are many fields of science; the
typical view of science is technological, biological, chemical, and physically orientated; i.e. science is
tangible and therefore the widely known view of innovations relates to these tangible sciences; dyson
vacuum cleaners, the spinning jenny; both technological innovations. Today, there are intangible sciences
such as the science of Management, where new theories and innovations on how to motivate the workforce,
organise strategies, market strategies and the management of strategic core competencies have
revolutionised the industry. Knowledge innovation is creativity and logic put to strategies of how to go about
doing things, opposed to technical innovation as creativity and logic put to the research and development of
a new product. James Dyson said about innovation, "It 's the unlikely juxtaposition of creativity and logic
which causes the wooliness and confusion around the term 'innovation '." (James Dyson, Ingenia, Issue 24,
2005, page 32)
(Chris Land, 2006, Lecture 2)
To what does knowledge innovation refer to? There are two perspectives as to how to perceive knowledge;
structuralist and process

While both books explore many similar concepts, they also include unique disparities. Both texts may
describe the innovation and accomplishment of the Middle Ages. However, The Medieval Machine explains
how advancements within industry can be immensely beneficial to society. On the other end of the spectrum,
fortitude and technology of an army is beneficial to the soldiers, it negatively impacts society. The continual
innovation in weapons and armor will only provoke further warfare. According to Medieval Warfare by
Terence Wise, "Edward was not slow to appreciate the value of the longbow and he raised and trained a large
corps of archers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terence Wise concludes that each innovation leads to another corresponding innovation, which is a valid
notion even in today's society. Throughout the text, he describes how developments in armor led to more
powerful weapons. According to Medieval Warfare, "plate armor was being used so extensively, and
protected the wearer so efficiently, that an entirely new type of sword began to appear; the thrusting sword,
or estoc" (Wise, 70). Additionally, better strategies and scheming in siege warfare resulted in the
development of castles and other fortifications. Jean Gimpel certainly agrees with this notion regarding the
domino effect of inventions, but he delves deeper into the

How Organizational Change Is The Transformation And...
Examining organisational change, we can see that it is the transformation and development within an
organization which includes the structure, work methods, or work culture. It is when people attain "new
behavior" in order to adapt to their environment (Pullen, 1993). This occurs because there may be some
adjustments which leave many businesses no choice but to change; for example, adjustments in consumer
demands, legal factors, economy, and competitors. A major aspect which triggers change is organisational
innovation. According to McWilliams (2013, p.111), innovation is being able to put into place new creative
ideas. To put this into context, we are going to use technology as a model to help better understand the
elements of change and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This results in an introduction of a dominant design; the most popular choice amongst customers. If the
dominant design becomes a success, it may create a technological lockout, where companies may find it
extremely strenuous to sell their products, or it may result in incremental change. Incremental change
consists of improving the dominant design, and when the organization forms new ideas (innovate) on how to
better improve and manufacture the product.
Technology has a life cycle. Initially, a new technology is introduced and this is a result of organisational
innovation. When the cycle concludes, technology is therefore replaced by a more up–to–date technology.
According to McWilliams (2013, p.111), vast amounts of research were conducted to propose that many
technology cycles are based on the "S–curve patthern of innovation". It is a model which depicts how new
technology replaces old technology. The S–curve can also be understood by innovation streams. Innovation
streams go into further depth about the different stages the life cycles of technologies. As previously
mentioned, it first starts off with technological discontinuity. Living in the 21st century, technology is
constantly advancing at a rapid rate. With a broad range of skillsets from every industry and through
contemporary science, we are able to produce technology in all kinds of ways as well as to introduce various
creative ideas. Advances in technology result in a change in customer

Tenet Healthcare: Embracing Innovation Essay examples
Tenet Healthcare: Corporate Innovation Innovation is an integral part of any successful business entity.
Innovation involves building a creativity culture, developing new business models, installing new
technologies, and most importantly, innovative leaders (Davila, Epstein, & Shelton, 2013). The new,
unstable and highly competitive healthcare environment requires innovative leadership to become successful
in the effective execution of innovative practices. Davila, Epstein, & Shelton, (2013) describe the Seven
Rules of Innovation: utilizing strong leadership on the organization's innovation strategy, integration of
innovation, matching innovation to organizational strategy, aligning good management systems in tension
between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mr. Trevor Fetter, CEO started the Commitment to Quality in 2003 to improve on their data gathering and
statistics (tenethealth.com). In addition, he hired a chief compliance officer to rebuild its ethics and
compliance programs. Finally, to improve its reputation, it retained former governor Jeb Bush to its board of
directors (tenethealth.com). Tenet is now a Fortune 500 company leading the healthcare industry in
conjunction with their innovative and forward thinking approaches. The following paper describes Tenet's
organizational innovative standards and processes aligning it in being one of the best healthcare delivery
systems in the United States. Background/Organizational Framework
Tenet Healthcare Corporation is an investor–owned healthcare delivery systems organization based in
Dallas, Texas (tenethealth.com). Tenet's corporate governance guides the overall philosophy and direction of
the organization as well as in serving all stakeholders. Its corporate governance consists of the board of
directors, the executive leadership team, senior corporate officers, market management, and ethics and
compliance divisions.
Tenet's first decade was spent

Business Innovation Case Study: Portugal Telecom
http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/centres/elab/research/documents/INSEADLogica_innovationreport.pdf
Case study: Portugal Telecom
Portugal Telecom (PT) is a global telecommunications operator with a portfolio covering all segments of the
market, personal, residential, SOHO / SME, corporate and wholesale and all technological solutions, fixed,
mobile, multimedia, data and corporate. With 74 million customers, PT has a diversified portfolio of assets
in 14 countries, including Portugal, Brazil and high growth international markets, including the subSaharan
Africa. The company has 33,000 employees of which 11,000 are in Portugal.
In March 2009, PT launched the 'Open' project with the aim of 'industrialising' the innovation process, to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Innovation is no different. Clearly, measuring the value of a particular process in an organisation is not easy,
but without metrics it is hard to accurately demonstrate the impact of innovation initiatives. Just 16% of
respondents said they have good metrics in place to evaluate the success of innovation projects (a further
20% somewhat agreed). When asked specifically about ROI as significant mechanism of measuring
innovation, only 9% used it.
Just 29% of respondents said they succeeded in sharing best practices within their organisation, an important
aspect of improving how an organisation performs. Without effective processes and the ability to learn from
all parts of the organisation, it becomes harder to implement the steps needed to improve in an effective
manner Currently, it seems that organisations mainly believe that measuring innovation is too difficult or
insufficiently useful to spend time on. Despite this view, it is critical to develop and use such measures in
order to increase innovation readiness. Organisations can then start to rank and rate themselves against their
peers; this alone will allow them to start improving, as these metrics will point to the practical steps that can
be taken to streamline and enhance their processes.
http://www.telecom.pt/InternetResource/PTSite/PT/Canais/SobreaPT/Pessoas/pessoas.htm Translated to
English from Portugese
As we believe
As a company committed to

Taking a Look at Riodran Manufacturing Incorporated
Riodran Manufacturing, Incorporated produces plastics and has a few diverse areas all around the United
States including: Michigan, which has practical experience in custom plastic parts, Georgia makes plastic
refreshment compartments and California which is the head of innovative work, and in addition a joint
venture of China which fabricates plastic fan parts. Every area has obtained their budgetary and bookkeeping
systems and all information into their own particular systems is sent to the corporate station in San Jose,
California. They give the data to corporate to be joined together into corporates data systems. This data is
given to the San Jose area either by hardcopy reports that must be re–entered or information records that
must be changed over to become compatible with San Jose's data systems.
Every area utilized distinctive merchants to process their accounting and financial data, handles creditor
liabilities, records of sales, request passage, deals and buys, payroll, budgetary reporting sum numerous
other fiscal parts. At the point when every area bought vendors to create their data systems the issue of
similarity of these systems was not looked into bringing about numerous issues when transmitting
information to the corporate office in San Jose. This has created extra work expense to change over
information into an arrangement that could be transferred into San Jose's data systems or creating the data to
be re–entered physically by representatives at

Medieval Weather Patterns
When exploring Europe, Medieval Europe comes to mind. During the Medieval times, the people began to
take on changes. Growth and recovery became major during these times, especially agriculturally. Weather
patterns, society, technological innovations, and agriculture all play important roles to each other. When
thinking weather patterns, one must think why would weather patterns play a major role? Weather patterns in
Europe changed drastically during the medieval years. Europe would experience harsh, cold weather and
warm weather. During the medieval times, the people had no measuring systems. The people would use
natural findings. Some of the natural findings were lake sediment, arctic ice, tree rings, and any other things
of nature. They also made predictions based on the farmers' techniques, cold springs meant late planting
(Johnston, 2016b). Along with natural findings, human behavior and society was also examined and held
relations to weather patterns. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The society was split up into the clergy, aristocrats, and the commoners. The religious part of society were
the clergy people. The clergy followed the pope, the head of the church. The aristocrats were the knights in
the society, also known as the "men of war" (Spielvogel, 2013). And the last of the society are the
commoners. The commoners consisted of peasant farmers (Salisbury, 2016). The commoners played the
biggest role in relations to the weather. Since the commoners were the farmers, they were affected more than
the others. They would sometimes become rebellious and belligerent because of the weather changes. The
weather patterns caused some of the people to switch in moods. Despite the affects the weather patterns had
on the people, they began to become advance in

The Factors That Influence The Adoption Of New Technologies
Dissertation First Draft: Chapter 2 (Literature Review)
Research Question:
Understanding the factors that influence the adoption of new technologies in organisations: A Case Study of
Wearable Technology
Sub– Research Questions:
To what extent are employee attitudes a contributing factor of new technology adoptions within
organisations?
What are the main factors that influence technology adoption in an organisation?
Does wearable technology have a sustainable future within organisations?
Research Objectives:
This dissertation aims to elucidate the critical factors that pertain to widespread technology adoption in
organisations, with regards to radical IT innovations, whilst also highlighting the issues that stymie
technology adoption. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Failed investments in technology may not only cause financial losses, but also lead to dissatisfaction
amongst employees (Venkatesh, 2000). Whilst, there exists a large amount of literature on technological
adoption, most of the research undertaken deals with this in the context of individual consumers rather than
at a firm level. Furthermore, in the case of wearable technology, the main case study of this particular
research, as a current example of a radical technological innovation, there is a lack of breadth in terms of the
literature available, which can be expected from its relative infancy. Therefore, this literature review will
serve as a treatise to not only critically analyse the seminal research in the broader field of technological
innovation and adoption, but also to extrapolate the information gathered in the context of my own research,
to provide a fresh insight on technological adoption at an organisational level, with a special interest in the
future of wearable technology at this level.
2.1.1 What is technological innovation?
According to Sagar (2013) Technology innovation is the process through which new technologies are
developed and brought into widespread use. Typically in literature, a distinction will be made between the
different types of innovation. The type of innovation mentioned in this research, will refer to product
innovation, as wearable technology

Innovation and Technology
Core Competence
The business world today is characterized by extreme competence. Clients are going for super made goods
and services. They want to feel the value for their money. In this regard, the idea of core competence
emerged. Fundamentally, core competence refers to an organization's strengths that make it ahead of other
organizations and these strengths make it possible for the company to add value to its end products through
innovation (Prajogo & Ahmed, pp.499–515). Through the concept of core competence companies are able to
concentrate on what they are best gifted in and outsource what they cannot do. This ensures that the products
they produce cannot be copied easily be competitors. Because of the competence, the skill can be used
diversely to develop different products and greatly add value.
Core competence is very vital in innovation because it is a defining aspect for the introduction,
implementation, sustenance and success of innovate ideas (Prajogo & Ahmed, pp.499–515). Through core
competence, a company is capable of shaping innovative ideas at an angle that will take competitors many
years to copy and institute. For example, through the spirit of Kaizen, a company is able to institute a culture
of continual innovation which is aligned to the ideologies of core competence. Each business organization
wants to have brands that command the market and the only way to make this happen is by using innovation.
To protect the successful work of innovation, core

Literature Review
This paper consists of literature review of previous researches conducted related to the effect of utility model
on innovation and technological growth of South Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and Germany. I
will discuss the following: how patent and utility model contributes uniquely to innovation and technological
growth to countries in different economic growth phase, in terms of total factor productivity (TFP), detailed
costs and benefits, and commonality of each type of intellectual property (IP) protection system, conduct
case studies on China, South Korea, Japan, and Australia by comparing the trend of patent and utility model
application to the level of TFP, discussions about the findings and a conclusion. Patents promote ... Show
This is a case for social inefficiency. In this case, if charging for access excludes some would–be consumers,
the result is waste. The example of AIDS drugs illustrates this point: AIDS drugs are relatively inexpensive
to produce. They are sufficiently inexpensive to produce, that the benefits to in lives saved exceed the costs
of producing the drugs by orders of magnitude (Foray, 2010). But because of patents, no price competition is
permitted and the patent holders (the large pharmaceutical companies) charge such an enormous premium
over the cost of producing the drugs – to reap large profits from sales in rich countries – that individuals in
many countries cannot afford them. Here is an example where the overpricing has real and enormous social
costs.
Empirical analyses of historical data have emphasized the role of patent laws in creating incentives to invent,
promoting innovation, and encouraging economic growth (Khan and Sokoloff 1993; Lamoreaux and
Sokoloff 1999; Khan 2005). Patent rights affect the process of cumulative innovation by knowledge
spillovers which they have to disclose information about patent – it lies at the heart of the recent
macroeconomic theory literature on innovation and growth, like endogenous growth models discussed by
Grossman and Helpman (1991), Aghion and Howitt (!992), and Acemoglu and Akcigit (2012).
There remain

Innovation And Management Of Technological Development Essay
Proposal to Include Innovation and Management of Technological Development in the New Zealand
Technology Curriculum
Barbara Clarke
TEMS340–16A
Our current New Zealand Technology learning area aims to develop in students "a broad technological
literacy that will equip them to participate in society as informed citizens and give them access to
technology–related careers" (Ministry of Education, 2007, p. 32). Through the learning opportunities in each
of three distinct strands: Technological Practice, Technological Knowledge and the Nature of Technology,
students are provided with opportunities to be creative, innovative and to develop technological skill through
practical activity. It does not however currently address the specific development of Innovation and the
Management of Technological Practice in its curriculum strands and component descriptors.
With the Technological Practice strand focusing on planning for practice, brief development, outcome
development and evaluation and the Technological Knowledge strand focused on technological modelling,
products and systems, the curriculum has the 'make and do' aspects of technology generally well covered.
However it is the third strand, being The Nature of technology which studies the characteristics of
technology and those of technological outcomes that must be further developed with the addition of
Technological Innovation and the Management of Technological practice as additional objectives.
The Nature of Technology strand

The National System Of Innovation
4. Analytical Framework
Based on the literature reviewed, the national system of innovation basically consists of three segments:
universities, governments, and the businesses, with each segment interacting with the others, while at the
same time playing their individual roles. The figure below is a simple illustration of how these three key
players come to form the NIS. It is also important to note that NIS is a complex conglomerate of interacting
independent parties that has to do with the ability to plan and integrate policies and institutions. The
Universities play the role of undertaking basic science and technology research; educate scientists and
technologists needed by governments and business. Governments in turn play the role ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The essential data set for the selected countries were sourced from the International Financial Statistics and
the World Bank data base 2014. The selection of the variables was however limited to data availability and
the common characteristics of the economies involved in the present study.
5.2 Empirical Model Specification and Estimation Techniques
Following an endogenous growth framework, the study specifies a model that best captures the effect of
national innovation system on economic growth. Given the growing empirical evidences supporting the
positive effect of innovation on economic growth (Hulya Ulku, 2007; Yanrui Wu, 2012) we control for other
factors that influences long run growth and generalize the specification of a growth equation that accounts
for the effects of national innovation system on economic growth. Thus, in deriving our empirical model for
estimating this relationship for BRICS, we posit that: ln(Yit) = α + β1 ln(UEit)+ β2 ln(RDit) + β3 ln(TMit) +
훌1 ln(PTit) + 훌2 ln(SPit) + 훌3 ln(SJPit) + ɳi +ԑit (1)
Where the independent variables are defined as follows:
UE = University enrolment rate as a proy for university
RD = Government Research and Development Expenditure,
TM =

Late 19th And Early 20th Century
In today's society an individual can travel to cities all over the world and experience different technological
innovations in various forms. Skyscrapers, highway systems, and suspension bridges are all forms of
innovation that, through the help of engineering and complex technological systems, can be observed in
nearly every city around the world. These technological innovations have allowed sprawling urban
environments to become the definition of a developed country, despite their infamous reputation for loud
noises, traffic, and decreased air quality. Seen and unseen forces such as organization of labor and an
expanded industry base gave rise to these urban centers through thoughtful planning and execution. In order
for great American cities to form, a technological system must be in place. This system must incorporate a
dedicated workforce that acknowledges diversification of labor. The Lowell Mills from the late 19th and
early 20th centuries represent a system that allows economic prosperity through production (Hindle, 186). A
very streamlined work flow emanated from intangible factors such as boarding houses and management that
ensured employees worked together in tandem (Hindle, 187). This system ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Structures such as the Brooklyn Bridge and the Chicago Life Bridge were all products of carefully executed
plans to promote trade. This economic system was backed by both visible forces such as the construction
that went into the structures, and invisible forces such as the technologies of trade and diversification of
labor. The growth of these modern cities is no coincidence, as governmental systems recognized that the
future of a city is entirely dependent on its economic capability. This drive for economic success has led to
New York becoming the largest regional economy in the United States, and the world's premier financial

Analysis of Chapter 14 of the Communication and the...
In chapters five through nine of Change of State: Information, Policy, and Power by Sandra Braman, the
information policy principles found in the United States Constitution are assessed and the influence that they
have on the identity, structure, borders, and progression (of the state and on the individuals, communities,
and organizations that make it up) are discussed. Braman presents current law, trends and penalties of
several information policy issues for each category it affects. In this part of the book Braman defines how
information policy affects identity and the structure of society. Furthermore an in depth analysis of how new
borders is defined and then furthers the creation of new laws is presented. This book is attempting to prove
that the power of the informational state is threatened by the increase of technology.
Chapters five and six explain the separation of the informational, social and technological systems of the
state. Modern society is changing due to the increasingly dependent social and information systems. These
chapters examine the legal issues that arise in the informational state, spanning from intellectual property
rights to the ideas of the information commons. Braman believes that, "both communal and individual
identity are constructed via flows of communication, introduction of any new information or communication
technology influences the ways in which we relate to each other and form into groups" (p. 165).
There are four types of

Why Russian Businesses Use Technologies
In the world of fierce business competition, technologies often become the principal source of competitive
advantage for firms. Technological innovations have already become the basic measure of entrepreneurial
growth and business success, but only firms that possess unique, inimitable technology resources can
successfully outperform their competitors. State and policy support is crucial for the successful adoption of
technologies by firms. The case of Russia is no exception. Russia possesses a sophisticated scientific and
technology base, but the rates of adoption of technologies in Russian business remain formidably low. Only
a broad government–based innovation policy can help Russian businesses to move forward and to become a
part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Businesses in Russia operate in the atmosphere of economic instability and elevated legal risks, which
makes successful adoption of technologies virtually impossible. Although the rates of technology adoption in
Russian business are gradually increasing, the country is still an eternity away from creating a perfect and
profitable business–technology synergy.
Russia and Russian businesses are characterized by the growing levels of technology adoption. Russian
businesses rapidly expand their innovative capabilities (Gurkov 299). The more optimistic Russian CEOs
feel about their business future, the higher the rates of technology adoption become (Gurkov 300). Almost
every third entrepreneur and CEO in Russia that enjoys a good or excellent position in business reports
intensive changes in their technological structures and infrastructures (Gurkov 300). The fact that Russia
possesses a sophisticated technology base facilitates the adoption of technological innovations in Russian
firms (Watkins 2). The professionalism of scientific and IT personnel facilitates the rapid advancement of
technologies in Russian business. Russia's technology and innovation potential is much greater than that of
other countries with similar

The Importance Of Medication Errors
Introduction Medication errors result in over 700,000 emergency department visits each year in the United
States, and nearly two–thirds of these hospitalizations are due to accidental overdose (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2014). Missed doses or overdoses are one of the problems related to medication
safety (Anthony, 2015). A medication error is any act or occurrence which causes or leads to a patient
receiving inappropriate medication treatment (Potter & Perry, 2014). Errors can occur due to failure to
follow procedures related to medication administration, lack of communication between healthcare staff,
deciphering illegible handwriting and underlying system factors, such as distractions and time constraints
(Potter & Perry, 2014). Technological advances such as networked computers and other innovations have
been placed in hospitals to study its impact on medication adherence; the following paper will compare and
contrast these findings. First Article Summary The first article aims to alleviate the issue by implementing a
bar–code verification technology within an electronic medication–administration system (bar–code eMAR)
which allows delivery of the correct medication, dose, and time to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
While these innovations have helped develop and enhance several procedures, its automated purposes can
lead to errors resulting in greater damage than treatment. Extreme dependence on such systems becomes
challenging while providing care and limits healthcare practice. Both articles focus on opposing studies; as
one highlights the benefits of technological advances, the other study assesses the risks and disadvantages
effecting client safety. Thus it is important to understand that the healthcare industry is adaptive to ever
changing technologies, yet an entirely effective solution has not been discovered resulting in medication

While both books explore many similar concepts, they also include unique disparities. Both texts clearly
describe the innovation and accomplishment of the Middle Ages. However, The Medieval Machine explains
how advancements within industry can be immensely beneficial to society. On the other end of the spectrum,
fortitude and technology of an army is beneficial to the soldiers, it negatively impacts society. Although
necessary for protection, the continual innovation in weapons and armor will only provoke further warfare.
According to Medieval Warfare, "Edward was not slow to appreciate the value of the longbow and he raised
and trained a large corps of archers for the later campaigns in North Wales" (Wise, 111). With the
development of the longbow, King Edward I was able to vanquish more enemies, ultimately killing more of
the population. In 1298, Edward defeated 10,000 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, The Medieval Machine describes advancements that enhanced society economically, socially, and
intellectually. Most notably, the medieval agricultural industry exploded, causing a tremendous increase in
the population. Additionally, the heavy plow, triennial rotation, and three–field system greatly increased the
amount of crops that could be cultivated. With a more diverse and plentiful amount of crops, the medieval
community consumed a healthier diet, leading to a higher birthrate and a lower death rate. According to The
Medieval Machine, "The three–field system had many advantages. As only 30 percent of the land lay fallow
in any year, as against 50 percent with the two–field system, there was a higher proportion of land under
cultivation" (Gimpel, 40). Agricultural developments in Gimpel's book show how enhancing technology can
be beneficial to the well–being of

Is Technology the Basis of Long-Term National Competitive...
Is technology the basis of long–term national competitive advantage?
Compare differences in the innovation systems of leading economies, industries and firms. (72%)
1. Introduction
Technological developments have shaped our world since the beginning of civilization. In this report, by
examining the important influences of technology and other factors which may also be powerful influences
on human history, we will discuss whether technology is the basis of long–term national competitive
advantage. We will base our argument on Porter's and Chandler's theories, and support it with research
evidence. In the following report, we will answer the questions in detail.
In order to compare differences in the innovation systems of leading ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In summary, supporting innovation and use of technology helps a country move forward in the long term.
3. Comparison of Countries – Japan / USA / UK / Germany / China
In this report, there are five countries (Japan, the USA, the UK, Germany and China) compared at the macro
level, which is about the origin of resource, input amount on R&D, numbers of degree holders in
science and engineering, efficiency, innovative capacity index and relation to policy. The resources for
Japan's innovation is mostly from private firms, universities and public research institutes; for America it is
mainly from non–U.S. firms as well as universities (Buiges, 2009). For the UK, Germany and China, the
origin of the national innovation system is the governments of those countries.
To compare the national expenditure for R&D, this report focuses on comparing the input to R&D
as the share of the economic output of those countries. Japan has the highest share of expenditure for
R&D which has been more than 3% of the country's output since 2007 and the percentage is increasing
(Abe and Fitzgerald, 1995). The USA has a stable expenditure share between 2.5 to 3% since 1996 (Dicken,
2003). The expenditure of Germany and the UK have stayed between 1.5 to 2% since 1996. However,
China's input to R&D has risen from less than 1% in 1996 to more than 2% at the end of 2007(Sun et
al, 2007), and keeps growing. Table 1 illustrates

Essay On Social Entrepreneur
Introduction
Entrepreneurs support economic activity and growth entrepreneurial process requires capabilities, such as
skills, decision–making and business acumen technology entrepreneurs: the danger is having exclusive focus
on the product or service without due consideration to whether it addresses a real market problem with
customers who would be willing to pay for it.
Schumpeter (1965): "individuals who exploit market opportunity through technical and/or organization
innovation"
Drucker (1985): "the entrepreneur shifts resources from areas of low productivity and yield to areas of
higher productivity and yield. Of course, there is a risk the entrepreneur may not succeed"
In today's shifting business and social environment, a new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organization created by social entrepreneur may or may not make a profit, but the bottom line for these
companies is always social betterment rather than economic return. For entrepreneur Judy Wicks, founder of
White Dog Enterprises in Philadelphia, the purpose of business is to make the world a better place. The
Unlocking Innovative Solutions through people box describe how Wicks combines business with business
with social activism.
Social entrepreneurship is not new, but phenomenon blossomed over the past 20 or so years. Exact figures
for the number of social entrepreneur are difficult to verify, but estimates number in tens of thousands
working around the world.
Definition
Generally, put, an 'innovation' is developing a new idea and putting it into practice. As this article is focused
on the competitive strategy of a private enterprise in a market–driven business environment, the term
'innovation' is used here to refer to the process of bringing valuable new products (goods and services) to
market i.e., from the idea/concept formulation stage to the successful launching of a new or improved
product in the marketplace, or the result of that process, to meet the explicit or implied needs of current or
potential customers. In other words, through innovation an enterprise seeks to deliver unique new value to its
customers. In this context, 'marketing' is the understanding of

The Importance Of Stakeholder Inclusion On Agricultural...
1.2 Enumerating the importance of stakeholder inclusion in agricultural innovation system
Devaux et al. (2009) noted that the involvement of stakeholders in agricultural innovation systems have
enhanced rapid diffusion, adoption, development of knowledge and technological output. Consequently, the
active involvement of stakeholders in agricultural innovation system has been integral in enhancing
sustainable growth in agriculture (Ojijo et al., 2013). Correspondingly, the collaboration of diverse
heterogeneous stakeholders bring about active interaction, strong linkages and effective communication.
(Ojijo et al., 2013). Also, it facilitates knowledge development among actors by helping them in identifying
their challenges and opportunities by building coherence through dialogues in setting priorities (Klerkx et
al., 2012b). Furthermore, the stakeholders' participation allow actors to voice their needs and concerns in the
process of design and implementation (Birner et al., 2009). Also, it brings the closeness of farmers to other
actors, thereby facilitating large–scale production and high marketability. Moreover, the stakeholders
involvement in agricultural innovation system influence their decision and direction of production, market
formation and resource mobilization (Anandajayasekeram, 2011). Also, their participation brings about
better leveraging of human and capital resources for reduction of the transaction costs and reaching
economies of scale (Klerkx et

Banczero Case Essay
Innovation Strategy (AEM 437) Prof. Aija Leiponen Applied Economics and Management This course for
juniors and seniors explores firm strategies related to innovation and technological change. We focus on how
the success of technological innovations–new products, processes, and services–depends on the firm's
business model. Other key topics include intellectual property rights and the management of technological
uncertainty through organizational arrangements such as corporate venturing, spinoffs, and alliances.
Technological change is a fundamental driver of economic development and performance, not only at the
level of firms and industries but also economies. Innovation is the organizational process through which new
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Technology and development. (Jan 24) Readings: Schilling Ch 1: Introduction Video: Great Inventions 3.
Institutions and incentives: Systems of Innovation (Jan 29) Schilling Ch 2: Sources of innovation Porter and
Stern: Location Matters, Sloan Management Review, 2001 (on line) Farhoomand: National Innovation
Systems of China and the Asian Newly Industrialized Economies: A Comparative Analysis. Asia Case
Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, HKU392. Handed out in class. INNOVATION AND FIRM
CREATION 4. Creativity (Jan 31, Feb 5) Video: Deep dive/IDEO Inc (Jan 31) Creativity exercise in
TEAMS (Jan 31) Schilling Ch 12 (Jan 31) E–clips: Howard Morgan (IdeaLab), Jaime Jorasch (Walker
Digital) Amabile: How to Kill Creativity? Harvard Business Review 1998 (course packet; writeup 1. For Feb
5) Assignment 1 DL: The greatest technological challenge of our time (DL: Jan 31) 5. University startup
process (Feb 7) Audia & Rider: A Garage and an Idea: What More Does an Entrepreneur Need? California
Management Review 2005 (online) Scott Shane: Academic Entrepreneurship – University Spinoffs and
Wealth Creation, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2004. Ch 10 (course packet). Case 1: A123Systems, HBS
case 9–606–114 (course

3d Printing : Technological Roadmap
Question 3
3D Printing: Technological Roadmap to the Future
Introduction
An aspect of technological innovation is to ensure that the technology can be viewed with a goal of
developing it and ensuring that value is continuously added (Phaal et al., 2004). It is with this view that a
technology roadmap can be developed for 3D printing ensuring that key milestones can be achieved and a
correct organisational strategy can be planned. These milestones are important as once these milestones have
been passed, the readiness is advanced and future innovations can be focused on, further developing and
innovating the technology. These are the key ideas involved in the development of the 3D Printing
Technological Road Map (see question 2 roadmap). There is evidence that a technological road map is
highly important, even critically important in the development and management of a technology (Phaal et
al., 2004; Haan, 2012). The roadmap should be treated as an important tool, to be used in the planning of key
technical objectives and milestones, increasing the likelihood of succeeding to reach a suitable level of
readiness to capitalise on the invention/innovation.
Road mapping for Open Innovation
3D printing has embraced open innovation from an early point in the lifecycle. An example of this open
innovation has come from RepRap, an open source innovation project with the goal to rapidly distribute 3D
printing devices by way of a self–replicating printer (the machines initial goal was

Technological Innovations In World War One
War, whether intentional or not, surrounds us and has done for many centuries. The four years of the First
World War saw combat on a scale that had never been experienced before – the conflict was global, it
affected countless millions and, due to rapid technological advances on all sides, the nature of combat
changed significantly. The final days of swords and cavalry charges gave way to the routine use of machine
guns and tanks – a new technological era had been heralded, an era we still live in today. In World War One
(WW1), technological innovations were primarily aimed at ending the stalemate and aiding the allied
victory. War demands the development of new methods of destruction and with that an increase in
technology. WW1 saw the innovation

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