Fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction occurs through binary fission, budding, fragmentation of hyphae, or asexual spore formation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes through plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a zygote, which then undergoes meiosis. This results in the formation of sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores, or oospores. Different fungi have varying sexual reproduction processes including isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy that influence spore and structure formation.

1. REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

2. Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
1. Fissionofsomaticcell
2. Buddingofsomaticcell
3. Fragmentationordisjoiningof hypha
4. Asexualsporeformation

3. 1. Binary fission
• In binary fission a mature cell
elongates and its nucleus divides
into two daughter nuclei.
• The daughter nuclei separates,
cleaves cytoplasm centripetally
in the middle till it divides parent
protoplasm into two daughter
protoplasm.
• A double cross wall is deposited
in the middle to form two
daughter cell.
• Ultimately the middle layer of
double cross wall degenerates
and daughter cells are separated.
• Examples: Saccharomyces
pobbe, Psygosaccharomyces

4. 2. Budding
• The cell wall bulge out and softens in the area probably by
certain enzymes brought by vesicles.
• The protoplasm also bulge out in this region.
• The parent nucleus also divides into two, one of the
daughter nucleus migrates into bud, the cytoplasm of bud
and mother remain continuous for some time
• As the bud enlarges, a septum is laid down at the joining of
bud with mother cell. Then bud separates and leads
independent life.
• Some time, bud starts reproducing while still attached with
mother cell. This gives branching appearance.
• Budding is the typical reproductive characteristics of
Ascomycetes.
• Examples: yeast

5. 3. Fragmentation
• In some fungi, fragmentation or disjoining of
hyphae occurs and each hyphae become a
new organism

6. 4. Asexual reproduction :
• Spore formation is the characteristic feature of fungi.
• Fungi reproduce sexually by spore formation.
• Fungi produce large no of spores in single cycle.
• Spores are produced during favourable formation.
• The spores have thick wall.
• Unicellular fungi like yeasts reproduce by binary fission or
budding.
TYPES OF SPORES :
1. Endospores :
The spores produced inside the sporangia are called endospores.
2. Conidia :
The spores produced at the tip of hypha outside the sporangia
are called conidia. Conidia are produced on special hypha called
conidiophores.

7. 4. Aplanospores :The non-motiple aquatic fungi
are called aplanospores.
5. Arthrospores or oidia: In some fungi,the
hyphae break up into individual cells.These
cells behave as spores.such spores are called
arthrospores or oidia.
6.Clamydospores: Sometimes,individual cells of
the hyphae become thick walled.These cells
behave as spores.Such spores are called
clamydospores.

8. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Sexual reproduction in fungi has three phases:
a) Plasmogamy:Two gametes fuse and bring the
two haploid nuclei in the same cell.
b) Karyogamy:The two haploid nuclei fuse to
form a single diploid or zygotic nucleus.
c) Meiosis:Reduction division occurs in zygotic
nucleus.it produces the haploid nuclei.

9. Detail of sexual reproduction is different in different fungi:
1. Isogamy and anisogamy:
Occurs in lower aquatic fungi and some terrestrial higher fungi.
• Gametangia
• Microgamete
• Macrogamete
• Zygospore
2. Oogamy:
Two gametangia are different in size and shape.
• Anthredium
• Oogonium
• Oosphere

10. 3. Spermatization
• Anthredia arent formed
• Fungi develop conidia like spermatia
• Spermatia unite with the sex organ or vegetative
hypha of female, plasmogamy occur.
• This dikaryotic hyphae are produced.
4. Direct union of vegetative hypha and
parthenogenesis
• Common in fungi
• In some forms plasmogamy takes place by the
direct union of monokaryotic vegetative hypha.

11. Plasmogamy and karyogamy
a. Lower fungi
• In the lower fungi karyogamy takes place
immediately after fertilization.
• The oosphere is transformed into an oospore.
• Meiosis takes place at the time of oospore
germination, in some forms the contents of the
anthridium are transformed into motile male
gametes or antherozoids. The move toward the
oogonium, enter and fertilize the egg.

12. b. Higher fungi
Dikaryotic hyphae.
• Oogonium forms the special hyphae. Each cell of
these hyphae contains two nuclei. Both nuclei
divide at the same time this type of division is
called Conjugate division. Such hypha are called
dikaryotic hypha.
• The stimulus of plasmogamy produces fruiting
body or sporophores.
• Karyogamy takes place in special cells.
• Meiosis follows karyogamy.
• It produces special spores.

13. Clamp connections
• Peculiar structure ….. In Basidiomycota.
• Formed in dikaryotic mycelium usually in terminal
hypha cells during conjugate division of the
dikaryons.
• Sister nuclei seperated into two daughter cells.
• Lateral outgrowth
• Nuclei divide.
• Septum form between upper cell and outgrowth.
• Outgrowth joint with the adjacent cells.
• The lateral pocket thus form by the outgrowth, it
becomes passage for the transference of nuclei
and called as clamp connection.

14. Basidia in fungi
Members of basidiomycota …basidia.
a) Stichobasidia
Basidium divides by transverse septa into four celled structure. The
terminal cell produces sterigma at its apex. Common in smut and
rust.
b) Chlastobasidia
Globular
Divides vertically to forms four cells.
Each cell forms sterigma at the tip of which basidiospores are formed.
c) Tuning fork type
Basidium is slender hypha like structure. It is deeply divided and
resembles a tuning form.
d) Normal type of basidia
These are spherical or clavate in shape. They are one celled or
unseptate. These bare four basidiospores born on short sterigmata.
e,.g Agaricus

15. Fruiting bodies or ascocarp in
ascomycota
May form singly or in groups. May be different.
a. Cleistothecium
Spherical
Closed ascocarps
Ascospores liberated by the rupturing of its walls.
b. Perithecium
More or less closed.
At maturity , a pore appears in it. Ascospores are liberated through
these pores.
c. Apothecium
Asci are formed in open ascocarp.
d. Ascostoroma
Asci are produced as cavity within stroma. The stroma itself forms
the walls of ascocarp.

17. Sexual spores of fungi
As a result of sexual reproduction sexual
spores are produced.
• Sexual spores are fewer in number than
asexual spores.
• Types of sexual spores
i. Ascospore
ii. Basidiospore
iii. Zygospore
iv. Oospore

18. i. Ascospore:
• It is usually single celled produced in a sac called ascus
(plural;asci) and usually there are 4-8 ascospore in an
ascus but the number may vary from species to species
• The ascospore are usually arranged in a linear order. In
some case ascospores are long, narrow and are
arranged in parallel order.
ii. Basidiospore:
• It is a reproductive spore produced by basidiomycetes.
• This single celled spores are born in a club shaped
structure called basidium
• These basidiospore aerves as main air dispersal unit for
the fungi.

19. iii. Zygospore:
• Zygospores are thick walled spores formed when two
sexually compatible hyphae or gametangia of certain
fungi fuse together.
• In suitable condition, zygospore germinates to produce
a single vertical hyphae which forms a aporangium and
releases its spores
iv. Oospore:
• These are formed within a special female structure
called Oogonium.
• Fertilization of egg by male gamete in female sex organ
give rise to oospoes.
• There are one or more oospores in each oogonium.

20. Life cycle
• Haploid phase
• Dipload phase
• Haploid and diploid phases
• Dikaryotic phase

21. Thank YOU.