support and movement

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2. Support and movements
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Prof. Sumaira Aslam
Lecturer Biology
Punjab College, Quaid Campus
Rawalpindi

3.  Human skeleton supports an upright body. But sometimes, our
skeletal system becomes weak and results in deformations.
CAUSES: the causes of deformations are variable i.e.
i. Genetic
ii. Hormonal
iii. Nutritional
1: GENETIC CAUSES:
i. Cleft Palate:
 A condition in which palatine processes of maxilla and palatine
fail to fuse.
Deformities Of Skeleton
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4.  The persistent opening between the oral and nasal cavity interferes with
sucking.
 It can lead to inhalation of food into the lungs causing aspiration
(inhalation) pneumonia.
ii. Microcephaly:
 The small sized skull is caused by some genetic defect.
iii. Arthritis:
 It covers over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative
diseases that damage the joints.
iv. Osteoarthritis:
 It is the most common chronic arthritis which is a degenerative joint
disease and is also caused by genetic defect.
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5. 2: HORMONAL CAUSES:
i) osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a group of diseases in which;
 Bone resorption ( demineralization) out paces bone deposits.
 Bones become weak due to decrease in bone mass that makes up
skeleton.
 In this case, bone mass is reduced and chemical composition of the
matrix remains normal.
 Osteoporosis mainly occurs in aged women, which is related to
decreased estrogen level.
 Other factors which may contribute include insufficient exercise, diet
poor in calcium and protein, smoking etc.
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6. Cure:
 Estrogen replacement therapy ( ERT) offers the best protection against
osteoporosis bone fracture.
3: NUTRITIONAL CAUSES:
i) Osteomalacia ( Soft Bones):
 It includes a number of disorders in which the bone receive inadequate
minerals.
 Calcium salts are not deposited and hence bones soften and weaken.
 Weight bearing bones of legs and pelvis bend and deform.
 The main symptom is pain, when weight is put on affected bones.
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7. ii. Rickets ( Dietary rickets):
 It is another disease in children with bowed legs and deformed pelvis.
 It is caused by deficiency of calcium or vitamin D in diet.
Cure
 it is cured by vitamin D fortified milk and exposing skin to sunlight.
BONE DISORDERS
i) Disc slip
 Each intervertebral disc is a cushion like pad composed of an inner semi
fluid nucleus pulposus which acts as a rubber ball to give disc its elasticity
and compressibility and a stronger outer ring of fibrocartilage, the annulus
fibrosis holds together successive vertebrate.
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8.  The discs act as shock absorber during walking, jumping, running and to
lesser extent to bend laterally.
 Severe of sudden physical trauma to spines for example bending
forward while lifting a heavy object may result in herniation one or
more discs.
 The herniated disc (commonly known as slipped disc) usually involves
rupture of annulus fibrosus followed by protrusion of spongy nucleus
pulposus.
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9. Effects
 If protrusion presses spinal cord or on spinal nerves, it generates severe
pain or even destruction of these nervous structures.
Cure
 Disc slip is treated with bed rest, tractio, pulling and pain killer.
 If this fails disc may be removed surgically.
ii) Spondyolsis
 It is the disease which causes immobility and fusion of vertebral joint.
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10. iii) Sciatica
 It is characterized by stabbing pain radiating over the course of sciatic
nerve.
Causes
 It results due to injury of proximal sciatic nerve, which might follow a
fall, a herniated disc or improper administration of an injection into the
buttock.
 This may result a number of lower limb impairment depending on the
precise nerve root injured.
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11.  When sciatic nerve is completely transected, the legs become nearly
useless.
 They can not be flexed and all foot-ankle movement is lost.
Recovery
 From sciatic injury is usually slow and incomplete.
iv) Arthritis
 Arthritis is inflammatory or degenerative disease that damage joints.
 It results in pain, stiffness, swelling of the joint.
 Acute forms of arthritis usually result from bacterial invasion and are
treated with antibiotics.
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12. Symptoms
 Membrane lining the joint thickness.
 Fluid production is decreased.
 Which consequently leads to increased friction.
Chronic arthritis
 Chronic arthritis includes osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty
arthritis.
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