Scales and Measurements

1. SCALES AND MEASUREMENTS
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2. QUALITATIVE DATA (CATEGORICAL)
Dichotomous (Binary ) Scale
When subjects are categorized into only two categories we refer such scales as
dichotomous or Binary
Examples: Response of drug (cured / Not Cured)
disease status (diseased / non diseased)
Gender (Male / Female)
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3. NOMINAL SCALE
The scale consists of a set of categories into which, individuals are classified based on
defined characteristics. The categories have no logical order within themselves.
Example blood type ( A, B, AB,O)
Ethnicity (white, black, Asian etc)
ORDINAL SCALE
The categories in this scale possess logical ordering between them, with such
measurement the categories indicate the amount of a characters possessed.
Pain ( no pain, mild, moderate, severe) as 0,1,2,3.
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4. Prakriti
• Vata, Pitta, Kapha
Snehapan lakshan
• Ayog, samyak yog, ati yog
Nutritional status
• Sthula, krusha
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5. INTERVAL
At the interval level of measurement, numbers represent fixed
measurement units but have no absolute zero point.
Example,
temperature of zero, does not indicate that there is no heat !
Hypertension
Interval measures reflect differences in magnitude
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6. RATIO
A ratio level of measurement represents fixed measuring units with an absolute zero
point.
On a ratio scale,
10 = 2+ 8 as well as 2 x 5.
Examples: Height, Weight, Income, Time
Ratio numbers can be added and subtracted, and because the numbers begin at an
absolute zero point, they can also be multiplied and divided.
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7. Quiz 2
What is level of measurement for the variable “political
party affiliation”, with values
 Congress
 NCP
 Shivsena
 Manase
 BJP
 RPI
Nominal
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8. Quiz 4
• What is the level of measurement for the variable “Political Ideology
Scale”, measured on a scale of 6-24, where 6=Very Conservative and
24=Very Liberal?
Interval
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9. Quiz 3
What is the level of measurement for the variable, “political ideology”,
measured as
 Very Conservative
 Conservative
 Moderate
 Liberal
 Very Liberal
Ordinal
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10. Quiz 5
What is the level of measurement for the variable
“Annual income”, measured in rupees?
Ratio
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11. Quiz 6
What is the level of measurement for the variable
“Age of the individual", measured in years?
Interval
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13. DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES
AVERAGE : Mean – Arithmetic average
Median – 50th value
Mode – fashionable number
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
Range: Minimum to maximum
Interquartile range: 25 and 75th percentile
Variance: Expressed in square term
Standard deviation: Expressed in original units
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14. REPORTING SUMMARY OF STATISTICS
Type Of Variable Summary Measures To Be
Presented
Continuous Variable With No
Extreme (Normally
Distributed)
Mean±Standard Deviation
Continuous Variable With
Extreme
Median (Range /
Interquartile)
Ordinal Value Median (Range)
Nominal Value Frequency (Percentage)
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15. One Accurate Measurement Is Worth A
Thousand Expert Opinions
PUNCH LINE
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