Double Revolving field theory-how the rotor develops torque
Design of long span floor system
1.
2. Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology
Taxila, Pakistan
Presented To:
Professor Dr. Muhammad Yaqub
Presented By:
Khadim Hussain 2K17-MS-STR-FT-07
Rana Dilawar khan 2K17-MS-STR-PT-02
M. Farrukh Javaid 2K17-MS-STR-PT-11
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PRACTICE
Design of Long Span Floor System
3. 1. Introduction to Long Span Floor System
2. History and Evolution of Long span Floor System
3. Classification of Long Span System
4. Material for long span structures
5. Common Structural Forms for Long Span
6. Conclusion
Contents
3Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
4. Introduction
4Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Visibility Flexibility Large Scale Storage
Auditoriums
Stadiums
Exhibition halls
Manufacturing facilities
Aircraft hangars
Long span structures create unobstructed, column-free spaces
greater than 30m (100 feet) for a variety of functions.
5. Dated back to the Roman civilization However, most long-span
buildings then were single level constructed using vaults and
domes.
By the late 20th century, durable upper limits of span were
established for these types:
The largest covered stadium had a span of 204 meters (670 feet).
The largest exhibition hall had a span of 216 meters (710 feet).
And the largest commercial fixed-wing aircraft had a 75–80 meter
(250–266 foot) span hangar.
In these buildings the structural system needed to
achieve these spans is a major concern.
History and Evolution
5Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
6. History and Evolution
6Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
The major evolution in long span section- active structures has
occurred in the aspect of shift from in-situ to precast construction
Old-to-New long span structures
with their height and spans
7. Classification
Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
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One way to classify long-span and complicated structures
Form active systems
Vector active systems
Section active systems
Surface active systems
8. Form active structural systems are systems of flexible, non-rigid
matter, in which the forces is carried by the form and type of
material.
Example of structures:
1. Cable structures
2. Tent structures
3. Pneumatic structures
4. Arch structures
Form active structural systems
8Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
9. Place/Country: Berlin/Germany; Completion: 2000; Business area:
Steel-Glass- Structure; Type: Cable Structures
Place/Country: Berlin/Germany; Completion: 2000; Business area:
Steel-Glass- Structure; Type: Cable Structures
Place/Country: Berlin/Germany; Completion: 2000; Business area: Steel-
Glass- Structure; Type: Cable Structures
Place/Country: Berlin/Germany; Completion: 2000; Business area: Steel-
Glass- Structure; Type: Cable Structures
9Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
10. 10Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Pneumatic structures
Air-inflated system air pressure
30–700 kN/m2 (common used)
11. Tent structures
Khalifa International Stadium to feature tensile roofing system
11Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
12. 12Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Arch structure
13. Vector active structural systems
13Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Vector active structural systems are systems of solid, straight
linear members, in which the redirection of forces is effected by
vector partition, i.e. by multidirectional splitting of single force
simply to tension or compressive elements
Example of structures:
1. Flat trusses
2. Curved trusses
14. 14Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Flat trusses
15. 15Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Curved Truss
16. 16Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Curved Truss
17. Section active structural system are systems of rigid, solid, linear
elements, in which redirection of forces is done by structural
member’s section and their load transferring efficiency.
Example of structures:
1. Frame structures
Section active structural systems
17Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
19. Surface active structural systems are systems of flexible or rigid
planes able to resist tension, compression or shear, in which the
redirection of forces is done by curved geometry in 3 dimension.
Example of structures:
1. Folded plates structures
2. Shell structures
19Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Surface active structural systems
20. THE LEIPZIG MARKET HALL
Leipzig, Germany
1929
Span: 68.5 m
Reinforced concrete shells
20Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
22. 22Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Folded plate structures
23. 23Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Kamalapur Rail Station
Bangladesh
24. Materials suitable for various forms of
long span
1.All reinforced concrete including precast
2. All metal (e.g. mild-steel stainless steel or alloyed aluminum
3. Timber
4. Metal/RC combined
5. Plastic-coated Textile material
6. Fiber reinforced plastic
Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
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25. 25Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Common Structural Forms for Long Span
Building Structures
Common Structural Forms for long span structures are
1. Insitu RC
2. Precast concrete
3. Structural steel – erected on spot
4. Structural steel – prefabricated and installed on spot
26. 26Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Common Structural Forms for Long Span
Building Structures
5. Cable suspended structures
6. Inflated structures
7. Shell structures
8. Folded plate structures
9. Dome structures
29. Shell Structures
29Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Shell is a type of building enclosures.
Shells belong to the family of arches .
They can be defined as curved or angled structures capable of
transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports.
A shell with one curved surface is known as a vault (single
curvature).
A shell with doubly curved surface is known as a dome (double
curvature).
30. Classification of shells
30Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
There are many different ways to classify shell structuresbut two waysare
common:
1. Based on the material which the shell is made of like reinforced
concrete, plywood or steel, because each one has different properties
that can determine the shape of the building and therefore, these
characteristics haveto be considered in the design.
2. Basedon thickness: shells canbe thick or thin.
31. Thin Concrete Shells
31Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
There are two important factors inthedevelopment of thethin
concrete shellstructures:
The first factor is the shape which was developed along the history of
these constructions. Some shapes were resistant and can be erected easily.
However, the designer’s incessant desire for more ambitious structures
did not stop and new shapes were designed.
The second factor to be considered in the thin concrete shell structures
is the thickness, which is usually lessthan 10 centimeters. For example, the
thickness of the Haydenplanetarium was7.6centimeters.
32. 32Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Thin Concrete Shells
Barrels shells
The cylindrical thin shells, also called
barrels, should not be confused with
the vaults even with the huge
similarity in the shape of both
structures, because each of these
structures has a different structural
behavior as well as different
requirements in the minimum
thickness and the shape.
33. Thin Concrete Shells
33Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
On one hand, the structural
behavior of the vault is based on
connected parallel arches, which
transmit the same effort to the
supports .
Therefore, the materials used in
these structures have to be able to
resists compressions (e.g. stone)
and the thickness is usually higher.
Furthermore, the shape of the
vaults must be as similar as
possible to the arch in order to
achieve the optimum structural
behavior.
34. Thin Concrete Shells
34Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
On the other hand, the structural behavior of
the barrels shell is that it carries load
longitudinally as a beam and transversally as
an arch. and therefore, the materials have to
resist both compression andtension stresses.
This factor takes advantage of the bars of the
reinforced concrete, because these elements
can be placed where tension forces are needed
and therefore, the span to thickness Ratios can
be increased. Furthermore, the shapehasfewer
requirements than the vaults and therefore,
new curves like the ellipse or the parabola can
be used improving the aesthetic quality of the
structure
37. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shells
ADVANTAGES
Verylight form of construction.
To span 30.0 m shellthicknessrequired is60mm
Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting
system
They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span
longer
Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes
Esthetically it looks goodoverother forms of construction
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38. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shells
DIS-ADVANTAGES:
Shuttering problem
Greateraccuracy in formwork isrequired
Good/Skilled Labour and supervisionnecessary
Rise of roof may be a disadvantage
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39. Folded Plates
39Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
Athin-walled building structure of
the shell type.
Folded plates are assemblies of flat
plates rigidly connected together
along their edges in such a way
that the structural system capable
of carrying loads without the need
for additional supporting beams
along mutual edges.
Engineer Eudene Freyssinet performed
the first roof with thefolded structure
in 1923 asan aircraft hangar at Orly
Airport inParis.
40. Folded Plates
FOLDING SYSTEMSIN NATURE
The principle of folding as a tool
to develop a general structural
shape has been known for a long
time.
Folded structure systems which are
analogous to several biological
systems such as found at broad
leaf-tree leaves, petals and foldable
insect wings, are adopted to be
employed in anew, technical way
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Leafof PalmTree
Beetle InsectWith
FoldableWings
Seashell
41. Folded Plates
The structural characteristics of
folding structures depend on:
Thepattern of thefolding.
Their geometrical basicshape.
Its material.
Theconnection of the differentfolding planes
Thedesign of the bearings.
Movable form work canbeemployed.
Form work required is relatively simpler.
Design involves simpler calculations.
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42. Folded Plates
Structuralbehavioroffolding
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Load Distribution process:
At first, the external
forces are transferredto
the shorter edgeofone
folding element.
There, the reaction asan
axial force is divided
between the adjacent
elements.
Thenthe forces transferred
to thebearings. StructuralConditionOf Foldingstructures
43. Folded Plates
Classificationof folded structuresbasedonthe material they are
made of:
Folded structures made of reinforced concrete
Metal folded structures
Folded structures of wood
Folded structures of glass
Folded structures of plastic materials
Folded constructions made in combination of different
materials
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46. Folded Plates Types
46Department of civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
GEODESICDOME
FOLDEDPLATERIGIDFRAME
TAPERED FOLDED PLATES
49. Advantages and Disadvantages of Folded
Plates
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Advantages
Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting
system
Theyfurthertakeadvantageofthe fact that archshapes can span longer
Flat shapesby choosingcertain archedshapes
50. Advantages and Disadvantages of Folded
Plates
Disadvantages:
Shuttering is difficult.
Greater accuracy in formwork is required.
Good labor and supervision necessary.
Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.
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57. Domes
Some of the terminology that isoften associated with domes
include
Apex: the uppermost point of a dome (also known as the ‘crown’).
Cupola: a small dome located on a roof or turret.
Extrados: the outer curve of a dome.
Haunch: part of an arch that that lies roughly halfway between the
base and the top.
Intrados: the inner curve of a dome.
Springing: the point from which the dome rises
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Taj Mahal (1647, Quing Dynasty), Agra, India, 125 ft (38 m) span
corbelled dome
60. Advantages of Domes
Reduces slab curling and shrinkage cracks, providing a higher
quality surface.
Provides an under-slab void for running cables and pipes,
simplifying post-construction installation of new wiring and
utilities.
Allows forming of complete structural suspended slabs on beam
pile foundations.
Can be designed to create under-slab water reservoirs for storm
water management and fire suppression water storage.
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61. Disadvantages of Domes
The major and simplest disadvantage one can think of is
that domed roof doesn't allow to go beyond ground floor
A non accessible roof is very less preferred
Maintenance of domed roof is difficult
Difficult to carry out roof top installations , for eg. setting
of water storage tanks at top or maintenance room for lifts
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62. Conclusion
These structures are preferred as having following
features
These structural systems reduce the loads on buildings.
Light weight.
Conventional system.
Economy.
Geometry.
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