Dunn, Heidi, Ecological Specialists, Inc., Freshwater Mussels and the New Ammonia Standard: What are Mussels and Why We Care, at Missouri Water Seminar, Sept.4-5, 2014, Columbia, MO
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Freshwater mussels are an important part of river ecosystems but many species are endangered. Mussels play key roles like filtering water and providing habitat. They are very sensitive to pollutants like ammonia and were among the most sensitive species considered in setting the 2013 US EPA ammonia standard. This standard will better protect mussels and other aquatic life in Missouri waters, though it may apply broadly across the state given mussels' widespread historical distribution. Cooperation will be important to successfully implement the new protective standard.
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Dunn, Heidi, Ecological Specialists, Inc., Freshwater Mussels and the New Ammonia Standard: What are Mussels and Why We Care, at Missouri Water Seminar, Sept.4-5, 2014, Columbia, MO
- 1. Freshwater Mussels and the New Ammonia Standard: What Are Mussels and Why We Care Heidi L. Dunn, Ecological Specialists, Inc. )
- 2. What are Freshwater Mussels? NA freshwater bivalve taxa • Order Unionida Class Bivalvia (Bivalves) freshwater bivalve taxa Subclass Paleoheterodonta – Unionidae (pearly mussels) 292 sp Order Unionoida/Unionida-native – Margaritiferidae (pearl mussels) 5 sp Family Unionidae Family Margaritiferidae • Subclass Order Heterodonta Veneroida Order Veneroida – Sphaeriidae Family Sphaeriidae (native (fingernail fingernail clams)-clams) native Pisidium, Family Sphaerium Corbiculidae (asian 40 species clams)-introduced Family Dreissenidae (zebra/quagga mussels)-intro. – Corbiculidae (Corbicula, Asian clam) 2 sp – Dreissenidae (Dreissena) 2 species: zebra & quagga Order Unionida Unionidae (pearly mussels) 292 sp Margaritiferidae (pearl mussels) 5 sp Order Veneroida Sphaeriidae (native fingernail clams) Pisidium, Sphaerium 40 species Corbiculidae (Corbicula, Asian clam) 2 sp Dreissenidae
- 3. Primarily Concerned with Unionoida Class Bivalvia (Bivalves) 297 North American species 69 Missouri species Subclass Paleoheterodonta Order Unionoida/Unionida-native Family Unionidae Family Margaritiferidae
- 4. Unionids are Unique Evolved in freshwater riverine ecosystems- Depend on hydrological cycle • Floods/droughts Depend on local hydraulic conditions • Flow refugia • Bed stability Presence of mussels indicative functioning river system – “Canary in the coal mine” Unio=Pearl in Latin
- 5. Unique Life Cycle Male releases sperm balls Female takes up sperm balls Fertilized eggs develop in gills Eggs develop into glochidia (larval unionid mussels) Glochidia attach to fish host Metamorphosis on fish host Juvenile drops off
- 6. Why the fish host? Downstream migration w bedload Upstream migration on fish
- 7. Very Alluring Snuffbox snaring a log perch Ouachita Kidneyshell conglutinates Orange nacre mucket super-conglutinate Broken-rays mussel mantle flap Barnhart, M. C. 2008. Unio Gallery: http://unionid.missouristate.edu.
- 8. Where do they live? • Most Species in Mussel Beds in Permanent Streams/Rivers • Mussel Community • Multiple species • Multiple size classes • Density greater than surrounding area • Physical boundaries
- 9. Physical Habitat Moderate Flow and Stable Substrate Moderate velocity Refuge from high velocity Limited siltation Low hydrological variability Heterogeneous substrate Stable substrate for flow conditions Loose enough for interstitial flow
- 10. Habitat Attributes • Allows juveniles to settle – Shears not excessive • Provides support – Soft enough for burrowing – Firm enough to support • Stable – Stays in place during floods – No sudden scour or fill • Delivers food – Sediment organic matter (juvs) – Suspended food (adults) • Delivers essential materials • Oxygen • Calcium • Provides favorable temperatures • Growth • Reproduction • Protection from predators • No toxic materials • Habitat for fish hosts Strayer 2008
- 11. Live in most permanent aquatic habitats • Large to small rivers/streams • Ponds/lakes • Don’t forget snails- live in many areas without mussels • Species preferences – Stream size – Temperature – Substrate preference – Flow preferences Strayer 2008 Giant Floater Pyganodon grandis Native: Yes Endemism: Subzone State Rank: S? ITIS Code: 10001 Global Rank: G5 Modeled By: Gust Annis, Pam Haverland, Michael Morey, Scott Sowa, John Stanovick EDU Boundaries Collection Sites Predicted Distribution Major Streams Total and % Stream Miles in MO: Total: 104,083; Percent: 95.7 MUSSEL DISTRIBUTIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MISSOURI OR MISSISSIPPI RIVERS
- 12. Ubiquitous to Restricted Fatmucket Lampsilis siliquoidea Native: Yes Endemism: Subzone State Rank: S? ITIS Code: 80028 Global Rank: G5 Modeled By: Gust Annis, Pam Haverland, Michael Morey, Scott Sowa, John Stanovick EDU Boundaries Collection Sites Predicted Distribution Major Streams Total and % Stream Miles in MO: Total: 97,475; Percent: 89.62 MUSSEL DISTRIBUTIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MISSOURI OR MISSISSIPPI RIVERS Curtis Pearlymussel Epioblasma florentina curtisii Native: Yes Endemism: Ecological Drainage Unit State Rank: S1 ITIS Code: 80310 Global Rank: G1T1 Modeled By: Gust Annis, Pam Haverland, Michael Morey, Scott Sowa, John Stanovick EDU Boundaries Predicted Distribution by 14-digit hydrologic unit Major Streams Total and % Stream Miles in MO: Total: NA; Percent: NA MUSSEL DISTRIBUTIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MISSOURI OR MISSISSIPPI RIVERS
- 13. What are they good for? Cultural Heritage Food Shell tools Beads Pearls Pottery
- 14. Commercial Value Pearl Button Industry Late 1800’s to early 1950’s Raw shell >$1mil/yr Buttons >$6mil/yr Cultured Pearl Industry Mid 1950’s to present Declined due to declining number of mussels, Zebra mussel infestation Development of alternate nuclei
- 15. Ecosystem Services Supporting Services Structural habitat -cover for fish -substrate for algae, insects, snails Attract fish Substrate modification –aeration, stability Food for other organisms - fish, muskrats, otters, raccoons
- 16. Water Purification Services Adult mussel filters 0.1-3L gram dry tissue/hr Photo and Data provided by Caryn Vaughn and Chris Barnhart or 5-144 L/mussel/day
- 17. Nutrient Cycling Diagram from Carla Atkinson; data provided by Caryn Vaughn Nitrogen storage in soft tissue 26kg N/km 42 kg N/mile
- 18. Very Endangered United States • about 297 species • 21 Extinct since 1900 • 88 Federally threatened or endangered • 70% of fauna imperiled Male and Female Scaleshell Missouri • 69 species • 10 Federally threatened or endangered • 1 Possibly extinct • 2 Missouri endangered species • 15 Species of concern Male Higgins Eye Pearly mussel
- 19. Why so endangered? Habitat loss – Modification of rivers/streams Poor water quality Sedimentation – Siltation Commercial harvest Invasive species – Zebra mussels, Asian clams
- 20. What are we loosing? Unique animals What other animals can fish? Produce pearls Biodiversity River’s natural filtering system – increased stream clarity Habitat for plants and animals – increased fish and fishing Stream/river stability Tourism and Recreational opportunities
- 21. How can we help these animals and our rivers? National Strategy for Conservation of Native Freshwater Mussels (1998 currently under revision) •Preserve/Enhance Existing Communities • Protect/Enhance/Create Habitat • Improve Water Quality • Propagation/Population Augmentations
- 22. Preserving/Improving Water Quality “Current water quality standards are insufficient to protect mussels” National Strategy Section 5.2- Determine if water quality criteria protect all life stages of freshwater mussels • Standard Protocols for mussel toxicity testing-2006 ASTM E2455 - 06 Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Mussels
- 23. Propagation/Population Augmentation • Recent efforts in Missouri • Pink Mucket (FE) - Meramec, Osage, Saline Rivers • Fat Pocketbook (FE) - St. Francis system • Scaleshell (FE) - Meramec and Gasconade Rivers • Neosho Mucket ( C ) - Spring, Cottonwood, Verdigris, Fall Rivers • Snuffbox (PE) - Bourbeuse River • Black Sandshell (SCC) - Meramec River Data and photos from Chris Barnhart (MO State) and Steve McMurray (MDC)
- 24. Mussels are very sensitive 14 Acute WQC comparisons… Criteria GMAVs in WQC GMAVs w/Mussels Lowest Mussel Rank (1 = Most Sensitive) Ammonia (1999) 34 42 1 (1, 2, 3, 4) Ammonia (2009 draft) 67 67 1 (1, 2, 4) Atrazine (2003 draft) 17 21 15 Cadmium (2001) 55 60 7 Chlorine (1985) 28 35 2 (2, 5, 9, 14) Chlorpyrifos (1986) 15 16 13 Copper (1996) 43 57 1 (1, 2, 3) Copper-BLM (2007) 27 35 1 (1, 2, 4) Diazinon (2005) 20 21 21 Lead (1984) 10 11 2 Mercury (1995) 29 30 10 Nonylphenol (2005) 15 21 13 PCP (1995) 33 38 17 Zinc (1995) 36 43 3
- 25. Mussels are very sensitive Mussels among most sensitive to Ammonia and Copper Mussels in lower 15% for Chlorine and Zinc Acutely tolerant to some other toxicants
- 26. Ammonia Sensitivity 1000 100 10 1 Summary of Ranked Ammonia GMAVs Freshwater 1999 CMC (salmonids present) = 24 mg TAN/L 2013 CMC = 17 mg TAN/L 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 GMAV (mg TAN/L) at pH 7 (and 20˚C invertebrates) Genus Mean Acute Values (Cumulative Fraction) Freshwater Unionid Mussels Other Freshwater Mollusks Other Freshwater Invertebrates Freshwater Fish Freshwater Amphibians Figure 3. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) with Criterion Maximum Concentrations (CMCs).
- 27. The chronic criterion magnitude is 1.9 mg TAN/L at 20°C and pH 7. The four most sensitive species are predominantly mollusks although Lepomis species (bluegill and green sunfish) comprise the third most sensitive GMCV. Figure 4 shows the GMCVs ranked according to sensitivity Ammonia and shows the 2013 chronic Sensitivity criteria magnitude as well as the 1999 criterion value (based on fish early life stages) for comparative purposes. 100 10 1 0 Summary of Ranked Ammonia GMCVs Freshwater 1999 CCC = 4.5 mg TAN/L 2013 CCC = 1.9 mg TAN/L 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 GMCV (mg TAN/L) at pH 7 (and 20˚C invertebrates) Genus Mean Chronic Values (Cumulative Fraction) Freshwater Unionid Mussels Other Freshwater Mollusks Other Freshwater Invertebrates Freshwater Fish Figure 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values (GMCVs) with Criterion Continuous Concentrations (CCCs).
- 28. 2013 USEPA Standard •Missouri will adopt 2013 Standard • If we do not- USEPA will • Summer • 1.7 mg/L maximum daily • 0.6 mg/L monthly average •Winter • 5.6 mg/L maximum daily • 2.1 mg/L monthly average
- 29. Were these Missouri Species? Species Missouri Native Missouri species Lasmigona subviridis No L. complanata L. costata Epioblasma capsaeformis No E. triquetra E. florentina curtisi Villosa iris Yes Lampsilis abrupta Yes Lampsilis higginsii Yes L. rafinesqueana Yes L. siliquoidea Yes L. cardium Yes L. fasciola No
- 30. Apply to all Missouri Waters? • Do mussels occur in all Missouri rivers/streams • At least some species occur or can occur in most (95%) perennial streams – MO Gap Analysis • Snail species are also part of criteria – live in ephemeral streams
- 31. Summary Mussels need to be protected Missouri DNR will adopt standard Criteria will apply to most rivers/streams How can we work WITH Missouri DNR to implement the standard?