Presented as an open keynote talk for the Lethbridge College NEXT: Beyond the Metaverse summit on February 17, 2022

1. A Metaverse Primer
@KentBye

2. @KentBye

3. ● A Metaverse Framework

4. Ball, M. (2020, January 13). The Metaverse: What It Is, Where to Find It, and Who Will Build It. MatthewBall.vc. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from
https://www.matthewball.vc/all/themetaverse.
Ball, M. (2021, June 29). The Metaverse Primer. MatthewBall.vc. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.matthewball.vc/the-metaverse-primer.
Ball, M. (2022, July 19). The Metaverse: And How it Will Revolutionize Everything. Liveright. New York City, NY.
Matthew Ball’s Metaverse Essays (2020, 2021)

5. Ball, M. (2021, June 29). Framework for the Metaverse [Part I of The Metaverse Primer]. MatthewBall.vc. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer.
Matthew Ball’s Definition of the Metaverse
“The Metaverse is a massively scaled and interoperable
network of real-time rendered 3D virtual worlds which can be
experienced synchronously and persistently by an effectively
unlimited number of users with an individual sense of
presence, and with continuity of data, such as identity, history,
entitlements, objects, communications, and payments.”`

6. Ball, M. (2021, June 29). Framework for the Metaverse [Part I of The Metaverse Primer]. MatthewBall.vc. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer.
Matthew Ball’s Framework for the Metaverse

7. Lessig’s Pathetic Dot Theory
Market
Law
Cultural
Norms
Technology Architecture
& Code
User
Lessig, Lawrence, (2006). Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate ( pp. 120–137). New York : Basic Books

8. Lessig’s Pathetic
Dot Theory
Nested Contexts
vs
Market
Law
Cultural
Norms
Technology
Architecture
& Code
User
Lessig, Lawrence, (2006). Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate ( pp. 120–137). New York : Basic Books

9. Earth

10. Culture
Earth

11. Laws
Culture
Earth

12. Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth

13. Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Earth

14. Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth

15. Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

16. OS Code
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

17. OS Code
App Code
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

18. OS Code
App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

19. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
OS Code
App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

20. Ball, M. (2021, June 29). Framework for the Metaverse [Part I of The Metaverse Primer]. MatthewBall.vc. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer.
Matthew Ball’s Framework for the Metaverse

21. Networking
Hardware
Payment Services
Compute
Interchange Tools & Standards
Content, Services, & Assets
Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth Ball, M. (2021, June 29). Framework for the Metaverse [Part I of The Metaverse Primer]. MatthewBall.vc.
Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://www.matthewball.vc/all/forwardtothemetaverseprimer.
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Virtual Platforms

22. Parisi’s Seven Rules of the Metaverse
1. There is Only One Metaverse.
2. The Metaverse is for Everyone.
3. Nobody Controls the Metaverse.
4. The Metaverse is Open.
5. The Metaverse is Hardware-Independent.
6. The Metaverse is a Network.
7. The Metaverse is the Internet.
Parisi, T. (2021, October 22). The Seven Rules of the Metaverse. Medium. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://medium.com/meta-verses/the-seven-rules-of-the-metaverse-7d4e06fa864c.
Almudena6cv, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vaporwave-4K-Wallpapers.jpg

23. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Metaverse = Internet & Network
For Everyone
Hardware Independent
Open, Interoperable, & Decentralized Control
Parisi, T. (2021, October 22). The Seven Rules of the Metaverse. Medium. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from
https://medium.com/meta-verses/the-seven-rules-of-the-metaverse-7d4e06fa864c.
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)

24. Graylin (汪丛青) Alvin Wang. (2021, November 10). #Metaverse vs #Internet explained in one slide.😎☁(from deck I presented at #CITIC Securities Tech Strategy Conference
today. Twitter. Retrieved December 27, 2021, from https://twitter.com/AGraylin/status/1458611893736599555

25. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Vendor specific ID/Profile Pic
Consume/Rate
Likes/Followers Collected
PCs/Tablets/Phones
2D Screen, Keyboard, Mouse, Touch
Website/App
Independent Apps/Walled Gardens
Text/Audio/Pics/Videos
Short Videos/Livestreaming
VR/XR Devices
Full Natural UI/UX
Universal ID/Avatar
Engage/Immerse/Inhabit
Memories/Friendships Collected
Worlds/Experiences
Interconnected Open Worlds
3D Everything & 360/Spatial Videos
Life streaming/Virtual Idols
Ads, Content, Physical Commerce
Fiat & In-Game Currency
Virtual Commerce/Live-to-Earn
CBDC/Crypto/NFT/Wallets
Operating System
& Game Engine
Apps, Experiences,
& Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
2D 3D

26. Zuckerberg, M. (2021, October 28). Keynote at Facebook Connect 2021. Menlo Park, CA. Retrieved on October 28, 2021 from
https://www.facebook.com/Meta/videos/577658430179350/.
The Metaverse Needs Interoperability

27. Zuckerberg, M. (2021, October 28). Keynote at Facebook Connect 2021. Menlo Park, CA. Retrieved on October 28, 2021 from
https://www.facebook.com/Meta/videos/577658430179350/.
Features of the Metaverse According to Meta

28. Hardware & Natural Interfaces
Home Space, Avatars, & Teleporting
Virtual Goods
Privacy & Safety + Interoperability
Presence
Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth Zuckerberg, M. (2021, October 28). Keynote at Facebook Connect 2021. Menlo Park, CA. Retrieved on
October 28, 2021 from https://www.facebook.com/Meta/videos/577658430179350/.
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)

29. Bloxy News. (2021, February 26). The Roblox metaverse is made of 8 key tenets/concepts that make the platform what it is today... Twitter. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://twitter.com/Bloxy_News/status/1365333010740965382.
8 Tenets of the Roblox Metaverse

30. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Civility
Anywhere
Variety
Economy
Low Friction
Immersive + Friends + Identity
Bloxy News. (2021, February 26).
The Roblox metaverse is made of 8
key tenets/concepts that make the
platform what it is today... Twitter.
Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://twitter.com/Bloxy_News/statu
s/1365333010740965382.
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)

31. Nadella, S. (2021, November 2). Microsoft Ignite 2021. [Presentation] Microsoft. Virtual Conference. Retrieved November 18, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PraEcNDGSqY&t=2457s.
Microsoft’s Metaverse Solutions

32. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Azure: IoT, Digital Twins, Maps, Synapse, AI,
Autonomous Systems, Power Platform, Edge Sensors
Microsoft HoloLens
Microsoft Mesh + Teams +
Dynamics 365 Connected Spaces
Nadella, S. (2021, November 2). Microsoft Ignite 2021.
[Presentation] Microsoft. Virtual Conference. Retrieved
November 18, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PraEcNDGSqY&t=2457s.
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)

33. Hanke, J. (2021, August 10). The metaverse is a dystopian nightmare. Let's build a better reality. Niantic. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://nianticlabs.com/blog/real-world-metaverse/.
Niantic Prefers AR over VR

34. Hanke, J. (2021, November 9). Building the Real-World Metaverse for Everyone. [Presentation] Augmented World Expo, Santa Clara, CA. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJS3nNH5Zgg.
Niantic Building the “Real-World Metaverse” with AR

35. Hanke, J. (2021, November 9). Building the Real-World Metaverse for Everyone. [Presentation] Augmented World Expo, Santa Clara, CA. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJS3nNH5Zgg.
Niantic’s Lightship AR APIs

36. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Explore the World Together + Sharing
Build Responsibly
Real-Time Mapping +
Understanding of Environment
Hanke, J. (2021, November 9). Building the Real-World Metaverse for Everyone. [Presentation]
Augmented World Expo, Santa Clara, CA. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJS3nNH5Zgg.
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Explore the World Together + Sharing

37. Roberts, J. (2021, November 24). "[I] made a condensed infographic to share this knowledge" [to discuss the #metaverse beyond the] "context of business and marketing."].
Twitter. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://twitter.com/jasminezroberts/status/1463511606290104320
Jasmine Robert’s Metaverse Tech Stack from an Engineering POV
● Front-End
● SDKs
● APIs
● (Data)bases
● Protocols
● Backend [Programming Languages]
● Engines / Platforms

38. Roberts, J. (2021, November 24). "[I] made a condensed infographic to share this knowledge" [to discuss the #metaverse beyond the] "context of business and marketing."].
Twitter. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://twitter.com/jasminezroberts/status/1463511606290104320
Jasmine Robert’s Metaverse Tech Stack from an Engineering POV

39. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
APIs
Databases
Backend Programming Languages
Game Engines / Platforms
Frontend
SDKs
Protocols

40. Bhatia, S. (2021, November 16). The Metaverse: Framework, Building Blocks and Market Map. Medium. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from
https://levelup.gitconnected.com/the-metaverse-framework-building-blocks-and-market-map-3bb2ccf0241c
Swati Bhatia’s Metaverse Framework

41. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Avatars [Embodied Presence]
User Experience
Experience Use Cases: Content, Gaming, Events, & Work
Infrastructure: Network & Hardware
Virtualization Engines: Computing
Interface & Access: Hardware
Tools & Standards
User Experience: Payments, Financial Services,
& Asset Marketplace
Virtualization Engines: Programming Engines

42. Pearlman, K., Visner, S., Cameran, R., & Magnano, M. (2021, September 22). Securing the Metaverse -
Virtual Worlds Need REAL Governance. Presented at 2021 SISO [Simulation Interoperability Standards
Organization] SIMposium, virtual conference held at https://www.sisostds.org/2021SISOSIMposium.aspx,
Retrieved November 9, 2021 from Pearlman, K. (2021, September 22),
https://twitter.com/KavyaPearlman/status/1440776408238739459

43. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Connect: [Embodied Presence] Avatar, Individuals. [Mental & Social Presence] LMS,
AI Agents, Digital Twin, Community, Persistence, HRMS, Community, CRM.
Create: Capture, Curation, Animating, Writing, 2D/3D Modelling, Texture Painting,
Audio Production, IDEs
Ethos: Ethics, Rights, Expertise, Standards, Taxonomy
Ethos: Politics, Governance
Infrastructure: GPS, Internet, CDN, IoT, 5G, Rendering,
Blockchain, Cloud Computing, NDN, Quantum Computing,
Infrastructure: XR, AI, IoT, BCI
Commerce: NFTs, Services, Marketplace,
Virtual Goods, Cryptocurrency
Ethos: Society
Use Case: [Context] Medical, Collaboration, Education,
Wellness, Entertainment, Social
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)

44. Armstrong, B., & Reeve, A. (2021, December 16). How Coinbase Thinks about the Metaverse. Medium. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from
https://blog.coinbase.com/how-coinbase-thinks-about-the-metaverse-16d8070f4841
Coinbase’s Hypothetical Metaverse Stack

45. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Identity + Real-World Attestations [Embodied Presence], Objects
[Environmental Presence], & Comms + Socialize [Social Presence]
Work, Play, & Create
Interconnected Virtual Worlds, Persistent &
Synchronous, Massively-Scaled
Hardware & Infrastructure
Tools & Standards
Protocol & Blockchain, Real-World Attestations, Payment
Rails, Entitlements, Payments, Ownership, Transact, & History
Regulatory Frameworks

46. Bar-Zeev, A. (2021, November 10). Beyond Meta — AR and the Road Ahead [Presentation]. Augmented World Expo, Santa Clara, CA. Retrieved from
https://awe.live/session/99082 on November 17, 2021.
Bar-Zeev, A. (2021, November 10). Beyond Meta: The Seven Verses. Medium. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://medium.com/predict/beyond-meta-the-seven-verses-974cc0e27b4d.
Avi Bar-Zeev’s Seven Verses

47. Economy
Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Laws
Culture
Earth
Spatial Metaphors [Environmental Presence]
Avatars [Embodied Presence]
People [Social Presence]
Artifacts [Emotional & Mental Presence]
Interaction [Active Presence]
Privacy
Monetization
Context & Privacy
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)

48. Radoff, J. (2022, January 24). Metaverse Interoperability, Part 1: Challenges. Medium. Retrieved January 24, 2022, from
https://medium.com/building-the-metaverse/metaverse-interoperability-part-1-challenges-716455ca439e
Jon Radoff’s Domains of Interoperability for the Metaverse

49. Economy
Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Laws
Culture
Earth
Behavior [Active Presence]
Consequences
Power
Rules
Persistence: Position [Virtual Context], History
Presentation: Graphics Models & Physical Properties
Meaning: Metadata, Semantics, Ontologies
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Ownership
Connectivity: Networking, Communications
Radoff, J. (2022, January 24). Metaverse Interoperability, Part 1: Challenges. Medium. Retrieved January 24, 2022,
from https://medium.com/building-the-metaverse/metaverse-interoperability-part-1-challenges-716455ca439e
Persistence: Position [Physical Context]

50. Lafayette, C. (2021, November 4). My seven standards of the metaverse. Twitter. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/vrleader/status/1456286772103577600.

51. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Education for All & Wellness Programs
Humanity First, Equal for All,
Accessible for All, & Safety & Privacy
Community Development
Lafayette, C. (2021, November 4). My seven standards of the Metaverse. Twitter. Retrieved November
10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/vrleader/status/1456286772103577600.

52. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
OS Code
App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

53. Pine II, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from
https://hbr.org/1998/07/welcome-to-the-experience-economy.

54. Pine II, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). Experience Economy: Work is theatre & every business a stage. Harvard Business School Press.

55. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Experience. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 19, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/experience.

56. “True character is revealed in the choices
a human being makes under pressure -
the greater the pressure, the deeper the
revelation, the truer the choice to the
character's essential nature.”
― Robert McKee
McKee, R. (1997). Story: Substance, structure, style, and principles of screenwriting. (pp. 101) ReganBooks.

57. Placed in a
Context with
Pressure
Make
Choices &
Take Action
Essential
Character is
Revealed
+ =
Unfolding Process Over Time

58. Context Quality Character
Story

59. Context Quality Character
Story

60. Mental & Social
Presence
Active
Presence
Emotional
Presence
Embodied &
Environmental
Presence

62. Making
Choices
Taking
Action
Emotional
Immersion
Sensory
Experience

63. VR & AR
Books
Film
Radio
Video Games
Internet
TV
Theatre
Mobile Phone
Oral
Storytelling

64. Context Quality Character
Story

65. Bye, K. (2016, April 28). The Human Experience of Virtual Reality: A Model of the VR Landscape [Presentation],
Silicon Valley Virtual Reality Conference, April 28, 2016 (San Jose, CA). Published on YouTube, May 3, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acp0Ul0QlmI. Also Published on Voices of VR Podcast on May 4, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from
https://voicesofvr.com/355-the-human-experience-of-virtual-reality-a-model-of-the-vr-landscape/.

67. XR Ethics Manifesto
Bye, K. (2019, October 19). XR Ethics Manifesto [Presentation], Greenlight XR Strategy Conference, October 18, 2019 (San Francisco, CA). Available at
https://www.slideshare.net/kentbye/xr-ethics-manifesto-updated-nov-2-2019 (Accessed November 9, 2021) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXgY3YXxqJ8

69. Lessig’s Pathetic Dot Theory
Market
Law
Cultural
Norms
Technology Architecture
& Code
User
Lessig, Lawrence, (2006). Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate ( pp. 120–137). New York : Basic Books

70. Network Architecture
XR Hardware
Operating System & Game Engine
Apps, Experiences, & Context
User Experience
(Qualities of Presence, Character, Story, etc.)
Design Guidelines
Economy
Laws
Culture
Earth
OS Code
App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Network
Architecture
Earth
XR Hardware

71. Diller, A., Ayim, M., Pauly Morgan, K., & Houston, B. (1996). Figure 8.1 (p. 107). In The Gender Question in Education: Theory, Pedagogy, & Politics. Routledge, Taylor et Francis Group.
Intersecting Axes of Privilege, Domination, & Oppression

72. Human Rights
Principles
Governments
& Laws
XR Companies
OS
Ethical
Design
Principles
XR
Experiences
Users
XR Hardware

73. @KentBye