This is a quick guide for those trying to write a literature review. Some explanations in Bahasa Melayu are also provided (Sorotan/Tinjauan Literatur)

1. A QUICK GUIDE TO WRITING A
LITERATURE REVIEW
By Mr. Chuah Kee Man
kmchuah@unimas.my
Panduan Ringkas Penulisan Tinjauan Literatur

2. A literature review involves a
systematic identification of necessary
information related to a research
problem.
Literature Review dalam Bahasa Melayu biasanya dikenali sebagai
Sorotan/Tinjauan Literatur. Sorotan ini penting dalam mengenal
pasti maklumat yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan kajian
secara sistematik.
WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?

3. In a research, literature review is mainly used to:
• define the problem that you plan to research further
• reveal gaps in previous research (by reviewing the
findings/theories found)
• show how your study relates to (differs from) previous studies
Tinjauan literatur biasanya dilakukan untuk
• Menjelaskan permasalahan yang anda ingin kaji
• Mendedahkan jurang dalam kajian terdahulu (meninjau
dapatan/theori yang dikenal pasti)
• Menunjukkan persamaan dan kelainan kajian anda daripada
kajian terdahulu
PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Ideally, a good literature review should
present the frontiers of knowledge in the
research area:
• What is known based on previous
studies;
• What has yet to be found out or
what can be investigated further.
Tinjauan literatur yang baik akan menunjukkan
apa yang telah diketahui dalam kajian lepas
dan apa yang belum dikenal pasti untuk tujuan
kajian seterusnya.

5. Writing a literature review is not just about
summarising the articles/books that you have read.
Key Steps:
• Focus on Keywords– identify the keywords (including variables) from
your research topic/research problem.
• Search Good Resources – find articles based on the key words by
searching through good resources (databases/ journals). Write down the
reference for the articles used too.
• Extract Key Info – Extract the key information from the resources.
• Compare and Contrast – Critically compare the info that you have
gathered from various articles (analyse and synthesize)
• Link and Justify – Make a link to your research problem and provide
good justifications.
WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW

6. Tinjauan literatur bukan semata-mata satu rumusan
kepada pembacaan yang telah anda lakukan.
Langkah penting
• Fokus Kepada Kata Kunci – kenal pasti kata kunci utama (termasuk
pembolehubah) daripada topic kajian atau permasalahan kajian.
• Cari Sumber Yang Baik – Cari makalah/artikel yang berkaitan dengan
kata kunci utama melalui sumber yang baik (pangkalan data/jurnal).
Catatkan Rujukan bagi sumber yang dikenal pasti juga.
• Esktrak Maklumat Penting – Keluarkan maklumat penting daripada
sumber yang telah dikenal pasti
• Banding dan Analisa – Buat perbandingan dan analisa dengan kritikal
maklumat yang telah diesktrak.
• Buat pertalian dengan kajian anda – hubung-jalinkan dapatan
daripada tinajuan literature dengan kajian anda.
MENULIS TINJAUAN LITERATUR

7. KEY COMPONENTS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical
Literature
(Literatur
teoritikal)
• definition of concepts, keywords
• different views of the concepts
• relationship of the concept to
others
Empirical
Literature
(literatur
empirikal)
• Findings from related studies
• Comparison of findings

8.  Get to know the objectives/aims
 Related concepts (Not all but the at least the key
variables metioned in the objectives)
 Method – Yes! Understand how the previous study
was conducted (e.g. target sample/group, data
collection procedures)
 Results (synthesize the key findings especially by
relating to your own research problem, not just the
conclusions).
WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN ARTICLES

9.  Ketahui dengan jelas objektif/tujuan kajian
 Konse yang berkaitan (tidak semua, fokus kepada
pembolehubah yang dinyatakan dalam objektif)
 Kaedah Kajian – Fahami bagaimana kajian
dijalankan (sampel kajian, kumpulan sasaran,
prosedur pengumpulan data)
 Dapatan Kajian (kenal pasti dapatan kajian yang
penting khususnya yang berkaitan dengan kajian
anda – bukan sekadar kesimpulan)
APA YANG DICARI DALAM ARTIKEL

10. Sample paragraph of a good literature review 1:
Research has also been done that looks at how the bullies find their victims.
Wegge et al. (2014) studied the perpetrators preferences in victims. The data were
collected via questionnaires and interviews, and a total of 120 bullies were involved as
participants. Wegge et al. (2014) found that 27 percent were in the same grade, 14.2
percent were in different grades and a staggering 49.6 percent were not schoolmates of
the bullies. This evidence somewhat contradicts that of the other studies that state
victims are generally bullied at school and at home. The findings by Wegge et al. clearly
show that nearly half of the bullies prefer to bully people they do not go to school with
and possibly those that they do not know at all. This continues to build and add to the
idea of cyberbullying in that it allows bullies to create their own personas and images in
order to try and intimidate others without actually providing a physical intimidation factor.
EXAMPLE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
Look at how the review is done by covering key information from the study while
critically analysing the findings. Citations are necessary too!

11. Sample paragraph of a good literature review 2:
To many, nonverbal communication may take a back seat to verbal communication. It is often
overlooked and may be deemed unimportant. However, this aspect of communication speaks
volumes. Nonverbal communication may consist of looking, smiling, frowning, touching, or
expressions of surprise as seen in Weisfeld and Stack’s research study (2002). Women have
been found to exhibit these forms of communication more often than men. Weisfeld and Stack
studied nonverbal behaviors related to the closeness of a couple through observation and found
that women looked at their partners for a significantly longer amount of time as compared to men.
The average length of a wife’s look was 7.5 seconds while the husband’s was 4.5 seconds.
However, while men express less emotion and nonverbal communication, this may not necessarily
mean that they are not listening when their wives speak to them. Weisfeld and Stack theorized that
men may show less emotion because they have been taught to dampen emotions such as anger.
When a husband and wife have a disagreement, the situation can escalate quickly if the husband
fully expresses his emotions by becoming violent (Weisfeld & Stack, 2002). Therefore, it was
suggested that many men fail to show emotion in general because they have trained themselves to
be “emotionless” in these conflict situations.
EXAMPLE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
Look at how the review is done by covering key information from the study while
critically analysing the findings. Citations are necessary too!

12. Sample paragraph of a good literature review 3: (review
multiple studies)
The integration of social media tools in teaching and learning has been widely studied and
experimented particularly in the context of higher education. A survey conducted by Moran, Seaman
and Tinti-Kane (2011) on faculty members in United States, for example, showed that nearly two-
thirds of them have used social media during a class session and more than 30% have posted
content for students to view or read outside class using various social media platforms. In addition,
Roblyer et al. (2010) found that in higher education, students are more positive towards faculty
members who use social media for supporting teaching and learning than those who prefer traditional
technologies. Closer to home, the usage of social media among educators in higher education is
equally encouraging due to the wider accessibility of Internet facilities among undergraduates and
also the on-going national agenda of promoting blended learning, in which lessons are extended
virtually through e-learning platforms (Chuah, 2013).
EXAMPLE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
When you review multiple studies in one paragraph, group them according to key
topic/theme.

13. Contoh penulisan tinjauan literatur (perbandingan beberapa
kajian lepas dalam 1 perenggan)
Sejajar dengan perkembangan internet, media sosial kini menjadi aplikasi internet yang kian
popular. Media sosial ditakrifkan sebagai sekumpulan aplikasi internet yang dibina berasaskan
ideologi dan teknologi Web 2.0 yang membenarkan penghasilan dan perkongsian bahan-bahan yang
dijana oleh pengguna (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). Populariti media sosial banyak bergantung kepada
penglibatan golongan remaja. Wardrip-Fruin dan Montfort (2003) menyatakan bahawa golongan
remaja yang terdedah kepada teknologi maklumat pada usia muda lebih terdorong untuk melibatkan
diri dalam perkongsian maya, khususnya melalui media sosial. Media sosial juga dianggap mampu
membantu pelajar berinteraksi dengan lebih mudah terutamanya dari segi pembelajaran bahasa
(Annand, 2011) dan mendapatkan informasi bermanfaat dalam pelbagai format seperti gambar, video
dan animasi (Azer, 2012). Walau bagaimanapun, Boyd (2010) berpandangan pesimistik terhadap
keberkesanan media sosial dalam penyaluran maklumat secara berkesan. Boyd (2010) berpendapat
bahawa, walaupun media sosial dapat mengumpulkan beribu-ribu maklumat dalam masa yang
singkat, tahap perhatian yang diberikan oleh pengguna adalah sangat rendah, dan kebanyakan
maklumat yang dipaparkan melalui media sosial tidak dibaca langsung oleh pengguna.
CONTOH TINJAUAN LITERATUR
Bila anda meninjau beberapa literatur dalam 1 perenggan, gabung-jalinkan info utama
berdasarkan tema/topic kajian.

14.  Extract the information from the literature first.
 Draw a mind map linking all the information that you have
found
 Determine what is related to your research problem and what
is not (if not related, highlight why it is not included as part of
your research or why it is ignored)
 Then write the review. The structure usually begins with the
key info from the article, then your brief “analysis” of the key
findings in the article.
SOME EXTRA TIPS…