1. Operators DhrubojyotiKayal

2. What is an operator? Precedence Assignment operator Mathematical operators Increment & Decrement operator Relational operators Logical operator Ternary operator String operator Casting operator Agenda

3. Symbol representing an operation – mathematical, character etc Needs one or more operands to produce result A + B 10 + 20 Operator can produce result Operator can change the value of the operand (side effect) Operators, operands and parenthesis combine to form expressions What is an operator?

4. Mostly mathematical Binary – takes two arguments: +,-,*,/ Unary – takes one argument: -,! Boolean operators: ! String: + Bitwise & Shift: Left outs Work mostly with primitives Some operators work with objects too =,== Java operators

5. Defines how an expression evaluates when several operators are present Java has specific rules that determine the order of evaluation multiplication and division happen before addition and subtraction Use parentheses to make the order of evaluation explicit Precedence

6. public class Precedence { public static void main(String[] args) { intx = 1, y = 2, z = 3; inta = x + y - 2/2 + z; // (1) int b = x + (y - 2)/(2 + z); // (2) System.out.println("a = " + a + " b = " + b); } } /* Output: a = 5 b = 1 Precedence Test

7. = int a = 4; Take the value of the right-hand side (often called the rvalue) and copy it into the left-hand side (often called the lvalue) An rvalue is any constant, variable, or expression that produces a value. An lvalue must be a distinct, named variable. Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(); Assignment Operator

8. + , - , * , / , % Operate and assign += ,-=,*=,/=,% Unary operators - (inverts the sign on the operand),+ (useless) x = -a; x = a * (-b); Mathematical Operators

9. Exercise

10. Write a Java program to declare to int variables and assign them literal values Perform different mathematical operations and assign the values to result variables Print the operands and results Print : System.out.println(5/2) Integer division special feature

11. ++ : increase by one unit -- : decrease by one unit a = 5; b = a++; //post-increment : assign  increase b = a--; //pre-increment : assign  decrease b = ++a; b = --a; Increment Decrement Operator

12. Exercise

13. Generate a booleanresult They evaluate the relationship between the values of the operands A relational expression produces true if the relationship is true, and false if the relationship is untrue less than (<), greater than (>), less than or equal to (<=), greater than or equal to (>=), equivalent (==) and not equivalent (!=) Relational Operators

14. Exercise

15. Write a simple Java program and declare two int variables. Assign them values Try out the relational operators one by one System.out.println(a>b); Check out equivalence with Objects Integer n1 = new Integer(47); Integer n2 = new Integer(47); System.out.println(n1 == n2); System.out.println(n1 != n2); Equivalence Compare object references not values Override equals method that exist with all objects

16. Works on boolean operands Logical operators AND (&&), OR (||) and NOT (!) produces a boolean value of true or false based on the logical relationship of its arguments (A > B) && (C > D) (A > B) || (C > D) !A Logical Operators

17. Continue from relational operator exercise and declare two more int variables Now try &&, || and ! Exercise

18. Expression will be evaluated only until the truth or falsehood of the entire expression can be unambiguously determined The latter parts of a logical expression might not be evaluated Short circuit

19. public class ShortCircuit { static boolean test1(intval) { s.o.p("result: " + (val < 1)); return val < 1; } static boolean test2(intval) { s.o.p("result: " + (val < 2)); return val < 2; } static boolean test3(intval) { s.o.p("result: " + (val < 3)); return val < 3; } public static void main(String[] args) { booleanb = test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2); s.o.p("expression is " + b); } } Short circuit blow-up

20. One special usage of an operator in Java The + and += operators can be used to concatenate strings Operator overloading String a = “AIR”; String b = “INDIA” System.out.println(a + b); int c = 747 System.out.println(a + b + c); String Operators

21. Conditional operator, is unusual because it has three operands. It is truly an operator because it produces a value, unlike the ordinary if-else boolean-exp ? value0 : value1 If boolean-exp evaluates to true, value0 is evaluated, and its result becomes the value produced by the operator. If boolean-exp is false, value1 is evaluated and its result becomes the value produced by the operator. Ternary Operator

22. int a = 5; int b = 6; int c = (a > b) ? a : b ; Try out ternary operator

23. Casting into a mold Automatically change one type of data into another when appropriate if you assign an integral value to a floating point variable, the compiler will automatically convert the int to a float Casting allows you to make this type conversion explicit, or to force it when it wouldn’t normally happen. To perform a cast, put the desired data type inside parentheses to the left of any value. Casting Operators

24. inti = 200; long lng = (long)i; lng = i; // "Widening," so cast not really required long lng2 = (long)200; lng2 = 200; // A "narrowing conversion": i = (int)lng2; // Cast required Casting Operators

25. It’s possible to perform a cast on a numeric value as well as on a variable You can introduce superfluous casts; for example, the compiler will automatically promote an int value to a long when necessary. However, you are allowed to use superfluous casts to make a point or to clarify your code In other situations, a cast may be essential just to get the code to compile. Java allows you to cast any primitive type to any other primitive type, except for boolean, which doesn’t allow any casting at all. Cast works with Objects too. Circle circle = (Circle) shape; Casting Operators

26. If you cast from a floating point value to an integral value, what does Java do? double above = 0.7, below = 0.4; float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f; print("(int)above: " + (int)above); print("(int)below: " + (int)below); print("(int)fabove: " + (int)fabove); Casting from a float or double to an integral value always truncates the number. If instead you want the result to be rounded, use the round( ) methods in java.lang.Math print("Math.round(above): " + Math.round(above)); print("Math.round(below): " + Math.round(below)); print("Math.round(fabove): " + Math.round(fabove)); Truncation & Rounding

27. If you perform any mathematical or bitwise operations on primitive data types that are smaller than an int (that is, char, byte, or short), those values will be promoted to int before performing the operations, and the resulting value will be of type int. You want to assign back into the smaller type, you must use a castand take care of data loss In general, the largest data type in an expression is the one that determines the size of the result of that expression; if you multiply a float and a double, the result will be double; if you add an int and a long, the result will be long. Promotion

28. Q&A