Comparativists are interested not only in the causes and forms of change, but also in the various impacts that it has on the policymaking process. Profound political and economic changes have characterized the 20th and early 21st centuries, and governments and politics.
2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What are the types of change? Describe each.
2. What are the different attitudes towards change?
Describe each.
3. What are the three trends of political and economic
development? Discuss each.
4. Discuss Samuel P. Huntingtonâs views on
democratization and why it has occurred.
5. Differentiate market and command economies.
6. Attitudes Toward Change
1. Radicalism is a belief that rapid, dramatic
changes need to be made in the existing society,
often including the political system.
2. Liberalism supports reform and gradual change
rather than revolution.
7. Attitudes Toward Change
3. Conservatism is much less supportive of change
in general than are radicalism and liberalism.
4. Reactionism wants to turn back the clock to an
earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and
economic institutions that once existed.
9. Three Trends of Development
1. Democratization
2. Movement Toward Economic Liberalism and
Market Economies
3. Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics
11. Democratization
âą Democratization - refers to the process by which
democracy expands, within a state or across the
world.
âą One broad, essential requirement for democracy
is the existence of competitive elections that are
regular, free, and fair.
12. Types of Democracies
1. Substantive democracies
âą the general population plays a real role in
carrying out its political affairs
âą the state is not merely set up as a democracy but
it functions as one as well.
âą also be referred to as a functional democracy
âą Liberal democracies
13. Characteristics of liberal democracies
a) Civil liberties
b) Rule of law
c) Neutrality of the judiciary
d) Open civil society and mass media
e) Civilian control of the military
14. Types of Democracies
2. Procedural/Formal democracies
âą Characterized by voters choosing to elect
representatives in free elections.
âą The people or citizens of the state have less
influence than in traditional liberal democracies.
âą Illiberal democracies
15. Democratic Consolidation
âą Political discontent is generally fueled if the crisis
is preceded by a period of relative improvement
in the standard of living, a condition called the
ârevolution of rising expectations.â
16.
17.
18.
19. Democratic Consolidation
âą Democratization begins when these conditions are
accompanied by a willingness on the part of the
ruling elite to accept power-sharing arrangements, as
well as a readiness on the part of the people to
participate in the process and lend it their active
support. This process is called democratic
consolidation, which creates a stable political
system that is supported by all parts of the society.
20. Samuel P. Huntington
âą American political scientist,
adviser and academic. He
spent more than half a
century at Harvard
University, where he was
director of Harvard's Center
for International Affairs
21. Samuel P. Huntington
âą He is best known for his
1993 theory, the "Clash of
Civilizations", of a post-Cold
War new world order.
âą Also wrote the 1991 article
âDemocracyâs Third Waveâ
22. Huntingtonâs
âThree Wavesâ of Democratization
âą First Wave - developed gradually over time;
beginning in the early 19th century until 1922.
âą Second Wave - occurred after the Allied victory in
World War II, and continued until the early 1960s.
This was characterized by decolonization around the
globe.
âą Third Wave - characterized by the defeat of
dictatorial or totalitarian rulers in more than 60
countries in South America, Eastern Europe, and
some parts of Africa.
23.
24.
25. Why has democratization occurred?
According to Huntington:
1. Deepening legitimacy problems of authoritarian
regimes
2. Unprecedented global economic growth of the
1960s
3. Shift in the doctrine and activities of the Catholic
Church
4. Changes in the policies of external actors
5. âSnowballâ effect
33. Types of Economic Systems
1. Command economy - the government owned
almost all industrial enterprises and retail sales
outlets.
2. Market economy - based on private ownership
of property and little interference from
government regulation.
3. Mixed economy - one that allows for significant
control from the central government
34.
35. Movement Toward Market Economies
âą Economic liberalization - the process of limiting
the power of the state over private property and
market force
âą Marketization is the term that describes the
stateâs re-creation of a market in which property,
labor, goods, and services can all function in a
competitive environment to determine their
value.
36. Movement Toward Market Economies
âą Privatization is the transfer of state-owned
property to private ownership.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Movement Toward Market Economies
âą Privatization is the transfer of state-owned
property to private ownership.
âą One important disadvantage of a free-market
economy is that it inevitably goes through cycles
of prosperity and scarcity.
43.
44. Factors that Promoted
the Movement Toward Market Economies
1. Belief that government is too big
2. Lack of success of command economies
46. Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics
âą Fragmentation â divisions based on ethnic or
cultural identity
âą A few years ago nationalism seemed to be
declining in favor of increasing globalization.
47.
48.
49. Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics
âą Fragmentation â divisions based on ethnic or
cultural identity
âą A few years ago nationalism seemed to be
declining in favor of increasing globalization.
âą Also, the politicization of religion has dominated
world politics of the early 21st century.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54. REFERENCES
1. Wood E. (2015). AP Comparative Government
and Politics: An Essential Coursebook 7th
Edition. New York: WoodYard Publications.
2. Huntington, S.P. (1991). Democracyâs Three
Waves. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 12-34.