general basic knowledge of pediatrical dermatology and lymphatics

2.  baby has wonderfully soft, smooth skin. That
skin has important differences from normal
adult skin—differences that could increase b
The epidermis, or outer layer of your baby’s
skin, is 20-30% thinner in babies and therefore
less resilient than adult skin.
 Infant skin both absorbs and loses moisture
more quickly than adult skin.

aby’s susceptibility to diaper rash.

3.  External irritants penetrate infant skin more
easily, as the barrier is not yet fully developed.
 Friction from diapers may make it easier for
your baby’s skin to become irritated

4.  Although a baby’s skin has many similarities to
normal adult skin, there are also important
differences. Both the structural and functional
characteristics of a baby’s skin are different
than those of normal adult skin. That is why a
baby’s skin requires different care and
develops different skin care problems.

5.  The anatomical differences between infant and
normal adult skin relate primarily to
differences in the surfaces of the skin, the
development of skin layers, the distribution
and size of certain glands, the organization of
nerves and vessels, and differences in hair
growth.

6.  In babies, the dermis—the layer of the skin that
protects the body from mechanical stress and
temperature change—is much thinner than in
normal adults. This makes baby’s skin less
resilient.
 Infant skin can be more susceptible to infection.
Infant skin has not yet fully developed the
defenses to protect itself from certain bacteria,
and babies do not have fully effective immune
systems to fight off infection.

7.  Babies have reduced sweating capability,
compared to normal adults. This affects their
ability to reduce body temperature through
sweating. In addition to affecting body
processes, this decreased ability to sweat may
contribute to rashes.

8.  A baby’s skin is especially susceptible to
external irritants. This may be related to the
relatively higher lipid content of a baby’s skin,
which makes it easier for fat-soluble substances
(which may be irritants) to pass through the
skin. Friction that occurs between clothing and
skin, diaper and skin, or two areas of skin
breaks down the skin and may make it easier
for irritating substances to penetrate a baby’s
skin.

9.  Macule – flat lesion ,usually a circumscribed change of colour
 Papule – small , solid, elevated lesion
 Nodule – a large , solid , palpable and elevated lesion
 Plaque – a lesion slightly raised over a larger area
 Blister – an elevated lesion ,fluid filled
 Ulcer – depressed lesion with loss of surface epithelium
 Atrophy – a depressed lesion with intact surface epithelium
 Crust – a mixture of scale and serum – yellowish accretions on the
surface of a lesion
 Petechiae – non raised red-brown non blanchable lesions

10.  The lymphatic system is a part of the body’s
immune system. It works to fight disease and
infection. The lymphatic system goes through
many changes throughout a child's growth.
Before birth, a baby is protected by the
mother's immune system. At birth, a newborn's
lymphatic system begins to respond to the
regular exposure to new antigens. Antigens are
organisms and diseases. The lymphatic system
grows steadily until puberty, when a child’s
growth slows

11.  Lymph. This is a fluid. It moves all around the
lymph system. It contains a type of white blood
cells called lymphocytes.
 Lymphocytes. These are white blood cells that
fight infection and disease.
 Lymph vessels. These are tiny tubes that carry
lymph fluid around the body.
 Lymph nodes. These are small, bean-shaped
organs. They act as filters for the lymph fluid as it
travels through the body. Lymph nodes are found
in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen.

12.  Children are constantly fighting off new germs
and infections. Their lymphatic system quickly
responds to these antigens. When this happens,
lymph nodes often swell. This is known as
lymphadenopathy. It’s common for children to
have slightly enlarged lymph nodes in certain
areas of the body some of the time.

13.  But changes in the lymph nodes can also mean
certain conditions or diseases that need special
treatment. In some cases, swollen lymph nodes
are caused by :-
 Lymphangioma. This is a group of lymphatic
vessels that forms a mass or lump. A cavernous
lymphangioma contains greatly enlarged
lymphatic vessels

14.  Cystic hygroma. This is a large pocket of
lymph fluid (cyst). It is caused by blocked
lymph vessels. A cystic hygroma may contain
multiple cysts connected to one another by the
lymphatic vessels.
 Lymphoma. This is cancer of the lymph
system. The cancer causes the cells in the
lymph system to reproduce abnormally. It
causes the lymph nodes to swell, and makes
the body less able to fight infection