this presentation contains comparative information about the anatomical theaters from the very ancients era to the modern world .it is very helpful in knowing history of medicine and teaching in ancient time.

1. s
Ancient anatomical theaters
by
Kavan vyas
Crimean federal university

2. Crimean
federal
university

3. s
What is Anatomical Theatre
Latin Name : Theatrum Anatomicum
Russian Name: Anatomicheskiy teatr
An anatomical theatre was an institution used in
teaching anatomy at early modern universities.
 The theatre was usually a room of
roughly amphitheatrical shape, in the centre of
which would stand the table on which
the dissections of human or animal bodies took
place.

4.  Around this table were
several circular, elliptic or
octagonal tiers with
railings, where students or
other observers could stand
and get a good view of the
dissection almost from
above and unencumbered
by the spectators in the
rows in front .

5. Importance of anatomical theatre
 In the last decade several important works have
been published , which are evidence of this
Historiographical change .
 The main purpose of this article is to show rise
and evolution of sites in which anatomical
dissection Were performed.
 In which scientist, reserchers carried out the
dissections , and when they do it…it is clearly for
some specific reasons,To refer to a minor detail of
a daily practice.

6.  It’s essential to know material circumstances and
conditions of space where anatomical practices
Were performed… this area must be understood not only
as architectural , physical site but also as a stage
Set prepared for a variety of audiences , authorised and
regulated by those in power and social recognised.
In 16th century Europe was responsible for appropriate
places to perform anatomical dissections in presence of
increasing audience , higher attendance at dissection, and
a close connection that dissection had a time of teaching
medicine and group number of medical students.

7. Facts
 The outstanding personalities and authorities
of the town were invited to be present .
 It was the first laboratory ,the first place
where scientific researches were carried out .
 at first anatomical instructions were given
in home of teacher , but at the beginning of
14th century it transferred to growing
universities .

8.  The first book of anatomical theatre was
written by Alexander benedetty in 1493 .
 Dissections were few and far between and
could only be Conducted in coldness of
winter .
 The assistance required oin dissectipon to
wash , dry , skin Or scrape bodies which are
to be opened up or to tie up or hold Down
living animals and to remove the intestines
and Entrails .

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 They usually employe men of the lowest
cast who are Accustomed to hard work
and did not refuse to touch or Carry away
that which is messy.
 In many instances there were rooms where
food and wines were supplied for free to
enhance the interest of public .
 Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than 30
bodies

10. bodeThings present in ancient theatres
 Section table in middle
 Rotating table equipped with
instruments
 Conserved bodies
 skeletons of human and different animals
 Wax statues

13. Ancient anatomical instruments
 Darvyakritishalaka – scalpel
 Bakshi yantra – injection
 Ashmaryaharna yantra – scissor
 Tala yantra – spatula
 Muchuti yantra – forceps
 Vrinprakshalana – needle holder
 Nadi yantra – bone saw

15. History of anatomical theatres
 The most ancient theatres were founded in
Bologna in 1113, Padua in 1222 and Messina in
1224.
 This first permanent theatre of anatomy was
built in 1594 by fabricious . It has 6 concentric
gallaries.
 The 2nd permanent theatre
was built in Leyden in
Holland in 1597, only three
years after.

16.  Anatomical
theatre of
leyden(1597).
 Leyden was in the
act of taking the
lead in anatomy
and its theatre
was widely copied.

18.  Anatomical
theatre in the
Archiginnasio of
Bologna,
reconstructed in
1637.
 It is still open for
the visitors.

20. Mundinus was the first
who started dissecting
human bodies in 1306.
He was a son of a
pharmacist and a
professor of anatomy at
bologna.
he died in 1327.

21. Mundinus sits in a chair
wearing a coat and a cap with
a open book in his left hand.
Below on a table lies a dissected
cadaver with a curved knife
beside.
To the right of the body stands
a young man in short garments,
bareheaded with long curls ,
having an intestine in both his
hands .

22. Dissection of sheep and its liver

23. These were the animals which were
scarified were investigated by temple priest
searching the liver and mapping the
findings , the liver was known as collecting
point of blood and known as center of life.
A Christians and Arabs dissected only one
pig a year as pig’s anatomy was similar to
that of men.

24. Architecture of the anatomical thatre
 The building should be square.
 eight beams which should be placed at
equal distances from each other, with
their top touching the wall.
 There is a passage, between the wall
and the stage to act as an entrance.

26.  There is a little room where are kept a
fire, wood, hot water, vessels and all the
necessary apparatus.
 the windows are open, the landscape is in
view, this may stand for ventilation.
 The theatre was mainly made up of
wooden.
 The interior of the theatre was funnel
shaped , the room look like a temple with
sculptures.

29. Circumstance of the anatomical theatre
A temporary theatre should be in a sizeable
and well-ventilated place with seats around
it, and of such a size as to hold a number of
spectators so that the dissectors may not be
disturbed by the crowd.

30. only skilled man can perform dissection.
Seating arrangement alloted according to rank.
front row stood for rector of school professors,
councilors of the nations and the members of the
medical college.Second and third for students and
rest for public
Guards and workers were there to keep on eye on
everyone in the room.
money collectors were present at the door to
collect money and admission fees from the viewers.

31. In middle era Except dissections of body, the
anatomical theatres have some wax statues.

35. Requirements of development for
anatomical theatres
 Devoid of daylight required artificial illumination with
candles or torch
 Narrow raws of chairs were inconvient for passage in
auditorium
 Place for dissection and demostation suffered from clinical
space.

37. Institution of anatomy in mid modern era
Conservation methods of bodies opened a new era in anatomy.
The accumulation of anatomical knowledge required different
additional rooms for storage of the cadavers, preparation,
research and exhibition.
Anatomical Buildings (1770-1830) arose in different
architecture and spread out widely, common to them was the
separation of teaching era and rooms for laboratory work.

38.  strict separation between the anatomical lecture hall and
the halls for dissection, histology and museum .
 The main idea was a functional localization of rooms and
the improvement of unhygienic condition, e. g. the
separation of all rooms with bad smell, such as the
dissection hall and maceration
 1. perfect lighting, these demands started
 2. complete ventilation to fulfil in the mid modern
 3. maximal cleanliness. Era.

43. Modern anatomical theatres and its facilities
The state of the art Dissection Theatre features an
Integrated Medical Audio Visual (AV) system.
The advanced audio visual system installed in the dissection
theatre allows for the recording, editing, storage and
retrieval of images relevant to teaching and research.

44. The modern
Anatomical room of
trinity university of Dublin .

46. Room Capacity
There are 12 student stations and 1 tutor station. The room
accommodates approximately 96 students at a ratio of 8 students
per station.
Each workstation features a ceiling pendant with operating
theatre light, high definition video camera and a 19” medical
monitor plus a 42” professional reference wall display. Omni-
directional microphones are installed in the end of the ceiling
pendant in each station which facilitates communication with the
tutor. All equipment in each station is operated within the station
but can be controlled from the tutor station via a touch panel.

48. Thank you
for
your attention