1. • I. The Earth System has for major parts
– A) Atmosphere (Air)
– B) Hydrosphere (H20)
– C) Biosphere (life)
– D) Geosphere (ground/land)

2. Atmosphere
• A) The atmosphere is the mixture of
gas and particles that surrounds and
protect the surface of Earth.
• B) The most abundant gases are
Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)

3. Hydrosphere
• A) The hydrosphere is made up of all
the water on earth.
• B) 97% of Earths water is salt water and
3% of Earths water is fresh water.

4. Biosphere
• A) The
biosphere
includes living
things on
Earth, in the
water, on the
land, and in
the air.

5. Geosphere
• A) The Geosphere includes all the
features of Earth’s surface the rocks,
land and ocean floor.

6. B) The
geosphere
is made up
of several
layers:
crust,
mantle,
inner and
outer core.

7. Identify the Earth System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Bacteria
2. Bumble Bee
3. Gold
4. Farmer Brown’s Pond
5. Broccoli
6. Hydrogen
7. Water Vapor
8. Lava
9. Sea Sponge
10. Silver

8. ANSWERS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Bacteria
2. Bumble Bee
3. Gold
4. Farmer Brown’s Pond
5. Broccoli
6. Hydrogen
7. Water Vapor
8. Lava
9. Sea Sponge
10. Silver
BIOSPEHRE
BIOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE

9. Minerals and Rocks
Chapter 2

10. • 1. Minerals have four characteristics
– A mineral is a substance that
Minerals
• A) forms in nature (a natural process not involving
organisms –plants or animals)

11. B) is a solid (definite volume and a
rigid shape)

12. • C) has a definite
chemical makeup
(specific
combination of
atoms)

13. • D) has a crystal structure (a
solid in which the atoms are
arranged in an orderly,
repeating three-dimensional
pattern)

14. • Are the following substances minerals
– 1. Water
– 2. Oil
– 3. Ice
– 4. Diamond
– 5. Ruby
– 6. Sugar
– 7. Salt
– 8. Copper
– 9. Liquid quartz
– 10. Natural gas

15. ANSWERS
– 1. Water
– 2. Oil
– 3. Ice
– 4. Diamond
– 5. Ruby
– 6. Sugar
– 7. Salt
– 8. Copper
– 9. Liquid quartz
– 10. Natural gas
No - liquid
No – liquid, comes from
Yes
Yes
Yes
No – comes from a plant
Yes
Yes
No - liquid
No - gas

16. • Scientists classify minerals into two groups
– 1. Silicates (contains oxygen and silicon)
• Make up about 90% of the rocks in Earth's crust,
and are the most common rock-forming minerals.
– 2. Carbonates (contains oxygen and carbon)
• Found in sea shells.

17. •
Each kind of mineral has certain
properties that you can use to identify it.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
COLOR
STREAK
LUSTER
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
GRAVITY/DENSITY
HARDNESS

18. Color
• A mineral may
be one color or
many colors.
You cannot
identify a mineral
by color alone,
but color is
helpful along
with other

19. Can you tell what the mineral is by
identifying the color?
• No! The mineral on the left is halite, and
the mineral on the right is quartz.

20. Can you tell what the mineral is by
identifying the color?
• NO! These minerals are both HALITE

21. Streak
• Streak is the color of
a mineral in powder
form. You can find
out a mineral’s streak
by rubbing it across
an unglazed porcelain
streak plate. Each
mineral makes a
streak of a certain
color. This color may
differ from the color of
the mineral.

23. Luster
• This property
describes how a
mineral reflects
light from its
surface. Some
minerals are shiny
like metal or glass
( a glassy luster is
called vitreous).
Others have dull,
waxy or earthy
luster.

25. Cleavage
• Minerals break
according to how
their atoms are
arranged. Cleavage
is the tendency of a
mineral to break
along a flat surface
where layers of
atoms are attached
weakly to each
other.

26. Fracture
• Fracture is the
tendency of a
mineral to
break in a way
that is not
along a flat
surface.

27. Specific Gravity (Density)
• The specific gravity of a mineral is a
comparison of its density. Density is the
amount of mass in a given substance.

28. Hardness
• 1. Hardness is the ability of a mineral to
resist being scratched. A harder mineral
will always scratch a softer one.

29. • German scientist Freidrich Mohs
developed a system comparing the
hardness of a mineral to 10 common
minerals. These 10 minerals make up
Mohs’ Hardness Scale.

30. Mohs’ Hardness Scale.
Hardness
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mineral
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
Common object
Finger nail
Copper penny
Steel blade
Glass

31. • Ore – Rocks that contain enough mineral
to be mined.

32. Mining
• There are two types of mining
– Surface mining
– Deep mining

33. Dwarfs
• Mine caves
• Usually come in 7’s
• Sleepy, doc, sneezy, prancer, dixon,
jermaine, and tito
• Live with snow white
• Hate apples

34. Surface mining
• 1. Panning – miners use a pan to wash
away unwanted minerals.
• 2. Strip mining – miners strip away plants,
soil and unwanted rock from the Earth’s
surface
• 3. Open pit mining – Miners dig a deep
hole or pit to mine the ore.

35. Deep Mining
• Deep mining is used when an ore lies far
below Earth’s surface.
• Miners dig, blast, drill or cut an opening to
reach a deep ore inside a mountain or hill.

36. Characteristics of a rock
• 1. Solid
• 2. Formed naturally
• 3. Usually made of minerals
– EXCEPT:
• Obsidian – natural glass
• Coal – remains of ancient plants.

37. Rocks
1. There are three types of rocks
a. Igneous Rocks
b. Sedimentary Rocks
c. Metamorphic Rocks
Can you guess the following types of rocks?
– A
B
C

38. Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock forms when molten
rock – magma or lava – cools and
becomes solid. Magma that
reaches Earth’s surface is called
Lava.

39. • There are two types of igneous rocks
– Intrusive
– Extrusive
(Intrusive)
(extrusive)

40. Intrusive Rocks
• Forms when magma cools within the Earth

41. • The forces inside the Earth push rocks
upward (e.g. mountains)

42. • Water and wind break apart and carry
away surface rocks leaving behind deeper
rocks.

43. • Granite is a common intrusive rock

44. • Crystals are large in intrusive rocks because
the magma cooled slowly.

45. Extrusive Rocks
• Forms when lava cools on Earths surface
floor.

46. • Basalt is an extrusive rock that forms on
the ocean floor

47. • Examples of extrusive rock are rhyolite,
pumice and basalt.
Basalt
Pumice
Rhyolite

48. • Crystals in extrusive rocks are small
because the lava cooled quickly and there
was no time for large minerals to form.

49. Sedimentary Rocks
• 1. Sedimentary rock develop from layers
of sediments that build up over time
• 2. Sediments are loose pieces of rock,
minerals plant and animal remains.
• 3. Sedimentary rocks are formed on land
and in the ocean.
• 4. Sedimentary rocks are formed by
pressure, and by minerals holding together
the particles.

50. Sedimentary Rocks formed on
Land.
• 1. Weathering of rocks creates rock
fragments. (sediments)
• 2. Water carries sand and rock fragments
to distant places
• 3. Sediments form layers as larger
particles settle firs followed by smaller
ones.
• 4. Examples of sedimentary rock formed
on land are sandstone and coal.

51. Sedimentary Rocks formed in the
ocean
• Shells and skeletons settle on the ocean
floor as layers of sediments. Over time,
the layers become buried, pressed
together, and cemented to form limestone.

52. Metamorphic Rocks.
• 1. Over time, heat and pressure inside
Earth squeeze and melt existing rocks.
• 2. This process changes the grain size
and even the minerals that make up those
rocks, forming a new type of rock.

53. • Metamorphic rock is rock that has been
changed in form by pressure and heat.
• For example granite is igneous rock (black
and white speckles) but when it is
changed it forms into Gneis.(black and
white stripes)