Learning disabilities affect psychological processes involved in reading, writing, math, speaking, or listening. Common characteristics include difficulties with word recognition and fluency in reading, poor spelling and writing abilities, issues with math computations and reasoning, problems with voice strength and articulation in speaking, and challenges paying attention and comprehending when being spoken to. Adaptations include using audio books, reading at appropriate levels, fluency tests, providing notes, manipulatives, assistive devices, asking questions orally, and minimizing distractions on tests.