SOLAR PLANT

1. 1
Concentrating Power
Technologies
Solar

2. Overview
 Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity
Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or
directly, on to receivers heating the circulating fluid
which further generates steam &/or electricity.
 Solar Radiation Components:
Direct, Diffuse & Global
 CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)
 Measuring Instrument: Pyrheliometer
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3. Comparison
present Future
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4. Solar Power Potential
 Globally:
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5. India Solar Power
Potential
LEH and Ladak Region
receives higest amount of
solar radiation.
Gujarat and Rajasthan
receives most of the solar
energy.
Northern Pleateu also
receives a large amount of
heat on wide area.
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6. Concentrating Solar
Technologies
Low Temperature
(<100°C)
Flat Plate
Collectors
Solar Chimney
Solar Pond
High Temperature-
Point Focusing
(>400°C)
Central Tower
Parabolic Dish
Medium Temperature – Line
Focusing (≈ 400°C)
Parabolic
Trough
Fresnel
Collectors
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7. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central
Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
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• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing
• Linear Receiver tube
• Water consuming
• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors
• Heat Storage feasible
• Most Commercialized
• Good for Hybrid option
• Requires flat land
• Good receiver η but low turbine η

8. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central
Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
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• Temp~600-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Flat Conc. Mirrors
• Commercially proven
• Central Receiver
• Water consuming
• Heat Storage capability
• Feasible on Non Flat sites
• Good performance for large capacity &
temperatures
• Low receiver η but good turbine η

9. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central
Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
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• Temp~700-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Uses Dish concentrator
• Stirling Engine
• Generally 25 kW units
• High Efficiency ~ 30%
• Dry cooling
• No water requirement
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under development
• Dual Axis Tracking

10. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central
Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
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• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing type
• Linear receiver
• Fixed absorber row shared
among mirrors
• Flat or curved conc. mirrors
• Commercially under
development
• Less Structures
• 5 MW operational in CA

11. CSP Power - Brief
 Good DNI range ≥ 5-6 kWh/sq.m/day
 Capital Cost: $ 4-8 Million / MW (Increases with Heat Storage)
 Land Required: ~ 6-10 acres / MW
 Generation Potential: 25-35 MW / sq.km
 Units Generated: 1.81 Million Units / year (Increases with Heat Storage)
 Capacity Factor: 20 – 25% (Can be increased to 40% using Heat storage)
 COGN: $ 0.10 - 0.20 / kWh
 Lifespan: ~ 40 years, PPA’s are generally for 20-25 years
 Pay back Period: 5-12 years (Depends on the Tariff, subsidies, incentives)
 Installation Period: ~ 2-3 years (Capacity dependent)
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12. Existing and In-pipeline capacity
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Source: Estela 2010 (Figures subject to 2009-10 scenario)
Current Status:
• Operational- ~1.2 GW; Spain 732.4 MW, US 507.5 MW, Iran 17.3 MW, etc.
• Under Construction- ~2.2 GW; Spain 1.4 GW, US 650 MW, India 28.5 MW, etc.

13. Commercialized Project Analysis
Andasol 1, 2 & 3
Andasol 1- First Project in Europe
Capacity: 50 MW
Lat- 37°13’ N, Long.- 3°4’ W, 1100m above sea level
Location: Granada Province, Southern Spain
Andasol 3
Under Const. - Mid-2011
Andasol 1
Nov. 2008
Andasol 2
June 2009
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14. Andasol 1- Specifications
 Annual DNI: 2,136 kWh / sq.m. A
 Technology Used: Parabolic Trough – Skal-ET 150
 Land Utilization: ~ 195 Hectares (9.6 Acres/MW)
 Construction Period: July 2006 – October 2008
 Estimated Lifespan: 40 years
 Entire Efficiency: ~28% peak, ~ 15% annual avg.
 Capacity Factor: 20%
 Units Generated: upto 180 GWh / Year
 Uses Heat storage and Wet Cooling systems
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15. Major Component- Specifications
 Solar Field:
 Area: 510,120 m2
 209,664 mirrors – 580, 500 sq.m.
 ~ 90 km receiver pipes (Schott Solar & Solel Solar)
 Field η = ~ 70% peak, 50% annual avg.
 Sustains wind speed of 13.6 m/s
 Heat Storage:
• Nitrate Molten Salt type (60% NaNO3 + 40% kNO3)
• Two Tank Indirect: Cold- 292°C, Hot- 386°C
• Storage: 28,000t
• Back up: 7.5 Hours
 Water Cooling Systems:
• 870,000 cu.m./year
• 1.2 gal/kWh
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16. Working
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17. Key Points
 Capital Cost: $ 380 Million
 Financing: Equity- 20%, Debt- 80%
 Carbon Emission reduction: 150,000 tonnes/year
 Electricity Supply Contract: Endesa
 Feed In Tariff: EUR 0.27 / kWh ($ 0.38 /kWh)
 PPA: Date- Sept. 15 / 2008, Tenure- 25 years
 Electricity to 200,000 people
 Annual O & M jobs: 40
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18. Generalized Cost Breakup (Source: NREL Report)
 Considerations:
103 MW Parabolic trough plant with 6.3 hrs. of thermal storage with wet cooling
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Particular Total Cost (Including
Material & labor cost)
~ Percent
Site Improvements $ 32,171,000 3%
Solar Field (Includes Mirrors, Support
structures, etc.)
$ 456,202,000 45%
HTF system $ 103,454,000 10%
Thermal Energy storage $ 197,236,000 20%
Power Block (Turbine, alternator, etc.) $ 121,006,000 12%
EPCM Costs (Includes professional services) $ 29,001,000 3%
Contingency $ 74,591,000 7%
Total Estimate $ 1,015,661,000
Cost per kW $ 9,861

19. Challenges & Alternatives
 Heat Storage
Options developed
• Molten Salt- Most Accepted; research going for
single tank storage with two sections
• Phase Change Materials- Research stage
• Steam Accumulator- Less Duration; large area
• Concrete Materials- Research stage
 Receiver Heat losses-
• Linear Receivers- Developed with 90%+ η
• Central Tower receivers- Currently used- Receivers with
multiple metallic tubes, Metallic Wire Mesh type, with a coating
technology (Pyromark High Temperature paint) which has a
solar absorptance in excess of 0.95 but a thermal emittance greater than 0.8. Research
going on in thermal spray & chemical vapor deposition
 Working Fluids- For High Temperature circulation
(Higher operating temperatures result in high turbine efficiency)
• Synthetic aromatic fluid (SAF)- Currently used; Organic benzene based (400°C)
• Molten Salt- Developing (550°C); Eliminates HE for storage; In use for solar tower
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20. Challenges & Alternatives
 Water Consumption- Cooling Towers, Steam cycle make-up
& Mirror cleaning
• Wet cooling: ~ 865gal/MWh; Currently used; Water
consumption
• Dry cooling: ~78gal/MWh; Developing stage, Costlier, low
thermal η
• Hybrid cooling: ~338gal/MWh; Developing stage
NREL Findings for southwest US: Switching from 100% wet to
100% dry cooling will result in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)
increase of approximately 3% to 8% for parabolic trough plants,
but reduces water consumption by 90 %
 Receiver Materials- For Sustaining High Temp and pressure;
Research going on for developing high nickel alloy materials
 High Capital Costs
 Low Capacity Factors
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21.  Heat Storage option – Electricity Supply after Sunset
 Process Heat Generation
 Hybrid Option
 Good for High temperature regions
 Predictable and reliable power (less variable)
 Water desalination along with electricity generation (Adv. In Middle east & N.
Africa)
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Advantages over Competitive
Technologies (Eg. PV & Wind)
Other Benefits:
 Carbon Emission Reduction- CDM benefits Each square meter of CSP can avoid
annual emissions of 200 to 300 kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide, depending on its
configuration.
 No Fuel or its transportation cost - Substitutes Fossil Fuel use
 Energy Security
High share of local contents
 Employment Generation

22. Feasible
Applications
Utility / Commercial
scale
Domestic/small Scale
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 Electricity Generation
• Stand alone
• Grid projects
• Hybrid projects
 Industrial Process
Heat
• Boiling
• Melting
• Sterilizing
 Cooling systems
 Water Desalination
 Hot Water collectors
 Solar HVAC
 Solar steam Cooking
 Solar Ovens/cookers
 Solar Food dryers
SOPOGY
Micro-CSP: SopoFlare

23. Development Measures
 Attractive FiT, SREC and Policy Mechanisms; Eg: SREC Mechanism in NJ, CA
 Tax credits /Rebates; Like: ITC of 30% in US
 Grid Interconnection with HVDC; Eg: DESERTEC project
 Low Interest Loans, RPS and long tenure PPA’s
 On-site Resource Assessment Stations- Reliable resource Database
 Setting up Demonstration Projects on Emerging Technologies
 Combining CSP with existing conventional projects
 R & D in major challenge areas
 Promote Domestic manufacturing - Cheaper equipment costs for developers
 Government Land allotments; Forming SEZ’s, Solar farms for large scale installations
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24. Thank You
Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun
and only a small part of it is sufficient to meet the annual
world electricity consumption of 20 Trillion kWh
Thank You