1. LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA
ESPAÑOLA
Karina Bereszniewicz
7th period

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. Present (ar,er,ir)
4. Stem Changes
5. Irregular “Yo”
6. Saber vs. Conocer
7. Reflexives
8. “se” Impersonal
9. Dipthongs with „
10. Verbs like .. Uir/guir. Cer/cir.Ger/gir
11. Hace+___+que ___
12. Imperfecto
13. Preterite
14. Irregulars- car gar zar
15. Spock
16. snakey/snakeys
17.Trigger words

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS- PARTE DOS
 18. Preterite/imperfect
 19. Future/ conditional
 20. Por
 21. Para
 22. Por vs. Para
 23. Commands
 24. Present Perfect
 25. Double Object Pronouns
 26. Adverbs
 27. Subjunctive
 28. Se impersonal
 29. Progressive w/ ir, andar, seguir

4. PRESENT (AR,ER,IR)
Irregular Present
For present tense of Ir: Estar: Ser: Dar:
a regular verb you Voy Estoy Soy Doy
change the ar/er/ir Vas Estas Eres Das
Va Esta Es Da
ending with the Vamos Estamos Somos Damos
corresponding Van Estan Son Dan
conjugation.
Ar
 Yo-o Er/ir
 Tu-as •Yo-o
•Tu-es
 Ud. El/ella- a
•Ud.el/ella-e
 Nosotros-amos •Nosotros-imos
 Uds.ellos/ellas-an •Uds.ellos/ellas-en

5. STEM CHANGES
 Have a stem change in all forms except for
nosotros.
• Cerrar→ Cierro, Cierras,
E→IE Cierra, Cerramos, Cierran
• Acoster→ Acuesto, Acuestes,
O→UE Acueste, Acostimos, Acuesten
• Pedir→ Pido, Pides, Pide,
E→I Pedimos, Piden

6. IRREGULAR “YO”
go‟ verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener.
 Ex: pongo
zco‟ verbs(cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducer
 Ex: conozco
Y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver
 Ex: soy

7. Saber vs. Conocer
•Both verbs mean “to know”
Saber Conocer
•To know a •To be familiar
with, to be
fact, acquainted, with
information, people,places,
or data and general
concepts

8. REFLEXIVES: REFLEXIVES ARE WHAT IS BEING
REFLECTED UPON.
Me Te Se Nos Se
• myself • yourself • Himself • ourselves • themselves
• Herself
• itself
Example: Lavarse- to wash
•Me lavo
•Te lavas
•Se lava
•Nos lavamos
•Se lavan

9. “SE” IMPERSONAL
There isn‟t anyone in
specific its referring to, it
means people in general.
Passive • Indicates what happened to the
Voice- subject of the sentence without
Se habla saying who or what carried out the
espanol action.
Reciprical • Indicate that action ismore subjects.
preformed on one or
being
action- Nos Like people doing something to or
vemos with each other.

10. DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS:
WHEN A STRONG AND WEAK VOWEL OR TWO WEAK
VOWELS COMBINE TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE.
Mas Mas
Esquiar
palabras Palabras
• Esquio • Continuar: • Puerto
• Esquias to continue • Siete
• Esquia • Graduarse: • Hay
• Esquiamos to graduate • Cuidad
• Esquian • hacia

11. VERBS LIKE: UIR/GUIR Y CER/CIR Y GER/GIR
Coger
• Cojo Conocer Conseguir
• Coges
• Conozco Decir • Consigo
• coge
• Conoces • Consigues
• Cogemos
• Conoce • Digo • Consigue
• cogen Atribuir
• Conocemo • Dices • Consigimos
s • Dice • Atribuyo • Consiguen
Exigir • Conocen • Decimos • Atribuyes
• Exijo • Dicen • Atribuye
• Exgiges • Atribumios
• Exige • Atribuyen
• Exigimo
s
• Exigen

12. HACE+ TIME+ QUE + PRESENT TENSE OF THE
VERB:
 This formula is used to show how long an action
was happening or the length of time an action took
place.
 Hace + dos anos+ que + trabajar a brusters=
Hace dos anos que trabaja a brusters.

13. IMPERFECT
 Ar
 Aba
 Abas
 Aba
 Abamos
 Aban
 Er/ ir
 Ia
 Ias
 Ia
 Iamos
 ian

14. PRETERITE
é í
 Past tense
 Known beginning/and or
aste iste
ending
 Snapshot of time
ó ío
Trigger words
 Ayer
 Anoche amos imos
 Anteayer
 La semana pasada
aron ieron
Esto es el preterite

15. LAS IRREGULARES (PRETERITE)
Car que
 Only in the you
 Car gar zar Gar gue
Que gue ce
Tocar- toqué Zar ce
Jugar- jugué
comenzar-comencé
Spock
 Hacer –ir ser- dar ver
 Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
 Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
 Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron
 Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron

16. CUCARACHA
Only the base of verb changes while preterit endings stay same
Andar anduve e
Estar estur iste
Poder pud io
Poner pus imos
Querer quis ieron
Saber sup eron
Tener tuv eron
Venir vin
If verb conjugation ends in a j drop the “I” in the ending if it
follows the j.
Conducir conduj
Producir produj
Traducir traduj
Traer traj
Decir dij

17. SNAKE/SNAKEY
Stem changers and y changers
Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the
usted and ustedes forms.
 Dormir leer
dormi dormimos lei leimos
Dormiste leiste
durmio durmiero leyo leyeron

18. TRIGGER WORDS
 Ayer=yesterday
 El otro dia=the other day
 El dia anterior=the day before
 Va a vez=one time
 Ayer por la mañana=yesterday morning
 El fin de samana passado=last weekend
 Entonces=then
 En ese memento=in that moment
 Hace dos dias=two days ago

19. COMPARITIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
 Mas que .. More than •Superlatives indicate that
 Menos que.. one person or thing is the
Less/fewer than best, most, least, or worst.
•noun + más or menos +
 Tan.. Come as..as
adjective
 Tanto como.. As
•Es la ciudad menos
much/many as interesante del mundo…It's
 Are the comparison of the least interesting city in
a person or thing to the world.
another thing. (more,
less, or as…as)

20. EL FUTURO
 Infinitive + é ás á emos an
 Vivir____
 Comer____
 Hablar____
 Will factor
 Just add the endings onto the ending a conjugation
needed
 Ir+a+ infinitive
 (immediate future)

21. IRREGULAR FUTURES
Decir-dir- to say
Haber-habr- there to be Infinitive + é
Poder-podr- to be able ás
á
Poner-pondr- to put,place,set emos
án
Querer-querr- to want, love
Saber-sabr- to know a fact,
Salir-saldr- to leave, go out
Tener- tendr- to have
Valer-valdr- to be worth
Venir-vendr-to come

22. TRIGGER VERBS
 Todos los dias
 Siempre
 A menudo
 Cada dia
 Generalmente
 Por lo general

23. PRETERITE IMPERFECT
• The “Preterite” is a verb
that expresses what The imperfect tense is the
happened in the past. preterite that is used when there
is no specific beginning and
• A verb is conjugated ending of an event.
differently in preterite form,
then in present tense form.
ar
• aba
ar Ir/er • abas
•é •í • aba
• aste • iste • abamos
•ó • ió • aban
• amos • imos
•aron • ieron

24. CONDITIONAL Future
Would, should, could,
if, wonder, probably To get the future tense…
1.Get the infinitive
2.Add the correct ending
Endings
Infinitive + Yo- é
ending Tu-ás
el/ella-á
Nosotros-emos
Ellos-án
Ending= ía íamos
Ías ía ían

25. POR
 Por has many uses
motion or general location around through along by
describes duration of an action for during in
 expresses a reason or motive for an action because of on account of , on be half of
 indicates object of a search for in search of
 means by which something is done by by way by means of
 expresses an exchange or substitution
 used of unit of measure per by
 Por is also used in several por aqui por ejemple por eso
 Exact time de is used is before por la manana
 Durante is meaning for in time
 Para uses
 expresses destination toward in the direction of
 indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future by for
 when followed by a purpose or goal plus infinitive in order to
 Describes a purpose plus noun for used for
 indicate a recipient of something for
 used to make a comparison with others or give an opinion for considering
 expresses for in the employ of for

26. PARA
 Para uses
 -expresses destination toward in the direction of
 -indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future
by for
 -when followed by a purpose or goal plus infinitive
in order to
 -Describes a purpose plus noun for used for
 -indicate a recipient of something for
 -used to make a comparison with others or give an
opinion for considering
 -expresses for in the employ of for

27. POR VS. PARA
 Por has many uses
motion or general location around through along by
describes duration of an action for during in
 expresses a reason or motive for an action because Para uses
of on account of , on be half of -expresses destination toward in
 indicates object of a search for in search of
the direction of
 means by which something is done by by way by
means of -indicates a deadline or a
 expresses an exchange or substitution specific time in the future by for
 used of unit of measure per by -when followed by a purpose or
 Por is also used in several por aqui por ejemple por eso goal plus infinitive in order to
 Exact time de is used is before por la manana -Describes a purpose plus noun
 Durante is meaning for in time for used for
 Para uses
-indicate a recipient of
 expresses destination toward in the direction of
 indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future by
something for
for -used to make a comparison
 when followed by a purpose or goal plus infinitive in with others or give an opinion
order to
for considering
 Describes a purpose plus noun for used for
 indicate a recipient of something for
-expresses for in the employ of
 used to make a comparison with others or give an for
opinion for considering
 expresses for in the employ of for

28. COMMANDS
 Formal Commands
• Conjugate to yo form.
ar • Drop-o and add-e
• Conjugate to yo form.
Er/ir • Drop –o add –a.
 Tu Commands
 In commands use the Tu present tense form but
drop the s.
 Ex: hablar------habla

29. PRESENT PERFECT
 The present tense conjunctions of the verb haber
for present perfect.
 I have spoken= He hablado
yo he Irregulars
tu has •Abrir= abierto
•Cubrir=cubierto
Ello/ella ha •Decir=dicho
•Escribir=escrito
nosotros hemos •Hacer=hecho
•Morir=muerto
vosotros hebeis •Poner=puesto
•Resolver=resuelto
Ellos/ellas han •Romper=roto
•Ver=vuelto
•Ir=ido

30. DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS
 Direct Object Pronouns and Indirect object
pronouns are placed either directly before a
conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive.
 Give it to me
 Damelo
Ya nos lo dijeron- they already told it to us.
Vendamelos- sell them to me!

31. ADVERBS
 Add- mente to the end of a word to give it the ly
feeling.
 Dificil= dificilmente
 Some adverbs don‟t always get the –mente and need to
be memorized such as
 Bastante- quite
 Demasiado-too
 Mal-bad

32. SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjective Mood Construction irregular
*put it in the yo
form and add the CAR, GAR, ZAR
*Attitudes subjunctive Car- que
*uncertain ending Gar-gue
Zar-ce
*hypothetical Ar:
*Emotion Yo- e TV DISHES
Tener= tenga
*Doubt, tu_- es
Venir- Venga
disbelief, Ella/ello- e
Decir= Diga
denial Nosotros- emos Dar=de
Ellas/ellos-en Ir=vaya
*Indefiniteness Er/It Ser=sea
and non Yo-a Hacer= haga
existence Tu-as Estar=este
Ello/ella-a Saber=sepa
Nosotros-amos
Ellos/ellas-an

33. PROGRESSIVES W/ IR.ANDAR.SEGUIR
• +ando/iendo/yendo
ir • Is slowly but surely _____ing
• +ando/iendo/yendo
andar • Is going around _____ing
Seguir • +ando/iendo/yendo
(e>i) • Is still _____ing