Protecting commercial radar and communication systems

LEE Kar Heng
Protecting Commercial
Radar and
Communication
Systems
EW Singapore 2017
Singapore 2017

Outline
• Outline
• Acknowledgement
• About the Speaker
• Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Using Commercial Systems in Miliary
• Crossing Platforms
• The need to Protect
• The Chinese Perspective

*
• The speaker is thankful to AOC Head Quarter and
the organizing team for the opportunity to speak
at this prestigious conference.
Acknowledgement

About the Speaker
Contacts
Work
Teaching Leader Roles
Professional Activities
Publications
Voluntary Works

Contacts
Name: LEE Kar Heng
Email: karheng@tbssc3e.com, lkarheng@gmail.com
Mobile: +65 9191 6893, +84 1638 006 000
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/karheng
(personal interests, thoughts, comments and reflections)
Linkedln: https://www.linkedin.com/in/karheng
(professional profiles and short articles on business and entrepreneurship)
Academia: https://edithcowan.academia.edu/KarHengLee
(technical papers, students’ projects, course materials of academic
programs and short courses)
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/karheng1
(company information of TBSS Companies and Partners)

*
• TBSS Group (Current Job)
• Minister of Home Affairs
– Police Technology Department (Maritime)
• Defense Science and Technology Agency
– Sensors
• DSO National Laboratories
– Radar Systems
• Maritime and Port Authority
– Electronics and Communications
Work

• Temasek Polytechnic
– Telecommunications
• Republic of Singapore Navy
– Fire Control Systems
Work
7

– Designed, developed and delivered professional courses:
• Electronic Warfare for the Republic of Singapore Air Force
• Radar Systems for Operations and Maintenance for Raytheon
Anschuetz, Singapore
• Radar System in Aviation, Maritime and Defense for Air Defense
Operations Command, Singapore Technologies and Police Technical
Department
• LTE with Military Applications for Army Signal Institution
• Understand EMC for Ammunition Command and DSTA
– Organzied and gave lecture on Coastal Surveillance System for
the Border Defense Force, Vietnam
Work

– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 2 Vessel
Traffic Radars for the Port of Hai Phong, Vietnam
– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 3 Vessel
Traffic Radars for the Port of Cai Mep, Vietnam
– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 1 Coastal
Surveillance Radar and AIS Transponder for the Vietnam Navy
– Designed and Developed Radar/AIS data fusion software
module for the Vietnam Navy
– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 2 Radar
Training Systems (PSR and FMCW) for Vietnam Military
Academy
Work

– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 1 Surface
Movement Radar for the Civil Port Authority, Pakistan
Work

• Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
§ Member, 1995 – present
§ Secretary, Education Chapter, IEEE Singapore Section, 2006
– 2007
§ Chairman, Education Chapter, IEEE Singapore Section, 2008
– 2009
§ Chairman, Education Chapter, IEEE Singapore Section, 2015
– present
§ Member, Educational Activities Board, IEEE Region 10

• Association of Old Crows (AOC)
§ Member, 2015 – present
§ President, AOC Singapore Chapter, 2016 –
present
• Institute of Technical Education
• Curriculum Reviewer - Entreprenuership for
Innovation, 2016
• Vietnamese Association in Singapore (VAS)
§ Senior Advisor, Science and Technology, 2015
- present
• Inderscience Publishers
§ Article Reviewer, 2015 – Present

Publications
1. K. H. Lee and M. S. Leong, “A Study on Coupling Effect Between
Antennas Installed on a Common Structure”, IEEE Asia Pacific
Microwave Conference, 1999.
2. K. H. Lee, “Antenna Coupling”, B.Tech(Hons) Project Report, NUS,
1999.
3. K. H. Lee, S. A. Hamilton and M. S. Leong, “A Tri-Band Circular
Polarized Microstrip Antenna”, IEEE APS/URSI Intl. Conf., 2002.
4. K. H. Lee, “A Simulation of Tracking Algorithms Used in Radar Data
Processing”, M.Sc Dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2001.
5. K. H. Lee, “Design and Development of Broadband and Multiband
Antennas”, M.Eng Research Thesis, NUS, 2003.
6. J. W. Teo and K. H. Lee, “The Propagation Properties Of
Electromagnetic Waves In The Application Of Through-Wall Radar
Sensors”, NUS Science Research Congress, 2003.

Publications
7. X. Q. Tan and K. H. Lee, “A Study on Data Fusion Techniques Used in
Multiple Radar Tracking”, NUS Science Research Congress, 2004.
8. B. Moh and K. H. Lee, “A Study on the use of Frequency Modulated
Continuous Wave Radar in the Detection of Swimmers”, NUS
Science Research Congress, 2005.
9. K. Li, T. S. Tan, J. Tan and K. H. Lee, “Taxi on The Way”, ScilabTEC
International Conference, France, 2015.
10.K. H. Lee, “Tutorial on Radar System Engineering”, IEEE Advanced
Technologies for Communications, Vietnam, 2015.
11.K. H. Lee, “Engineers can be Good Entrepreneurs Too”, IEEE
Education Chapter, Singapore Section, 2016.
12.K. H. Lee, "EW & Cyber - The Importance of Joint Space", Electronic
Warfare Asia, Malaysia, 2016.

Protecting Commercial Radar
and Communication
Systems
Reasons for Using Commercial
Systems

Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• The current hot topics is the military use of
commercial satellites
– “Industry is certainly leading the way with
tremendous capacity — terabytes in orbit — and if
DoD isn’t in line to access that, that is a problem,”
(Joe Vanderporten, director of the Air Force Space
and Missile Systems Center’s Pathfinder office)

• The implementation of Beidou Navigation
Satellite System (北斗卫星导航系统)

• Military technology used to be ahead of
commercial sector technology
• Military domain faces challenges that are more
stringent than those in the commercial domain
• There has been a growing trend over the past 25
years for the increasing use of commercial
technologies, techniques, and equipment to
solve problems in the military domain

• Reductions in military spending and research and
development led to military community lags the
state of the art at times
• The commercial domain advances due to its
enormous advantage of economy of scale
• Interest in and use of commercial technologies
has been steadily increasing within the military
community

COMMERCIAL
DOMAIN
MILITARY
DOMAIN
COMMERCIAL
DOMAIN
MILITARY
DOMAIN
Budgetary
Realities
Need for
Agility
Budgetary
Realities
Need for
Agility
Features &
capabilities
Affortability
Features &
capabilities
Affortability
• Some reasons for the increasing use of
commercial systems, technology and equipment

– Life cycle
• Large-scale troop deployments are on the decline
• Small-scale specialized force deployments are on the rise
• Large-scale war are replacing with asymmetric warfare
• Asymmetric threats are far more agile than large nation-state
players of previous decades
• Military requires faster adaptation and anticipation
• Acquisition cycles must be fast and agile
• Commercial technologies are more suitable for this model than
specialized military-specific solutions

– Cost
• Military-specific equipment is more costly equipment
• Cost is NOW a strong forcing function
– Feature Set
• Commercial equipment are usually more superior in performance

• Limited spectrum space
‒ Spectrum congestion is a growing problem
‒ It increasingly limits operational capabilities due to
• increasing deployment and bandwidth of wireless
communications
• use of network-centric and unmanned systems
• need for increased flexibility in radar and communications
spectrum to improve performance and to overcome
sophisticated countermeasures

• Limited spectrum space
‒ Radar and communications consume most of the
highly spectrum below 6 GHz (the S-Band2 - 4 GHz)
• Radar
‒ Ground or naval-surface
‒ Electronically steered phased array
‒ Multifunction – combines air surveillance, air tracking, non-
cooperative target identification, and optionally, weather
monitoring
• Communications system
‒ Ground or naval-surface
‒ Military system type: MANET/LTE
‒ Commercial system type: Small-cell broadband

and Communication
Systems
Using Commercial Systems in Military

• Advantages of COTS Mobile Systems
– Mobile operation basic to system
– LOS limitation compensation by many commercial BS
– Wide use of COTS leads to lower cost
• Advantages of Digital Communications
– Digital hardware is cheaper
– Error protection and correction
– Easy to add on
– Digital transmission easy to scramble with encryption

• Advantages of COTS Radar
‒ Frequency Diversity (FD) processing to de-correlate
sea clutter
‒ reduce small target fluctuation and loobing effect
‒ improving the long-range detection
‒ Auto-Adaptive Sensitivity Control (ASC) to provide
automatic two-dimensional STC
‒ eliminating the need for operator setting of the radar
during normal operation
‒ Pulse-to-pulse integration to improve signal-to-noise
ration for improved

• Advantages of COTS Radar
‒ Small target detection (swimmer detection)
‒ Digital FTC and sweep-to-sweep correlation
‒ Affordable and flexible solutions
‒ Easy to operate and install
‒ Very minimum maintenance
• Advantages of COTS Cellular
– Spread spectrum coding provides effective anti-
jamming and low probability of intercept
– Easy to be adapted with security

• The Network Centric Oriented System
Field Deployable LTE C2S
Ground Control Stations
Small Group LTE
C2 Center
Battlefield
conferencing,
video & data
Service
request
Platform/sensor
commands
Platform
/sensorcom
m
ands
Rem
oteSensors

• The Network Centric Oriented System
• In the recent years, COTS communications/sensor
equipment have been used extensively in military
• This gives C2 enhanced capabilities in terms of situation
awareness
• The information are coming from
– Airborne assets
– Ground stations
– Mobile stations
– Personal platform
• Great situation awareness and speedy understanding
leads to higher chance of victory

• The CONECT
– Specifications
• COmbat Network Communications Technology
• One of the most important upgrades
• More communication data links
• Better voice links
• Full-color LCD displays with real-time intelligence feeds
overlaid on moving maps
• State-of-the-art computing network
• Retarget a weapon or mission parameters in flight

• The CONECT
– Open System Architecture (OSA)
• Utilized Open Mission System
(OMS)
• Non-proprietary mission system
architectural standard
• Lockheed Martin Sniper Pod has
already been integrated into B-25
CONECT for distribution and
storage of digital images to
CONECT displays
• Security issues with OSA?

• Exelis to provide COTS radar for military airfields
– "U.S. military air traffic control experts needed a
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) precision-approach
radar to replace the AN-FPN-63(V) radar. They found
their solution from Exelis, a subsidiary of Harris Corp.
in Van Nuys, Calif. Officials of the Naval Air Warfare
Center Aircraft Division in Lakehurst, N.J., announced
a $70.3 million contract to Exelis to provide 42 COTS
precision-approach radar systems; 21 are for the U.S.
Army, 16 are for the Navy, and five are for the U.S. Air
Force."

• COTS radar for coastal surveillance
– Commercial coastal surveillance radars are gaining
spots in naval bases and ports
Installation, Commissioning, Testing and
Integration of a commercially available
Coastal Surveillance Radars for a Military
Organization for surveillance and base
security.
The radar comes dual-transceiver,
frequency-diversity and MTI capabilities,
with embedded tracker, whose track
information will be sent to a C2 software.

• Shared resources
– Government use of commercially available systems in
common areas of interest
• vessel traffic system
• vessel traffic radars
• air traffic control system
• surface movement radars

• Shared resources

• The EW space – SPECTRUM (as long as one can
transmit or receive wirelessly, that is the space)
The spectrum is becoming complex and with cyberspace, a war
could be lost due to ignorance.
Picture Credit: Forbes

*
and Communication Systems
Crossing Platforms

Crossing Platforms
• Spin Off (early days)
– military industries were more technologically
advanced than the civilian ones
– the process of spinning off took place without
additional efforts or investments
• Dual Use (80s)
– Some military products used for civilian aims and
vice versa
– Use of production and process technologies to
produce military goods in commercial factories
– Use of military developed technologies for improving
or producing, commercial goods

Crossing Platforms
• Problem Faced by Dual Use Concept
– military products considered for dual-use did not
match the cost and quality standards needed in high-
tech commercial fields
– difficult for the military to buy commercial products
without reforming the overall system of military
specifications and military procurement
– a number of technologies were already used both in
commercial and military industries

Crossing Platforms
• Commercial-Military Integration (CMI) [4]
– Proposed by Jacques S. Gansler (90s)
• former Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,
Technology and Logistics
• first holder of the Roger C. Lipitz Chair in Public Policy and
Private Enterprise
• the third ranking civilian at the Pentagon from 1997 to
2001
– increasing availability of cheaper high tech and more
advanced commercial components
– the chances offered by innovative systems of flexible
manufacturing system
• integrate several productions, or several production lines,
in the same plant

Crossing Platforms
• Commercial-Military Integration (CMI)
– high level of commonality were existing in high tech
sectors among military and civilian needs
– large number of technology transfers from
commercial to military fields were increasingly
observed in the most advanced industries

Crossing Platforms
• The Singapore Approach
–Then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of
Defense, Dr Tony Tan, in one of his speeches [4]
mentioned that
"The three pillars underpinning Singapore's ability
to harness technology for defense purpose are the
SAF's highly educated personnel, a "versatile" local
defense industry and the Defense Science and
Technology Agency (DSTA)."

Crossing Platforms
• The Singapore Approach - DSTA [5]
– DSTA is a statuary board established in April 2000 to
strengthen technology acquisition and management
– The Agency is responsible for
• procuring SAF equipment and services
• managing defense R&D
• developing SAF infrastructure
– Design authority for all C4I systems (hardware and
software) for all platforms including dual-use and use
of commercial systems for military

Crossing Platforms
• The Singapore Approach - DSO [3]
– "MINDEF will establish a Directorate of Research and
Development and incorporate the DSO National
Laboratories as a not for profit company."
– "DSO National Laboratories, which will continue to be
abbreviated as DSO, will operate from 1 Apr 97 as the
R&D Service Provider for MINDEF and the SAF."

*
Need to Protect?

Need to Protect?
• Information Sharing
MAIN
CONTROL
CENTER
REGION
CONTROL
CENTER
REGION
CONTROL
CENTER
REGION
CONTROL
CENTER
REMOTE
SURVEILLANCE
SITE
REMOTE
SURVEILLANCE
SITE
REMOTE
SURVEILLANCE
SITE
Other
Government
Agencies,
Departments,
Units
Information sharing at
Main or Region Control
Center, receiving end
can be configured as an
operator station.
Data tapping at Remote
Surveillance Site,
receiving end can be
configured as a server
to process the data.
Information sharing source
depends on geometrical
differences and objectives

Need to Protect?
• Data sources from military sensors are projected
• Radar and communications are equiped with EW
capabilities
• What about data generated from commercial
radar?
• What about commercial communication system?
• During peace time operations, what is the
reliance level on commercial radar and/or
commercial communication systems?
• During war time, is the reliance required?

Need to Protect?
• Many military and commercial equipment rely
and are controlled by software presently
• Use communication, data link and navigation
systems which transmit critical information over
the spectrum
• High possibility that enemy to take down
receivers, corrupt the software and applications
• Attacks on public utilities, key installations,
classified storage via cyber space or spectrum

• Taking Over of Air Defense System
– North Koreans were building a nuclear bomb facility
in Syrian
– The IAF took over the Syria’s ADS in the 2007 attack
– The Syrian ADS was placed with a logic-bomb such
that the radars would not function (went off actually)
during the attack
– The radar did not return any attack
aircraft, namely, F-15 Eagles and F-
16 Falcons
– The facility was bombed
Need to Protect?

Need to Protect?
• Cyber attacks on power grid
– Power outage on 23 Dec 2015 in Western Ukraine
– Attack was launched by skilled and stealthy
strategists and hackers by penetrating into the
network and destroyed with DOS and malware
– The SCADA systems was compromised by
overwritten firmware on critical devices at the
substations
– Did not response to remote command from
authorized operators
– Was it Russia?
51

Need to Protect?
• Cyber attacks on power grid

Need to Protect?
• Issues and problems
Cyber
Operations
SIGINT
EW
Eavesdropping
CNO
CNE
ES
Multidiscipline effects
(can achieve EW/CNO
and SIGINT effects)
Combined EW and
CNO effects
Personal
message
delivery
Web, spam,
email
Leaflets, false
targets
Traditional
CNO (DOS
attacks, malware,
viruses)
Traditional EW
(directed energy,
force protect,
brute-force
jamming
Spoofing,
telecasts
PSYOP Deception
Protocol-
based
attacks

Need to Protect?
– Cyber operations are now largely operating with the
spectrum (wireless)
– EW manipulates the spectrum
– Spectrum – you can’t see it, you can’t touch it,… but
you live and fight in it…..
– In the joint space/shared systems, the spectrum is
the common fighting space
– One can have very comprehensive cyber defense and
attack methodologies
54

Need to Protect?
– If you lost your spectrum, a cheap digital jammer can
humble your expensive advanced systems and
comprehensive methodologies
– The convergence cannot be prevented BUT……
– Military and commercial systems are physically
largely speaking AND ……
– They depend on each other in today’s warfare

Need to Protect?
• The only way to ensure seamless and fluid flow
of operations in the shared systems is that of
CLEARING ALL THE RED TAPES!
– Define the space clearly
– Define the operations in peace time
• EW and CO as separate entities with information sharing
and sense making
– Define the operations during war
• Details on how observations are shared, how information
flow seamlessly from physical layers (via EMS) to network
and application layers (Cyber)

The Chinese Perspective

• An article, with post comments, published on a
Chinese website:
– “一位军事专家曾断言：“如果第三次世界大战
打响，获胜的一方必然是善于控制、驾驭电磁空
间的一方。”
– It means
• “If there will be a 3rd world war, the winner shall be the
one who can control and manage the EMS.”
– The Chinese acknowledge the presence of
cyberspace, recognize the importance of joint space
and focus on the EMS

• Published on a Chinese military magazine, an
article discusses on the warfare concept of the
USA
– “… 他们认为“电子战主要是通过控制射频频谱
进行，以使美军及其盟国能自由操作射频系统，
包括雷达和无线电通信，同时干扰对手阻止其使
用这种作战方式 …”
– It means
• The US military believes that EW is to control the EMS so
that they can control transmitting stations freely with their
allies, these include radar and radio transmitters
• It also means that they can interfere the enemy and stop
them from using the same tactic …

USA
– “… 频谱战包括电子战、网络战、光电对抗和导
航战等诸多形式，这些战争形式交织重叠在一
起，构成一个频谱战整体 …”
– It means
• The "spectrum war” includes many forms of electronic
warfare, network warfare, optoelectronics confrontation
and navigation warfare, these overlaps have resulted to a
whole new spectrum of warfare …

*
USA
– “… 美军希望通过进行频谱战，力争控制无线电
通信、雷达、光电传感器、GPS卫星导航、精确授
时、数据网络和电磁频谱的方方面面，同时阻止
对手拥有这些能力 …”
– It means
• … US hopes that through the spectrum war, they will be
able to control radio communication, radar, photoelectric
sensors, GPS satellite navigation, precision timing, data
networks and all aspects of the EMS, while preventing the
opponents from these capabilities …

*
USA
– “… 频谱战融合了电子战、网络战，光电对抗及
其他可以感知环境、通信、导航、目标瞄准的技
术…”
– It means
• … The new spectrum converges electronic warfare and
network warfare, and other optoelectronic techniques …

*
Once Again, Need to Project?

*
Once Again, Need to Protect?
• Military and defense have the power over the
use of civilian systems such as radar systems,
communication systems, …
• How reliable are these system in terms of being
cyber-attacked or monitoring unknowingly?
• Is there a need to also have EW and CO covering
these critical civilian systems that are used by
the military?
64

*
References

[1] G. Goebel (2015, May 1), B-51 in the Modern Era
[Online], Available:
http://www.airvectors.net/avb52_3.html
[2] G. Fields (2014, January 14), Phased Array Radar at
the Intersection of Military and Commercial
Innovation [online], Available:
http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/21278-
phased-array-radar-at-the-intersection-of-military-
and-commercial-innovation
[3] MINDEF (1997, March 14), Corportisation of DSO
[online], Available:
https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/press_room/offi
cial_releases/nr/1997/mar/14mar97_nr.html
References

*
[4] G. Perani, "Military Technologies and Commerical
Applications: Public Policies in NATO Countries",
Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, July 1997.
[5] E. Goldman and T. Mahnken, "Singapore and the
Revolution in Military Affairs" in The Information
Revolution in Military Affairs in Asia, Palgrave
MacMillan, 2004, pp. 185-208.
References

*
[6] W. L. Sharp, “Electronic Warfare”, Joint Publication
3-13.1, 25 January 2007.
[7] Maj M. E. Poole (2015 August ), Cyber Electronic
Warfare [Online], Available: https://www.mca-
marines.org/gazette/2015/08/cyber-electronic-
warfare#
[8] J. Loerch (2016, February 1), What We Have is a
Failure to Communicate [online], Available:
http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=Article-what-we-
have-failure-communicate
References

*
[9] 春天的初蕾 (2015 November 24), 电子战与电子战
部队：新型作战力量之九 [online], Available:
http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-20-615307-1.shtml
[10] 姚远 (2015 November 13), 美空军着手打造仿真频
谱战战场，频谱战是什么, 中国国防报, 军事特刊
[11] K. Zetter (2016 March 16), Inside the Cunning,
Unprecedented Hack of Ukraine’s Power Grid
[online], Available:
https://www.wired.com/2016/03/inside-cunning-
unprecedented-hack-ukraines-power-grid/
References

*
[12] B. Thomas-Noone (2016 August 24), Electronic
Warfare in the South China Sea [online], Available:
http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2016/08/
24/electronic_warfare_in_the_south_china_sea_109
745.html
[13] D. Cenciotti (2016 August 5), Things Heat Up Near
South China Sea: Two US Aircraft Carriers, B-52S and
EA-18G Growler Detachment [online], Available:
https://theaviationist.com/2016/06/19/things-heat-
up-near-south-china-sea-two-u-s-aircraft-carriers-b-
52s-and-ea-18g-growler-detachment/
References

Protecting commercial radar and communication systems

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