2. Classification of Metal Alloys
6/5/2023
Non-Ferrous Alloys Prepared By Er.
Malesh Shah, MED, Kathmandu
University 2
3. Limitations of Ferrous Alloys
Relatively high density.
Low electrical Conductivity(comparitively ).
Susceptible to Corrosion in certain
environments.
6/5/2023
Non-Ferrous Alloys Prepared By Er.
Malesh Shah, MED, Kathmandu
University 3
4. 1. Introduction: Non-Ferrous Metals
• Iron and Steel are ferrous metal, all other metals are non-ferrous.
• Include aluminum, brass, copper, nickel, tin, lead, and zinc, as well as
precious metals like gold and silver.
• Much more malleable, much lighter, making them well-suited for use
where strength is needed, but weight is a factor. E.g. aircraft or
canning industries.
• A higher resistance to rust and corrosion, hence used for gutters,
water pipes, roofing, and road signs.
• Non-magnetic, which makes them perfect for use in small electronics
and as electrical wiring.
• Aluminum is the third most recycled material in the world.
• Relatively more expensive than ferrous metals and alloys.
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5. 2.1. Aluminum ( Al )
• Aluminium is a clayey mineral called
bauxite which is a hydrated
aluminium oxide.
• FCC Crystal Structure
• Melting point = 660 ºC
• Density = 2700 kg/m3
• Corrosion Resistance
• Main alloying additions: Cu, Mg, Mn,
Si, Zn, Sn, Li, (fe)
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6. 2.2. Aluminum Alloys (Al-X)
• Produced as Casting or as wrought (cold-worked).
• Wrought aluminum are more stronger than cast aluminum.
• Cast Aluminum are Al-Cu, Al-Si and wrought aluminum are 1000
to 9000 series Al.
Note: Cold Work are rolling, drawing or extruding into sheets, bars
and tubes.
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7. 2.2.1. Al-Cu Alloys
• Adding Cu lowers the melting point of Al.
• This alloy is suitable for casting purpose.
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Al-4% wt. Cu
8. Aluminium Alloys
a. Duralumin
Copper- 3.5- 4.5 %; Mn- 0.40-
.70%; Mg- .4-.7%; remaining is
aluminium.
This alloy possesses maximum
strength(400 Mpa) after heat treatment
and age hardening. After working, if the
metal is allowed to age for 3 or 4 days it
will be hardened. This phenomenon is
known as Age Hardening.
6/5/2023
Non-Ferrous Alloys Prepared By Er.
Malesh Shah, MED, Kathmandu
University 8
9. b. Y alloy
Cu- 3.5-4.5%; Mn- 1.2-1.7%; Ni- 1.8-
2.3%; Si,Mg, Iron – 0.6% each and
remaining is Al.
c. Magnalium
d. Hindalium
6/5/2023
Non-Ferrous Alloys Prepared By Er.
Malesh Shah, MED, Kathmandu
University 9
10. 2.2.2. Al-Si Alloys
• Adding Si lowers the melting point of Al.
• This alloy is suitable for sand or die casting purpose.
• Good corrosion resistance and weld ability.
• Refined microstructure by rapid cooling to increase strength
and ductility.
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Al-12% wt. Si
11. 3. Cadmium ( Cd )
• Blue-white color and used as
a protective plating. E.g.
Screws.
• Melting point = 321 ºC.
• Used to make metal alloys
that melt in low temperature.
• Cadmium oxide is toxic so
smelling should be avoided.
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12. 4. Chromium ( Cr )
• Hard, slightly grayish metal
with brilliant polish and highly
corrosion resistant.
• Melting point = 1615 ºC.
• Used in electroplating as a
protective and ornamental
covering.
• When 12% chromium is mixed
with steel forms stainless
steel.
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13. 5. Cobalt ( Co )
• Silver white metal used in
alloying with steel to form
high temperature resistance
cutting tools. E.g. High speed
steel.
• Harder & stronger than iron
or nickel and very less
malleable.
• Melting point = 1480 ºC
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14. 6. Copper ( Cu )
• Soft, heavy metal, reddish in
color.
• High ductility, electrical and
thermal conductivity.
• Tendency of adhering to
tools.
• Corrosion resistant and
medium strength.
• Melting point = 1083 ºC
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15. 6.1. Copper alloys – Brass ( Zn-Cu )
• Alloy of Zinc and copper.
• Color ranges from white to
yellow.
• Melting point = 880 to 993ºC
• Used in musical instruments
due to malleability and
acoustic properties.
• Good flow characteristics
supports usage in casting.
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16. 6.2. Copper alloys – Bronze ( Sn-Cu )
• Alloy of copper and other
metals esp. Tin.
• Color ranges from red to
yellow.
• Melting point = 1005ºC
• Harder than brasses.
• Used in sculpture, bearings,
springs and clips.
• Like brass used in brazing
materials.
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17. 7. Columbium/Niobium ( Nb )
• Ductile, malleable, slightly
bluish in color
• Along with related metals
titanium, hafnium, zirconium
and tantalium alloys used in
aerospace industry.
• Melting point = 1950 ºC
• Relatively lightweight and
heat resistive so used in
missiles.
• Best use in arctic pipeline.
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18. 8. Indium ( In )
• Silver white metal with bluish
tinge.
• Malleable, ductile and softer
than lead.
• Melting point = 155 ºC
• Lead-indium alloys are used
as bearing alloys and solders.
• Graphite and indium alloy
used for coating moving
parts.
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19. 9. Lead and Lead Alloys ( Pb )
• Heavy metal, silvery when
new and gray when oxidized.
• High density, low tensile
strength & high malleability.
• Used as shielding material
for nuclear and X-Ray
radiation.
• Lead compounds are very
toxic and mutative to body.
• Melting point = 327 ºC
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20. 10. Magnesium ( Mg )
• Closely resembles Al in
appearance but is much
lighter.
• When alloyed with Zn, Al
have higher strength to
weight.
• Used in structural metal,
aircraft components,
automotive engines blocks.
• Melting point = 651 ºC
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21. 11. Manganese ( Mn )
• Silver –white metal rarely
seen in pure state.
• Controls sulphur when added
to steel which increases
machinability.
• High Manganese steel work
hardens hence used in
abrasive resistance jobs.
• Used in earth-moving and
rock-crushing machinery.
• Melting point = 1260 ºC
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22. 12. Molybdenum (Mo)
• Increases tensile strength
and toughness in steel.
• Used in high temperature
jobs like lamp filaments and
electron tubes.
• Melting point = 2620 ºC
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23. 13. Nickel and Nickel Alloys (Ni-X)
• Silvery-white lustrous metal
with slight golden tinge.
• Resistant to corrosion &
oxidation.
• Used in electroplating and
alloying to increase corrosion
resistance and ductility.
• Melting point = 1452 ºC
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24. 14. Tantalum (Ta)
• Bluish Grey Metal.
• Very soft & ductile hence
adheres to the tools.
• Extremely corrosion
resistant except to some
acids.
• High temperature application
(>1093 ºC).
• Used in surgical implants,
electronics & cutting tools.
• Melting point =2850 ºC
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25. 15. Tin ( Sn )
• White colored with bluish
tinge. Whiter than Ag & Zn.
• Used in food processing
industry.
• Good corrosion resistance.
• Melting point = 232 ºC
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26. 16. Titanium ( Ti )
• Silver grey high strength &
light weight metal.
• Highest strength-to-density
ratio of any metallic element
• Used in jet engine
components, rocket parts.
• Melting point = 1800 ºC
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27. 17. Tungsten (W)
• Hard steel-grey metal often
brittle.
• Highest known melting point
of all metals = 3370 ºC
• Used in rocket engine
nozzles, welding electrode &
bulb filaments.
• Tungsten carbide are used to
make extremely hard & heat
resistant lathe and milling
tools.
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28. 18. Uranium and Thorium ( U & Th )
• Both emit alpha, beta &
gamma rays and radioactive.
• ‘U’ is silver-white, takes high
polish but tarnishes in one
atmosphere.
• ‘Th’ is dark grey.
• Both are fuel for nuclear
reactor.
• Melting point = 1850 ºC for U
& 1845 ºC for Th.
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29. 19. Vanadium ( V )
• Silver-white hard metal that
oxidizes in open air.
• ~1 % alloying with steel
imparts hardness, toughness
& increases resistance to
shock.
• Alloyed V makes high speed
cutting tools.
• Melting point = 1710 ºC
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30. 20. Zinc (Zn)
• Bluish-white diamagnetic
metal.
• Slow heat conductor than Al.
• Used to galvanize steel as it
has high corrosion resistance.
• Melting point = 419 ºC
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31. 21. Non-Ferrous Metals in Nepal
• Gold, silver, copper, zinc, tin and lead are familiar non-ferrous
metals in Nepal.
• Practice and expertise made evolution in varieties of alloys used
in foundry technology of Nepal for producing metal arts and
crafts.
• Metal sculpture of Buddhist and Hindu icons and household
metal utensils are common but better example of alloy metals in
Nepal.
• Two common non-ferrous alloys are mainly use in Nepal – Brass
and Bronze.
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32. 22. Non-Ferrous Metals in Nepal: Brass
• Pittal in Nepali.
General Composition
• Copper (Cu) 60% [ Melting
Point – 1084 ºC ]
• Zinc (Zn) 40% [ Melting
Point - 419ºC ]
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33. 22. Non-Ferrous Metals in Nepal: Bronze
• Kans in Nepali,
General Composition
• Copper (Cu) 75% [ Melting
Point – 1245 ºC ]
• Tin (Sn) 25% [ Melting
Point - 232 ºC ]
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