1. Oral Communication
 it is the process by which thoughts
are transferred through spoken words
from one person to another.
 It is an interaction between two
persons involved:
the speaker and the listener.

2. The Six Basic Factors of Delivery
1. Platform Behavior – everything that the
speaker does and does not do on the stage
must have proper motivation. There
should be a reason for every movement.
Avoid mannerisms.
2. Posture – refers to the way you stand.
Balance the weight of your body on both
feet.
3. Loudness – Speak loud enough to be
heard. Pay attention to the people at the
last row if they can hear you.

3. 4. Clarity – Speak clearly. Speech must
be delivered slower than in an
ordinary conversation.
5. Pronunciation – Use correct
pronunciation. Whenever you have
doubt as to your pronunciation,
consult a modern dictionary.
6. Grammar – Use correct grammar.
Expose yourself often to language
through practice

4. CHAPTER 2
SELF-CONFIDENCE
Self-Confidence (in Public
Speaking)
it is the positive feeling of the
speaker that he can face up an
audience and deliver a good, if
not a brilliant, speech.

5. THE ANATOMY OF PLATFORM FRIGHT
1. Shyness
2. Inexperience – a person who has a
little or no experience in
delivering a speech generally lacks
self-confidence.
3. Unpreparedness – unprepared
person is not at all confident of
himself. Prepare well.

6. 4. Decisiveness of
Speech
5.Fear of the Unknown –
You are afraid because
you do not know what
is ahead of you.

7. HOW TO DEVELOP SELF-CONFIDENCE
Take care of your physical
appearance.
Prepare well.
Face up to your audience.
Exercise before delivery and move
within proper bounds during
delivery.

8. Concentrate on your speech
and on your audience.
Be determined.
Go through the same
situations repeatedly and
watch your confidence develop
rapidly.

9. CHAPTER 3
METHODS OF SPEAKING
IMPROMPTU SPEECH – is where
the development of both the ideas
and language is thought out only
at the moment of delivery.
*** it should not be deliberately
chosen as a matter of practice.

10. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH – is
one where the ideas are prepared
but the language is definitely
composed only at the moment of
delivery.
It is commonly favored because
it stands between the
impromptu and the read
speeches.

11. READ SPEECH – is a speech that is written out
and read word for word during delivery.
 This speech is good for the audience and
the press.
 It usually employs a “ghost writer –
somebody who prepares a speech to be
delivered by other person
 The necessity for this type of speech is
felt when the speaker wants to make sure
of what he is going to say as in important
historic occasions where speech will be
recorded for posterity.

12. MEMORIZED SPEECH – is a
speech that is committed
entirely to memory and
delivered from memory .
this is the speech that needs
most preparation because you
have to memorize not only the
content but also the action.

13. Types of Speeches According to Purpose
1. To Actuate – a speech which attempts
to make the audience do something.
Example:
The speaker wants the audience to
vote for a particular candidate; to
contribute for a charitable cause; to join
a club; or to stop smoking.
In order to actuate, you have to
convince first. Thus, all speeches to
actuate are speeches to convince.

14. 2. To Convince - a speech which attempts to
make the audience agree with or believe in a
certain proposition.
if your main proposition is that smoking
produces cancer, you merely want the
audience to agree with you; you do not
want them to stop smoking.
the speaker should concentrate on
making his ideas reach the listeners in the
clearest terms possible. No person gets
convinced about anything that he does not
fully comprehend. The speaker should
sound convincing

15. 4. To Inform – a speech which attempts to
impart knowledge to the listeners. This is also
called speech to instruct or to educate.
The speaker may advance his own views but
his real and ultimate purpose is to make the
audience learn something they had not
known about before.
The lecture of a professor, though not
strictly a speech, falls under this category.
Other examples include those made in
business conferences or in training course,
fora, and symposia.

16. 5. To Entertain – is a speech which
attempts to amuse the audience.
Its main purpose is to inject
humor and to evoke laughter.
It is one of the hardest speeches
to make because one of the most
difficult things to do is to make
people laugh. It requires some
talents.

17. THE PROGRAM
1. Opening- the emcee takes to the
microphone and begins the
program often by just saying that
they will now begin the program. It
may start with the singing of the
National Anthem or the delivery of
an invocation or both, one after the
other.

18. 2. Welcome - refers to the welcome
address or the opening remarks. If there is
no such part of the program, the function
of welcoming is performed by the emcee.
3. Introduction – Someone is asked to
introduce the guest speaker. Again, the
emcee handles the job if there is no other
person assigned to do it.
4. Speech – the main part of the program.
The success of the entire program rests on
this part.

19. 5. Reactions – this is where audience give their
reactions to the speaker’s speech.(Optional)
6. Open-Forum – questions are asked from the
floor supervised by the moderator or the
emcee.
- also called the question and answer
portion.
7. Closing – the program may be brought to a
close by a closing remarks of a dignitary. If
none is available, the program is closed by the
moderator or the emcee with an expression of
gratitude to all those who attended.

20. THE SPEAKER’S ROLE
1 . The Emcee – his task is to announce the
next part of the program. There are emcees
who deliver a speech every time they do.
Don’t be one of them. You may prepare a
well-thought out phrase or two, or a little
humorous comment here and there.
2. Presiding Officer – takes charge of the
conduct of the proceedings. He may be
called the Chairman, President, or the
Speaker but he is the one who presides.

21. 3. Moderator – he also presides but only in a
particular activity where moderation is
needed.
4. Floor Leader – legislative bodies have
floor leaders: the majority floor leader and
the minority floor leader. He initiates
moves, controls the proceedings, and
maintains order in the discussion.
he steers the proceedings from the floor.
He assigns different persons to make
various motions and to second them.

22. 5. Rapporteur – he is assigned to report
to the plenary session of an assembly
on what transpired in a work session
6. Resolutions Committee Chairman
– takes over at the end of the
convention where resolutions are
expected to be passed. The last
resolutions should be resolutions of
gratitude for all those who made the
convention possible.

23. 7. Open Forum Participant – he
has no specific function except to
be present and to listen. He may
also rise and ask questions or make
comments.
8. Fine Master - the person
assigned to supervise the fining
sessions in clubs who impose fines
as a means of raising funds

24. The Speaking Environment
 c0nsider the place or the venue of the
speaking activity.
 Consider the noise of the crowd and
outside the hall.
 It may be hot and uncomfortable
Consider the audience’s mood.
If you are going to speak in a festive
occasion, be acutely conscious of the
length of your speech. People have come to
be merry and socialize not to listen to you.

25.  be sensitive enough to notice
this because generally, they try
their best to hide their feelings
from you. If you do not catch
easily you become the principal
subject of unsavory
conversation by gossipers
behind your back.

26. PROOF – is anything that effects
persuasion.
1. Personal Proof – a kind of proof
furnished by the person or the speaker
himself, his integrity and his good
reputation. Character is revealed in the
following ways:
A. how the speaker looks;
B. what he does or how he acts;
C. what he says or how he says it; and
D. what other people say about him.

27. 2. Emotional Proof – a kind of proof
that appeals to the emotions.
Sometimes, an audience is won over by
purely emotional appeals.
** this is usually used in speech to
stimulate.
3. Logical Proof – it is a kind of proof
based on reason.

28. Support – is a speech material that
clarifies or backs up an assertion.
1. Explanation – is an exposition that
makes an idea clear and intelligible.
2. Analogy or Comparison – a form of
explanation that points out
similarities between two objects.
3. Illustration – a detailed example in a
narrative form of idea. It can be
hypothetical or factual.

29. 4. Specific Instance or Specific
Reference- is a briefly stated
example. There are general
statements that may not
particularly impress an audience
unless the speaker mentions
specific persons, places or things.
Example: a short person can win a
slam dunk competition in NBA.

30. 5. Statistics – these are numerical
data about a state of affairs. It
is the most scientific of all
techniques of support.
Example: “There are more
women on earth than men”
6. Restatement or Iteration – is
the repetition of the same idea
from a different viewpoint.

31. 7. Testimony – is a statement of a person who is
usually prominent that favors a certain assertion.

32. Ways of Making Introduction
1.Reference to the Subject – mention
the subject/topic of the speech.
2.Significance of the Occasion
3.Humorous Anecdote
4.Illustration
5.Quotation
6.Startling Statement
7.Rhetorical Question
8.Complimentary Reference
9.Personal Reference

33. Ways of Making Conclusion
1. Summary
2. Appeal
3. Inducement
4. Quotation
5. Illustration
6. Personal Intention
7. Prayer

34. The Speech Mechanism
Tidal Air- the minimal amount of air we
inhale for breathing purposes.
Complementary Air – the additional
air we inhale for speaking purposes.
STAGES OF VOICE PRODUCTION
1. Compression – speaking starts with
the movement of the air out of the
body thru the process of exhalation.
The inhaled air is compressed for
exhalation.

35. Motor – is the structure of the body
that works to compress the air needed for
speaking.
Ex: lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe or
trachea, etc.
it is to be noted that no sound is yet
produced in the compression stage.
it is an essential part of the process of
voice production because without the
movement of compressed air out of the
body, no sound can ever be produced.

36. 2. Vibration – it is where the initial
sound is produced.
when the air hits the windpipe,
it passes through the larynx or
the vocal box. It is known as the
vibrator.
Vocal Folds- a pair of thin
membranes which vibrate when
the air passes through. They are
called the vibrator proper.

37. 3. Amplification – the initial sound is
made loud and amplified into our true
voice by air chambers in our body called
the resonators.
A. vestibule – the first air chamber
located above the larynx;
B. Pharynx – or the throat, the 2nd air
chamber located at the end of the mouth.
C. Nasal Cavities – the air chamber
of the nose.
D. Mouth – a very important
resonator.

38. 4. Modification – the sound made loud by
the resonators is carved out into intelligible
sounds, the vowels and consonants, by the
modifiers or articulators. They are the
A. Lips – for bilabial sounds
B. Teeth – for the sound /s/
C. Tongue – the key modifier. Without
the tongue, we cannot speak.
D. Hard Palate – for t, d,r,n,l,ch, j
sounds
E. Soft Palate – for k, g, ng, x and hard c,
ch.

39. VOCAL VARIETY
 It is a key to good speaking. It is not
enough that we know how to produce
our voice properly; we must also learn
how to change our voice as we speak.
Four Ways to Vary Our Voice
1. Rate – is the speed in speaking.
Allowable Rate – Not so fast that
the speaker cannot be understood and
not so slow that the listeners will get
bored.

40. TWO ELEMENTS OF RATE
1. Quantity – the length of time spent within
spoken words. Ex: roll, hit
2. Pause – is the length of time spent in
silence between words.
Purposes of Pause
1. to divide sentences into thought
phrases.
2. To enable the audience to think of
what the speaker has just said.
3. To create suspense.

41. 2. Force – it is the loudness in speaking.
Allowable Force – not so soft that the
speaker cannot be heard and not so loud
that the listeners will get distracted. Force
may be applied as to degree and form.
Degree – refers to the amount of force
applied ranging from whisper to shout.
Form – refers to the manner in which force is
applied.
A. Effusive Force- even application of
force to all the words. Often used in poetry
interpretation.

42. B. Expulsive Force- the short
and quick application of force to
the words. It is the ordinary way in
which we speak.
C. Explosive Force – is the
abrupt and violent application of
force to the words. It is used when
the speaker is in a highly
emotional state.

43. Stress – is the force applied to
different syllables in a word or to
different words in a phrase.
Ex: LAB’oratory; CE’remony;
DOL’lar; PA’ssage; BLI’zzard;
WORTH’less; LO’cate;
HON’orable; COM’mandant
comMIT’tee; atTACK’; batTAL’ion;
exCHANGE’; persPIRE’; abO’lish;

44. 3. Pitch- is the musical position of
the speech sound.
Allowable Pitch should be within
your range, provided only that you
do not strain your voice or it is not
too low to sound mumbled.
Intonation or Inflection – is the
change of pitch from syllable to
syllable.

45. Two Kinds of Inflection
1. Glide or Slide – the gradual change of
pitch.
2. Step – is the abrupt change of pitch.
Rules to Remember:
1. Avoid a sing-song intonation-your
voice goes up and down without
reason
2. Avoid a patterned intonation – you
have a certain accent in your speech. It
is much like the “punto” in vernacular

46. Wh Questions use the falling
intonation
Yes-No Questions use the rising
intonation.
Emphasis – any act of the speaker that
calls attention to the ideas being
conveyed.
Vocal Climax – it is a vocal expression
that grows steadily in power or
intensifies gradually in feeling until the
peak is reached.

48. WHAT THE AUDIENCE SEES
Sight is as important as sound in oral
communication. What the listeners
see is just as important as what they
hear.
Visual Aids – may come in the form of
the objects we are explaining like
maps, diagrams, graphs, charts,
models, pictures, slides, and movies.
Physical Appearance/Personality

49. Bodily Behavior – refers to the speaker’s
movement from the time he walks upstage
to the time he leaves it.
Eye Contact – a speaker must look at
individual members of the audience straight
in the eye
Posture – a speaker must be conscious of the
way he stands. He may be comfortable with
a certain stance, but if it is not comfortable
from the point of view of the audience, such
a posture must be avoided.

50. Gesture – is any act of the speaker
that reinforces or demonstrates ideas.
We may use any part of the body to
gesture, particularly the face, head,
shoulders, arms, and hands.
Facial Expression – the use of lips,
eyes, eyebrows, or the face as a whole
to show life on our face whether we
exhibit happiness, determination,
anger, or any other emotion.

51. Head Gesture – may be employed by
nodding (to assist an affirmative
idea), shaking (to express a negative
idea), pointing (with a jerk of the
head), or by emphasizing (with one
definite nod).
a shrug of the shoulders may
mean indifference, resignation, or
lack of knowledge.
The common gestures are with the
hands in conjunction with the arms.

52. Basic Hand Gestures
1. Palms-up Gesture – the palm of
the hand is either facing the
audience or facing upwards. This is
an affirmative or giving or receiving
gesture.
2. Palms-down Gesture – the back
side of the palm is either facing the
audience or facing upwards. This is
the negative or rejecting gesture.

53. 3. Index-finger Gesture – the index
finger is extended and all the other
fingers are closed. This is a
pointing gesture.
4. Clenched Fist Gesture – all the
fingers are closed with the thumb
over the closed fingers. This is the
emphatic gesture or one that
denotes force and power.

54. Kinds of Gestures as to Function
1. Locative Gestures – point out
persons, places, or things within
the sight of the listeners or within
the imagination.
2. Picturing Gestures – describe or
demonstrate objects, ideas, or
action. Example: demonstrating
the length of a fish or the body of
a woman.

55. 3. Emphatic Gestures- stress or
emphasize ideas. The index finger
gesture or the clenched fist gesture
may be used.
4. Suggestive Gestures- stimulate
the imagination of the listeners. If
a gesture does not fall under the
first three above-enumerated
gestures, it falls under this type of
gesture.

56. Principles of Good Gestures
1. Integration – the gesture must
suit the idea it supports. Ex: You
nod if you support an affirmative
idea.
2. Coordination – the gesture must
be harmonized with the other
parts of the body.
3. Timing –the gesture must be
timed to the word it supports.

57. 4. Definiteness – the gesture must
be precise.
5. Variety – the gesture must be
varied.
Repetition of gesture must be
avoided.
do not gesture at every word.
This appears comical. Gestures
must be reasonably spaced apart.