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TARGET DELINEATION IN HEPATOPANCREATICOBILIARY TUMORS
1. Optimal target volumes of
primary and nodal stations in
Hepato Pancreato Biliary Tumors
DR KANHU CHARAN PATRO
MD,DNB(RADIATION ONCOLOGY),MBA,FICRO,FAROI,PDCR,CEPC
HOD,RADIATION ONCOLOGY
Mahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital And Research Institute, Visakhapatnam, India
drkcpatro@gmail.com /M+91-9160470564
1
10. Which is better?
• Which motion management system is better?
• Which phase is better?
• Empty stomach/filled stomach is better?
• DIBH/DEBH is better?
• Which immobilization is better?
• Contrast/water is better?
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11. 11
1. Analyze the tumor in all phases of triple
phase CT
2. See the greatest resolution
3. Try to synchronization with breath hold
42. Common Bile Duct
• CBD contour should start at the first bifurcation or at its entry
to the portal triad inferiorly to the first portion of duodenum
• It passes posterior and medial to the duodenum and joins with
the pancreatic duct
• Irradiation of caudate lobe liver tumors may lead to high
radiation doses being received by the CBD
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64. How it looks?
• Usually, the mass enhances vividly during late arterial (~35 seconds)
• Then washes out rapidly, becoming indistinct or hypoattenuating in the portal
venous phase, compared to the rest of the liver
• Portal vein tumour thrombus can be distinguished from bland thrombus by
thrombus by demonstrating enhancement.
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85. 1. Size of the tumor
2. Involvement of critical vascular structures as defined by the NCCN or DPCG
criteria
3. Invasion of nearby structures like transverse mesocolon, root of the
mesentery and perineural invasion
4. Lymph node involvement locoregional or extraregional
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107. HANDLING STOMACH FILLING
1. Variations in gastric filling may lead to significant intrafraction
differences dose to normal stomach.
2. To mitigate this most panelists recommended keeping patients
NPO for 2-3 hours before simulation and each treatment.
3. However, treating patients at a consistent interval after meals
also appears to result in reproducible gastric positioning, and
may be more comfortable for some patients
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111. 1. Use water rather than contrast
2. Pancreatic phase instead of the arterial phase.
Pancreatic phase refers to the late arterial
phase (typically 40-45 sec after contrast
injection) during IV contrast.
Pancreatic Protocol
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113. A CT REQUSITION
• High-resolution dual-phase (arterial and portal)
contrast material–enhanced CT is the established
technique for evaluating pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
• LATE Arterial phase imaging (per-formed 20–40
seconds after contrast agent injection) allows optimal
visualization of the tumor and peripancreatic arteries.
• Portal phase imaging (performed 50–70 seconds after
injection) is optimal for detecting metastatic disease to
the liver and for assessing the peripancreatic veins
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132. Target delineation
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1. Delineate ROI’s:
1. Portal vein (PV: starts at confluence of SMV and splenic vein)
2. Pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ)
3. Celiac artery (proximal 1-1.5cm)
4. SMA (proximal 2.5-3cm)
5. Aorta (superiorly to most cephalad of CA, PV, or PJ contours; inferiorly to bottom
L2, or as low as L3 to cover pre-op GTV)
6. Hepaticojejunostomy (HJ)
7. Tumor bed (based on review of pre-op imaging, pathology report, surgical clips)
2. Expansion 1: 1.0cm on PV, PJ, CA, SMA
3. Expansion 2: all on Aorta --> 2.5-3cm on R, 1cm on L, 2-2.5cm anteriorly,
0.2cm posteriorly
4. CTV Boolean Expansions 1 + 2, confirm that tumor bed (including clips) and HJ (if
present) are encompassed
5. PTV = CTV + 0.5cm
142. Steps
pancreatic
SBRT
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3
• Delineate vessels
– CA - Celiac artery
– CHA - Common hepatic artery
– LGA - Left gastric artery
– PV - Portal vein
– SMV - Superior mesenteric vein
– SV- Splenic vein
– AORTA
• Delineate GTV TOTAL
– GTV PRIMARY {GTVp}
– GTV VESSEL EXAPANSION- GTVp + 0.5 mm
• Delineate TVI
– The entire circumference of involved or
proximal vessels are contoured to form
tumor vessel interface
• CTV
– GTV + TVI
• PTV
– CTV + 0.5mm
143. What is GTV in pancreas?
• MRI
• PET
• ENDOSCOPY- Duodenal involvement
• CT
– The GTVp should include fibrotic areas near vessels based on experienced radiologist
review. This is identified as poorly defined or thickened vessel edges.
– It is now known that pancreatic stellate cells and the desmoplastic reaction around tumor
edges is a key contributor to pancreatic cell cancer biology, including regional progression
and distant metastasis.
– As such, this poorly defined area around the tumor should be included in the GTVp.
– If it is unclear whether a vessel is involved, it should be included in the GTVp
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146. The TVI
• We define the TVI as the area where the GTVp is involving or within
5 mm of the major vessels in the upper abdomen, including celiac
artery, superior mesenteric artery, common hepatic artery, left gastric
artery, superior mesenteric vein, portal vein, splenic vein, or aorta.
• If GTVp is within 5 mm of these structures, then a TVI is defined as
above and incorporated into a clinical target volume of 40.
• In principle, any major vessel within 5 mm of the tumor should be
contoured from 5 mm proximal to 5 mm distal of the GTVp (Fig
2).
• This region should be defined in 3 dimensions (eg, using axial,
sagittal, and coronal planes Whole vessel circumference should be
included.
• In the case of aorta and portal vein, only the proximal half may
need to be contoured as part of the TVI as these vessels have a
much larger circumference
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152. Handling the PTV
• In general, a 5-mm margin is
recommended.
• When a PTV of 40 crosses into or near a
hollow viscous PRV, compromises need to
be made to dose coverage in this area to
Preserve hollow viscous dose constraints
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153. PRV
• We recommend the duodenal, stomach, small bowel,
and large bowel PRV be a minimum 3-mm expansion.
• However, if treating during free breathing or organ
movement is seen to be large on multiple end expiratory
breath hold scans or 4D-CT, a greater PRV margin is
required.
• Concessions to large bowel maximum dose (D0.5
cm3 and D5 cm3) may be considered to meet coverage
goals
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154. The ITV CONCEPT
• ITV40 creation using motion information
from multiple end-expiratory breath hold
scans and/or 4D-CT
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161. Imaging pictures
• The lesion has the following characteristics:
• The lesion is hypodense in the arterial and portal venous phase with
some peripheral enhancement.
• The lesion is hyperdense in the equilibrium phase indicating dens
fibrous tissue.
• The lesion causes retraction of the liver capsule
• The finding of an infiltrating mass with capsular retraction and
delayed persistent enhancement is very typical for a
cholangiocarcinoma.
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162. Delayed phase enhancement
• Small cholangiocarcinoma not visible in portal
venous phase (left) but seen as relative hyperdense
lesion in the delayed phase (right).
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183. CTV N0
• In this CTV-N delineation, a 10 mm margin of soft
tissue around vessels, ligament and ducts was
suggested, based on several literature data, without
overlap with radiosensitive structures (duodenum,
liver, small bowel, stomach).
• Only for para-cardials nodes and lesser gastric
curvature nodes, the suggested target was defined
without any further expansion to preserve the
surrounding OARs
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184. See the continuity
See the contour
See the location
Follow the vessel
0.7 to 2.5 cm margin to vessel
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215. For liver contouring
• Gallbladder should be excluded
• IVC should be excluded when it is discrete from the liver
• Portal vein (PV) should be included in the liver contour
when Segment (Seg) I (caudate lobe) is seen to the left
of PV
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