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骨相学 
その人種差別 
的、似非科学 
的な側面につ 
いて
「ジャンゴ繋がれざる者(2012)」 
(C)2012 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
19世紀アメリカ南部 
奴隷使いの農園主 
カルヴィン・キャンディ 
(レオナルド・ディカプ 
リオ)
(C)2012 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
キャンディ「骨相学 
は白人と黒人の違い 
を理解するのに必要 
不可欠である」
(C)2012 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
キャンディ「この黒人ベ 
ンの頭蓋骨を見ると、人 
に従いやすい性格を表す 
頭蓋骨の領域が盛り上 
がっている。」
モデルとなっ 
た実在の人物 
チャールズ・ 
コールドウェ 
ル 
医師・骨相学 
愛好家・奴隷 
を所有する農 
園主
骨相学において、頭蓋骨の 
頭頂部と後頭部は「崇拝」 
「用心深さ」と関連してお 
り、アフリカ人はそれらの 
部分が大きいと当時は言わ 
れていた。
コールドウェル「骨相学で 
『飼いならしやすさ』を表す 
頭蓋の領域を見ると、アフリ 
カ人を奴隷にするのがなぜ簡 
単なのかがわかる」
骨相学は奴隷制を肯定する 
人々に受け入れられ、奴隷制 
を正当化する論理として大い 
に用いられた。
奴隷制に反対する人 
たちは?
奴隷制廃止主義者 
ルクレティア・モット 
骨相学をほめたたえ、子供を 
骨相学の講義に通わせた
奴隷制廃止主義者 
アンティオク大学学長 
ホーレス・マン 
「奴隷制廃止主義者かつ骨相 
学者」と名乗っていた
なぜ?
骨相学者かつ奴隷制廃止主義 
者ジョージ・コーム 
「彼らが奴隷になりやすい性 
質を持っていると言うことは、 
彼らを奴隷から解放しても流 
血騒ぎを起こさないというこ 
との何よりの保証である」
奴隷制反対主義者に 
とっても骨相学の論 
理は便利
① アフリカ人は骨相 
学的に従順な性格な 
ので解放しても安全
② もしアフリカ人が 
骨相学的に弱いのな 
ら、社会は彼らを奴 
隷にするのではなく、 
守らなければならな 
い。
どのようにでも解釈 
できる 
えせ 
似非科学の特徴
科学と似非科学の違 
いは何か?
間違ったことを言っ 
ているから似非科 
学? 
No! 
科学は間違いを含ん 
でいても科学である
カール・ポパー(1902- 
1994) 
反証することができ 
ないものは科学では 
ない
反証可能性とは? 
「明日、太陽は西から上る」 
→次の日、太陽が東から上った 
→反証された 
→反証可能性を持つ 
→仮説は間違ってはいるが、科 
学である
反証可能性とは? 
「犯人は20才以下、または20才 
以上である」 
→どちらに転んでも正しい 
→反証不可能 
→科学にはなり得ない
反証可能性とは? 
「超能力者は透視能力を持つが、 
それを疑う人が近くにいると能 
力が発揮できない」 
→どちらに転んでも正しい 
→反証不可能 
→科学にはなり得ない
反証可能性とは? 
「あらゆるガンを治す特効薬が 
存在する」 
→たとえ可能性が低くても、完 
全に否定することができない 
→反証不可能 
→科学にはなり得ない
反証可能性とは? 
「神は存在する」 
→否定する手段がない 
→反証不可能 
→科学にはなり得ない
反証可能性がない仮 
説 
① 論理的に何時い 
かなる時でも正しい
反証可能性がない仮 
説 
② 間違っていても 
間違っていると確認 
することができない
反証可能性を持つ 
→科学 
反証可能性を持たな 
い 
→似非科学
骨相学は? 
「人の脳には服従しやすさを表 
す部位があり、黒人はそれがよ 
く発達している」 
→この仮説は反証可能か?
骨相学は? 
→当時は死者の頭蓋骨を観察す 
るしかない 
→脳のその部位の大きさがその 
部位の機能が発達している証拠 
とは言えない
骨相学は? 
→どのようにも解釈可能 
→反証可能性を持たない
骨相学は? 
骨相学は似非 
科学である 
→
参考文献 
“Django Unchained and the racist science of phrenology”, James 
Poskett, 5 February 2013 , the guardian. 
http://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2013/feb/05/django-unchained- 
racist-science-phrenology 
「カリフォルニア時間」 
http://occultamerica.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2009-01-09 
Wikipedia “Phrenology” 
「科学哲学の冒険サイエンスの目的と方法をさぐる」戸田山和久 
2005 NHK出版
資料作成 
荒木翔飯島麦 
池田美幸板垣由実 
伊藤悠記井上鐘哲 
今西涼華 
発表 
井上鐘哲

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骨相学 Phrenology

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. “Science of Phrenology is crucial to understanding the separation of our two species.” “In the skull of the african here, the area associated with submissiveness is larger than any human or any other subhuman species on planet Earth.” “You will notice three distinct dimples. Here, here and here.” “In the skull of Old Ben, these three dimples exist in the area of the skull most associated with servility.”