Presentation3

Privacy
and data
protection
PREPARED BY Daudi Hissan Mwahasanga
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What We Will Cover
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 Privacy and Computer Technology
 “Big Brother is Watching You”
 Privacy Topics
 Protecting Privacy

introduction
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 Privacy has become one of the hottest topics in
information security at the beginning of the 21st
century. Many organizations are collecting,
swapping, and selling personal information as a
commodity, and many people are looking to
governments for protection of their privacy.
 The ability to collect information, combine facts
from separate sources, and merge it all with other
information has resulted in databases of
information that were previously impossible to set
up.

What is Privacy?
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 Can you State which one is not observed or
free from public attention among the following?
i.e person, communication or information.
 Take a look on your phone!!!
 How much information do you have in it after
performing the following and how sure you
are, they are safe!

PREPARED BY Daudi Hissan Mwahasanga5

WHAT IS A PRIVACY?
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A state in which one is not observed or
disturbed by other people. or
right to control, edit, manage, and delete
information about themselves and decide when,
how, and to what extent information is
communicated to others.

Categories of privacy
1. physical: restriction on others to experience a
person or situation through one or
more of human senses.
2. information: restriction on searching for or
revealing facts that are
unknown or unknowble to others.
3. Decisional: restriction on interfering in
decisions that are exclusive to an entity.
4. Dispositional: restriction on attempts to know
an individual's state of mind.
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Key Aspects of Privacy
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 Freedom from intrusion (being left alone)
 Control of information about oneself
 Freedom from surveillance (being tracked,
followed, watched and eavesdrop upon)

Evolution o the concept
privacy
 Printing press era: individual thoughts need
not to be shared.
 Era of photography and Mass Media: right to
be left alone.
 Era of Databases: individuals, groups and
insititutions can control when, how and to what
extent their information is communicated.
 Era of Smart Environment: privacy linked
with identity and both emerge within a
particular context
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Example in fecebook
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 Although you might not pay anything upfront to go on face-
book but they still make money by selling your personal
information to the advertisers.
 How?
 By clicking AGREE to terms and services. This may create a
room for them to misuse them.
 Also the government monitor the conversation, transactions,
and location we visit in order to fight against cybercrime and
terrorism.
 How?
 By legally allowing companies to store peoples information for
a long period time in order to access them if needed.

Data brokers
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 These are businesses specialized in creating
the profiles for every individual and selling to
companies for advertisement purpose.
 Each profile can have up to 1500 data points
including personal sexuality, browsing history,
political view(affiliation) , and even medical
record.
 For example one US data broker ACXIOM
CLAIMS TO HAVE FILE OF 10% OF WORLD
POPULATION.

CASE STUDIES
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WHAT HAPPENED
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 FBI asked APPLE to modify the system but
apple refused. Why?
 Because of SECURITY VS PRIVACY:
 At the end FBI found a vulnerability to crack a
phone and the issue was over.
 but if the case could have gone to court then:
it could

AMBIGUITIES OF PRIVACY
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 In legal term privacy isn’t the absolute right.
Why?
 This means it can be restricted for certain
reason such as i. protection of national security
ii . Public safety
iii. Or if it contrast with other right

Threats to privacy may come as
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 Intentional institutional uses of personal data
 Unauthorized use or release by insiders
 Theft of information
 Inadvertent leakage through negligence
 One’s own actions (unaware of the risks and
tradeoffs)
 accidental (sometimes quite careless) loss.
 Cookies (i.e files a website stores on a visitor’s
computer.)

New Technology, New Risks:
WHY?
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 Government and private databases
 Sophisticated tools for surveillance and data
analysis
 Vulnerability of data

New Technology, New Risks
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 Computers, the Internet, and a whole array of
digital devices—with their astounding
increases in speed, storage space, and
connectivity—make the collection, searching,
analysis, storage, access, and distribution of
huge amounts of information and images
much easier, cheaper, and faster than ever
before.
 These are great benefits. But when the
information is about us, the same capabilities
threaten our privacy.

Cont…
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 Today there are thousands (probably millions)
of databases, both government and private,
containing personal information about us.
 In the past, there was simply no record of
some of this information, such as our specific
purchases of groceries and books.

Privacy and Computer Technology
(cont.)
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Terminology:
 Invisible information gathering - collection of
personal information about someone without
the person’s knowledge
 Secondary use - use of personal information
for a purpose other than the one it was
provided for

Terminology (cont.):
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 Data mining - searching and analyzing
masses of data to find patterns and develop
new information or knowledge
 Computer matching - combining and
comparing information from different
databases (using social security number, for
example, to match records

Terminology (cont.):
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 Computer profiling - analyzing data in
computer files to determine characteristics of
people most likely to engage in certain
behavior

Principles for Data Collection and
Use:
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 Informed consent
 Opt-in and opt-out policies
 Fair Information Principles (or Practices)
 Data retention

Fair Information Principles
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Privacy and Computer Technology
Discussion Questions
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 Have you seen opt-in and opt-out choices?
Where?
 What are some common elements of privacy
policies you have read?

"Big Brother is Watching You"
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Databases/communication infrastructure:
 Most government offices collects/stores some
form of electronic data e.g. TRA, NIDA,
hospitals, etc.
 Use of communication infrastructure owned
partly/wholly by the government
 Surveillance cameras – increased security and
decreased privacy

(cont.)
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 Article 16(1) ‘…every person is entitled to
respect and protection of his person, the
privacy of his own person, his family and of his
matrimonial life, and respect and protection of
his residence and private communications...’

(cont.)
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 Article 16(2) ‘…for the purpose of preserving
the person’s right in accordance with this
Article, the state authority shall lay down legal
procedures regarding the circumstances,
manner and extent to which the right to
privacy, security of his person, his property
and residence may be enchroached upon
without prejudice...’

(cont.) Discussion Questions::
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 What data does the government have about
you?
 Who has access to the data?

Diverse Privacy Topics
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Marketing, Personalization and Consumer
Dossiers:
 Targeted marketing
– Data mining
– Paying for consumer information
– Data firms and consumer profiles
 Credit records

CONTINUE…….
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Location Tracking:
 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) -computer
or communication services that know exactly
where a person is at a particular time
 Cell phones and other devices are used for
location tracking
 Pros and cons

What We Do Ourselves:
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 Personal information in blogs and online profiles
 Pictures of ourselves and our families
 File sharing and storing
 Is privacy old-fashioned?
– Young vs. old people
– May not understand the risks
 Identity theft

CONTINUE…….
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Children:
 The Internet
– Not able to make decisions on when to provide
information
– Vulnerable to online predators
 Parental monitoring
– Software to monitor Web usage
– Web cams to monitor children while parents are
at work
– GPS tracking via cell phones

Discussion Questions
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 Is there information that you have posted to
the Web that you later removed? Why did you
remove it? Were there consequences to
posting the information?
 Have you seen information that others have
posted about themselves that you would not
reveal about yourself?

Protecting Privacy
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Technology and Markets:
 Privacy enhancing-technologies for consumers
(s/w and h/w based solutions)
 Encryption
 Business tools and policies for protecting data

Protecting Privacy (cont.)
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Contrasting Viewpoints:
 Free Market View
– Freedom of consumers to make voluntary
agreements
– Diversity of individual tastes and values
– Response of the market to consumer preferences
– Usefulness of contracts
– Flaws of regulatory solutions

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Contrasting Viewpoints (cont.):
 Consumer Protection View
– Uses of personal information
– Costly and disruptive results of errors in
databases
– Ease with which personal information leaks out
– Consumers need protection from their own lack of
knowledge, judgment, or interest

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International agreements on protection of
privacy and personal information:
 Article 12 The Universal Declaration on Human
Rights 1948
 Article 4.3 Declaration of Principles on Freedom
of Expression in Africa 2002

THANKS FOR LISTENING
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