Municipal Solid waste Management in INDIA

PLANNING COLLOQUIUM
SUBMITTED TO :
Mrs.Indu Priya
SUBMITTED BY :
G.Gowtham Raj 11011BA003
P.Joseph 11011BA006
B.Laxmi Sarojini Harsha 11011BA007
K.Ravi Varma 11011BA019
Y.Sarath Chandra 11011BA027
V.Srinivas
11011BA032
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING
School of Planning & Architecture
JNAFAU
ISSUES IN
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction -MSW
G.Gowtham Raj , P.Joseph , B.L.S.Harsha , K.Ravi Varma , Y.Sarath Chandra , V.SrinivasPLANNING VII Sem
Definition:
Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified
areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes
- Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000.
Waste minimization:
 Prevention of waste being created is known as waste
reduction which is an important method of waste
management.
 The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are:
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
 Methods of avoidance include reuse of second hand
products, designing products to be refillable or
reusable, repairing broken items instead of buying new
etc

Solid Waste Management in India
 India is the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion, accounting for nearly
18% of world’s human population.
 The proportion of population residing in urban areas has increased from 27.8 % in 2001 to 31.80 %
in 2011 and likely to reach 50% by 2030.
 India is facing a sharp contrast between its increasing urban population and available services and
resources. Solid waste management (SWM) is one such service where India has an enormous gap to
fill.
Waste Generation:
 It is estimated that Urban India generates about 1.5 Lakhs Tonnes per day.
 The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg/day in 2001 to 0.5 kg/day in
2011.
 Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/day, depending upon the
region’s lifestyle and the size of the city. The per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3%
per year in India

MSWM - Important Policy landmarks and funding initiatives of GoI
Source: IMaCS analysis

Roles & responsibilities of Institutions in SWM
Source: IMaCS analysis
Responsible institutions Roles and responsibilities in SWM
Government of India and State Governments Make Central/ State-level laws and rules; frame policies;
prepare guidelines, manuals, and technical assistance;
provide financial support
Municipal authorities and state government Plan for MSWM treatment facilities
Municipal authorities Collect, transport, treat and dispose of waste
Municipal authorities with state government
approval
Frame bylaws; levy and collect fees
Municipal authorities, State and central
governments
Capital investment in SWM systems
National Legal & Regulatory Framework
74th Amendment Act for empowered municipalities to implement SWM
schemes
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 by
MoEF
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

Metro Cities
CITY
AHMEDABA
D
BANGLOR
E
CHENNAI DELHI
HYDERAB
AD
KOLKAT
A
MUMBAI
Population(2011) 6,352,254 8,499,399 8,696,010
16,314,838/
21,753,486(m
)
7,749,334/
9,900,000(m
)
14,112,53
6
18,414,288/2
0,748,395(m
)
Area(sq.kms) 7,700 741 1,189 46,208 7,100 1,886.67 4,355
Density 720 11,000 20,000 11,297.01 18,480 24,000 21,000
Total Waste
Generated(tonnes/day
)2010-11
2300 3700 4500 6800 4200 3670 6500
5114.76 7000
By EEC/WTERT 2636 3501 6404 11558 5154 12060 11645
Per Capita Waste
Generation
0.42 0.45 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.51
Total Waste collected 700
Source:
Status report on municipal solid waste management by
CPCB
Earth Engineering Centre (EEC)
Waste to Energy Research & Technology
Council(WTERT)

Service Level Benchmarks
Metro Cities
1HH
Coverag
e
Collection
Efficiency
Segregation
of MSW
MSW
Recovery
Scientific
Disposal
Cost
Recovery
Collection
Efficiency
Complaints
Redressal
Benchmark 100% 100% 100% 80% 100% 80% 100% 90%
National
Average
39 80 0 0 0 0 0 70
AHMEDABA
D
96 95 15 15 100 20 20 90
BANGLORE 70 60 2 33 54 1 16
DELHI(2008) 4.2 80.8 31.6 31.6 1.2 90
HYDERABA
D
72 80 0 12 0 75 13 65
MUMBAI 100 100 15 2 0 100 100 100Source: SLB Data book , 2008
, 2010

1148
67 18
Total projects No.of sanctioned No.of completed
UNDER JnNURM (UIDSSMT)
599
46
13
Total projects No.of sanctioned No.of completed
UNDER JnNURM (UIG)
SWM Projects under JnNURM
Sector
No. of projects
approved
No. of projects
completed
Drinage/ strome water 76 29
Roads/ flyovers 104 60
water supply 186 71
urban renewal 10 4
sewerage 122 35
other urban transport 17 12
mass rapid transport 22 7
solid waste management 46 13
parking lots 5 0
development of heritage 7 2
preservation of water
bodies
4 0
Total 599 233
sector
No. of projects
approved
No. of projects
completed
Strom water /drainage 78 33
Road 221 83
Parking 1 1
Sewerage 156 18
Soil Erosion 4 1
Solid wastemanagement 67 18
Urban renewal 10 7
water Body 13 7
Water supply 597 285
Heritage 1
Total 1148 453
Source: JnNURM

LANDFILL
 A landfill site (also known as dump, rubbish dump or dumping ground) is a site for the disposal of
waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.
 The design, construction, management of the Landfill should be in accordance with the MSW Act
2000.
ISSUES:
A large number of impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can include:
i. Injuries to wildlife
ii. Infrastructure damage
iii. Pollution of the local environment
iv. Harboring of disease vectors (such as rats/flies)
v. Methane is generated (by decaying organic wastes)
vi. Fatal accidents (such as scavengers buried under waste piles)
Landfill Issues

Name of city No. of landfills Area landfill (ha)
Chennai 2 465.5
Coimbatore 2 292
Surat 1 200
Greater Mumbai* 3 140
Greater Hyderabad* 1 121.5
Ahmadabad* 1 84
Delhi* 3 66.4
Jabalpur 1 60.7
Indore 1 59.5
Madurai 1 48.6
Greater Bangalore 2 40.7
Greater Visakhapatnam 1 40.5
Ludhiana 1 40.4
Nasik 1 34.4
Jaipure 3 31.4

Name of city No. of landfills Area of landfill (ha)
Srinagar 1 30.4
Kanpur 1 27
Kolkata * 1 24.7
Chandigarh 1 18
Ranchi 1 15
Raipur 1 14.6
Meerut 2 14.2
Guwahati 1 13.2
thiruvananthapuram 1 12.5
Note: * having both sanitary landfill and landfill sites
Sanitary Landfill sites in India:
Delhi
Mumbai
Ahmadabad
Pondicherry
Hyderabad
Pune
Agra
Lucknow
Kolkata

Landfills in metro cities
CITY No of Landfills
Delhi 3-Ghaziapur,Bhalaswa,Okhla
Kolkata 2-Dhapa,Naopada,Garden Reach
Greater Hyderabad 1-Jawahar Nagar
Bangalore 7-Mandur North,Mandur South, Mavallipura,
Anjanapur, Cheemsandra, Kannahalli, S.Bingipura
Chennai 2-Kodungaiyur, Perungudi
Ahmedabad 1-Pirana
Mumbai 2-Deonar,Ghorai

Landfill Issues
TYPE OF IMPACT EXAMPLE
Environment
Surface water
contamination
oTakes place when the wastes reach
water bodies
oPollution of rivers, lakes and ground
water
Ground water
contamination
Takes place when residues from
waste, leach into the ground water
▪A specific environmental hazard
caused by waste is Leachate which is
the liquid that forms as water trickles
through contaminated areas leaching
out the chemicals
▪Movement of Leachate from
landfills, effluent treating plants and
waste disposal sites may result in
hazardous substances entering surface
water, ground water or soil
Mavallipura
landfill site in
Bangalore

Landfill Issues
TYPE OF IMPACT EXAMPLE
Environment
Soil contamination
•Caused by dumping of waste
▪Waste can harm plants and
can indirectly adversely impact
the health of humans and
animals
Jawahar nagar
landfill,Hyderaba
d
Air contamination
waste burning
Green house gases: from
landfills
Mavallipura
landfill site in
Bangalore
Health
Dengue,malaria,intestin
al problems,vision
problems,etc.
Landfills are living sites for
number of disease carrying
medians such as flies,rats,etc.
Economic
issues
Decrease of land rents
and land values
Burning of waste,emission of
bad odour and contamination
of natural habitat
Agriculture lands are vacated
due to water contamination
and ash emission from burning
Mavallipura

Case study BANGALORE
1/19/2015 Issues in Solid Waste
Management
15

CASE OF MAVALLIPURA LANDFILLS
 The Mavallipura landfills are merely 2.5 kms. away from the
the flow of River Arkavathi and comprehensively violate an
an order of the Karnataka Department of Forest, Ecology and
Ecology and Environment that protects the 1453 sq kms
watershed of Tippagondanahalli Reservoir across Arkavathi
Arkavathi - a major drinking water source for Bangalore -
- from polluting facilities.
 landfills is that they are located merely 5.6 kms from the
critical defense facility Yelahanka Air Force Base.
Pond near landfill site,
Mavallipuram
Unsegregated waste in
Mavallipuram
G.Gowtham Raj , P.Joseph , B.L.S.Harsha , K.Ravi Varma , Y.Sarath Chandra , V.Srinivas PLANNING VII Sem

ISSUES IN MAVALLIPURA LANDFILL SITE:
 With water contamination widespread, diarrhea is very common. This has resulted in people
becoming increasingly vulnerable to a variety of infections and children appear generally
malnourished.
 The most alarming indicator of the high rate of human toxicity is that the village has discovered a
sudden spike in the rate of cancers, kidney failures and heart diseases.
 The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the Leachate was Iron which
is about of 12 ppm.
 Contamination of the soil and water resulting in failed crops, such that many of the farmers in the
village are turning to alternate means of livelihood like brick making.
 NO FENCING: Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor
incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation
 NO PROPER TREATMENT: leachates collection and treatment shall be made.
 RUN-OFF FROM SITE: Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream, river, lake
or pond.

A trench was dug from landfill to a
near-by water body to drain the toxic
Leachate
Unsegregated waste in Mavallipura
Leachate run off heads straight towards
the Mavallipura village during Monsoon
Waste covered with tarpaulin sheets
ISSUES IN MAVALLIPURA

Introduction
Hyderabad is the capital city of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana
and is the sixth largest city in India.
The city has been divided into five zones namely North, South,
East, West and Central zones with 18 circles and around 150
municipal wards.
The population growth experienced (5.7 to 6.8 million) during
the decade 2001-2011 is further expected to continue to increase
by 13.64 million 2021.
Zone Population
East zone 7899.86
South zone 32777.42
Central 27257.28
West 6684.3
North 16590.98

Waste Generation
Sl.no Type of waste Waste generated (MT/day) % waste composition
1 Domestic household 1870 37.18
2 Commercial establishments 350 6.95
3 Hotels & restaurants 666 13.24
4 Institutions 125 2.48
5 Parks & gardens 69 1.38
6 Street sweeping 325 6.47
7 Waste from drains 175 3.47
8 Markets 479 9.52
9 Temples 35 0.70
10 Chicken, mutton, beef, fish
stalls
164 3.26
11 Cinema halls 15 0.30
12 Function halls 88 1.74
13 Hospitals 35 0.69
14 Construction and demolition 635 12.62
Total 5030 100.00

Transfer Stations & Dumping sites
Upliftment & Transfer stations:
Imlibun Transfer station
Tank bund Transfer station
Yousuf Guda Transfer station
Disposal Sites:
BHEL
Fathullaguda
Shamshiguda
Jawahar Nagar*
New Transfer stations:
Kapra
Uppal
Kukatpally
Sherilingampally
Rajendra nagar
Organization Structure

GARBAGE COLLECTION
• Outsourced the door-to-door collection upto 80% of the area and collection
is through tricycles
• GHMC provided tricycles to the rag pickers at free of cost
• Each tricycle crew would cover 200 – 250 houses/establishments
• They are Implementing voluntary garbage disposal in association with
RWAs
• Separate collection of waste from bulk waste generators by GHMC
through compactors
• Introduced the unit system involving the SHGs 10
GARBAGE STORAGE
• Primary storage at the generation sources.
• Secondary storage at community level dumper bins.GARBAGE TRANSPORTATION
• Primary transportation would be carried out through tricycle
• Secondary transportation through dumper bins and dumper placers with rear
end loader compactors
• Tertiary transfer-station from transfer-stations to the disposal site through
long haul vehicles

TRANSFER-STATIONS KEY INFRASTRUCTURE
PREVIOUS DISPOSAL SITES

INTRODUCTION
Location: Jawahar Nagar is located in Shamirpet mandal , Rangareddy District , which is 30kms
from the GHMC.
Area: 339 acres.
Year of Establishment : 2002
Estimated Life Span remaining : 15 years
Mode of operation : Public Private Partnership (GHMC & REEL)
Amount of waste Disposed daily: 3450 tonnes/day
Area occupied by waste at present : 182acres
No. of intermediate transfer stations: 3 – Imlibun , Yousufguda , Tank bund
Disposal Method: Scientific disposal – processing & disposal
Total workers: 490 ; medical precautions : Masks , Shoes , spectacles , safety jackets.
Treatment : Aerobic Decomposition of waste
Frequency : Daily

Jawahar Nagar
Leachate collection: Leachate collection
ponds
Rag Pickers ; 40
Open Burning at site : because of old dump
Surface water near the site; Malkaram pond
Ground water table : 120 ft below ground
level
Following SWM rules and regulations
Chemical properties Range
pH 6.24-7.15
Moisture content 31.73-
59.24
Carbon content 7.60-15.6
Nitrogen mg/kg 4500-7200
Zinc mg/kg 132-272
Lead mg/kg 10-25
Nickel mg/kg 1-6
Calorific value k. 1250-2550
Timeline
2005 2008
2013
Gradual change in the green cover surrounding the
dumping yard
Lakes were present in the surrounding
landuse before but now they were not present

ISSUES
LOCATION
Dumping yard is at higher elevation from residential area
WIND DIRECTION & PUBLIC HEALTH
Direction of wind from land fill site is towards south west direction which is on the side of residential
area which is negative impact on public health, this direction of wind helps harmful air pollutants
released from site to easily move to wards settlement's which creates major effects on public health .
Direction of wind in site area acts as driver which eases flow of pollutants towards residential area.
• The smoke and the dusty fog blows in the direction of the RGK .
• The soil pollution is making the area in to barren lands.
• The lakes surrounding the study area are highly polluted due to dump yard.
BAD ODOUR
Bad Smell from the dumping yard comes to around 2 Kms radius.
GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION

In rainy season water & waste from dump yard flow towards settlements and ground water gets
contaminated in surrounding area due to Leachate in dump yard
FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS – AIR POLLUTION
Fires and explosions occur at waste treatment facilities because of improper storage or handling of
materials. Large amount of heat is generated in wasted dumped which results in sudden explosion
and also leading to air pollution in that area.
ISSUES

Municipal Solid waste Management in INDIA

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