Vitamins are a basic and essential requirements of the body.

1. VITAMINE DEFICANCY
SUBMITTEDTO: SUBMITTEDBY:
MR.VINAYAKAA.M KAMLESHMENARIA
H.O.D OF PEDIATRIC M.Sc.(N) I st YEAR
G.C.N G.C.N

2. INTRODUCTION
The term vitamin was historically derived
from Latin word “vitamine” A combination
word vita and amine, meaning amine of life,
because it was suggested in 1912 that the
organic micronutrient food factors which
prevented beriberi and perhaps other
similar dietary-deficiency diseases, might
be chemical amines.

3. DEFINITION….
 Vitamins are essential organic compounds
that are required in very small amount and
are involved in fundamental functions in the
body, such as growth, maintenance of
health, and metabolism.
 In other words, an organic chemical
compound is called a vitamin when it cannot
be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an
organism, and must be obtained from the
diet.

4. ….
• B complex
• C or Ascorbic acid
WATER
SOLULE
• A or Retinol
• D or Cholecalciferol
• E or Tocopherol
• K
FAT
SOLULE
CLASSIFICATION

5. DIFFERENCE B/W WATER SOLUBLE & FAT
SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins
Solubility Water soluble Fat soluble
Absorption Simple Along with lipids
Storage *No storage Stored in liver
Excretion Excreted Not excreted
Excess intake Nontoxic Toxic
Deficiency Manifests rapidly Manifests slowly
Treatment Regular dietary supply Single large dose

6. Vitamine A
THREE FORMS: Retinol, Retinal and retinoic acid
SOURCES : Liver oils, vegetable oil, carrots, spinach, tomatoes
yellow fruits
DAILY REQUIREMENTS: 2mg
FUNCTIONS:-It plays a role in visual cycle.
-Maintain of epithelium,
-growth and reproduction.
-Bone and teeth formation.
-Protein synthesis.
-DNA metabolism.

7. Deficiency symptoms…
1. Night blindness (nyctalopia),
2. Xerophthalmia (dryness of eye ball),
3. Bitot’s spot,
4. Keratomalacia (corneal epithelium becomes keratinized
and opeque.
5. Dermatosis (dry and scaly skin),
6. Growth failure ad stunted bones.
Hypervitaminosis A or its excess causes headache, nausea,
vomiting, drowsiness, loss of appetite, and pains in bones.

9. VITAMIN D
TWO FORMS: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol); a synthetic derivative of a plant
sterol.
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol); a derivative of cholesterol.
SOURCES: fish liver oils, egg yolk, milk, butter, cheese.it can be
synthesized by skin by UV light of sun from provitamin.
DAILY REQUIREMENT: 2.5ug (100 I.U ) for adult, 5 ug for infants and
children, and 10 ug in pregnancy and lactation.
FUNCTION: promotes absorption of Calcium and phosphorus.
-maintains normal functioning of para-thormone (PTH).
-helps in kidney functioning
-anti-rachitic effect.

10. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS…
1. Rickets in children (soft and deformed bones, bow legs, and pigeon
chests)
2. osteomalacia in adults (weak bones liable to easy fracture)
3. dental caries,
4. several deficiency causes tetanic convulsions in infants.
Hypervitaminosis D : -large doses cause hypercalcemia,
-hyperphosphatemia,
-anorexia (loss of appetite)
-nausea,
-vomiting,-diarrhea.

12. VITAMIN E
It is also called tocopherol (Gr. Tokos = child birth; pherein = to
carry)
antisterility vitamin, fertility vitamin, beauty vitamin.
SOURCES : vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, fish and muscle
meats.
DAILY REQUIREMENTS : 10 mg/day for children and 25 mg for
adolescents and adults.
FUNCTIONS : -tocopherol act as antioidants,
-prevent hemolysis of RBC.
-essential for reproductive health.
-prevent muscular dystrophy.
-skin problems (acne and psoriasis)

13.  - It prevents oxidation of vitamin A.
- maintains integrity of cell membranes.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : -hemolytic anemia,
-muscular dystrophy,
-dietary hepatic necrosis,
-slow growth
-degeneration of renal tubules.

14. VITAMIN K
Its derivatives include phylioquinone (K1), menaquinones (K2),
menadione (K3). K1 is the major form of vitamin K; also called anti-
hemorrhagic or coagulation factors.
SOURCES : green leafy vegetables (alfalfa, cabbage, spinach),
wheat bran, wheat germ, vegetable oils, liver, pork, fish
vitamin K2 is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
DAILY REQUIREMENT : 20-100 mg.
FUNCTION : it is required for the activity of several blood clotting
factor
-it is a coenzyme of carboxylase.
-enhances calcium deposition in bones and tissue.

15. -it plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation.
-deficiency causes cutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages and
failure of blood clotting.
Hypervitaminosis K : causes gastrointestinal disturbance and
anemia.
NOTE: Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, mostly in the
liver. So their deficiency is not effective for long time.

16. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN
Water soluble vitamins except vitamin B12 (can be stored in
liver) have no stable storage form and must be provided
regularly in the diet. most vitamins of B-complex function as
coenzymes or cofactors in enzymatic reactions related to
energy generation.
VITAMIN C
It is called L-ascorbic acid or antiscorbutic vitamin.
SOURCES : Amla, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage, kale,
green peppers, potatoes and salad greens.
DAILY REQUIREMENTS : 40-60 mg

17. FUNCTION : -It plays a role in oxidation-reduction system, proline
hydroxylation collagen synthesis.
-maintains intercellular material of cartilage, dentine,bone.
-formation of RBC and antibodies.
-help to healing of wounds and has antioxidant property.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS : scurvy (spongy and bleeding gums, loose and
falling teeth, fragility of blood capillaries, petechial hemorrhages, fragility of
bones, delayed wound healing, swollen and painful joints, milk anemia and
nervous disorder).
Hypervitaminosis C : causes stone formation in the kidney and urinary tract
due to conversion of some of ascorbic acid into oxalic acid.

19. VITAMIN B1 (Thiamine)
Also called anti-neurotic vitamin (anti-neurine) or anti-beriberi
substance.
SOURCES: lean pork, liver, heart, kidney, yeasts, whole cereals,
legumes, milk, etc.
DAILY REQUIREMENT: 1.2-1.8 mg.
FUNCTIONS: forms respiratory coenzyme TPP (thiamine
pyrophosphate)which functions in oxidative
decarboxylation.
-role in tissue respiration, tones the nervous system
and muscle.
-improve appetite and promotes growth

20. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: BERIBERI, anorexia, gastro-intestinal atony
and peripheral neuritis.
-wernicke’s encephalopathy (mental disturbance, paralysis of eye
movements and loss of muscular coordination).
-korsakoff’s syndrome (impairment of memory, especially of recent
events).

22. VITAMIN B2 (RIOFLAIN)
It’s also called vitamin g.
SOURCES: almost all types of foods contain this vitamin.
DAILY REQUIREMENTS: about 1-8 mg.
FUNCTION: It forms coenzymes FMN and FAD. which function in
oxidation reduction reaction; involved in amino
acid and lipid metabolism and physiology of vision
-maintains healthy skin and oral mucosa.
DEFICIENCY SYMPYOMS: CHEILOSIS, dermatitis of face,
magenta tongue, certain eye disorder,
headache, mental depression,
forgetfulness.

24. VITAMIN B3 (Niacin, Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide)
Also called p-p factor, or anti-pellagra factor.
SOURCES: found in all type of foods; fruits and vegetables are poor
sources.
DAILY REQUIREMENTS: 12-20 mg; destroyed by cooking.
FUNCTIONS: forms coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate) and NADP+ for large number of
dehydrogenases.
-function as hydrogen acceptor for dehydrogenases.
-It’s required for the normal functioning of the gastro intestinal
tract and nervous system.
DEFICIENCY: It’s deficiency causes pellagra, characterized by three Ds
(dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia), GI symptoms include anorexia,
diarrhea, glossitis, stomatitis and achlorhydria. Headache, insomnia,
depression and psychosis.

26. VITAMIN B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Also called chick anti-dermatitis factor.
SOURCES: found in both animal and plant foods; also synthesized by
bacteria in the colon.
DAILY REQUIREMENTS: 5-10mg.
FUNCTIONS: It forms coenzyme A, which function in reactions of kerb's
cycle, in synthesis and breakdown of FA.
-synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, acetylation
reaction,
-heme synthesis,
-metabolism of some amino acids.
DEFICIENCY: GI symptoms, skin symptoms, anaemia,
-impairment of adrenal function in experimental animals,
muscle cramps, burning in feet.

27. VITAMIN B6 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal,and pyridoxamine)
also called rat anti-dermatitis factor, adermin.
SOURCES: all types of animal and plant foods.
FUNCTIONS: It’s coenzyme form pyridoxal 5-phosphate functions in
transamination, decarboxylation, trans-sulphuration,
deamination, metabolism of essential fatty acids.
-synthesis of porphyrins.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: hypochromic microcytic anemia.
-epileptiform convulsions in infants.
-deramtitis,
-nausea,
-vomiting,
-mental disorder and growth retarded

28. Lipoic acid (Thioctic acid)
It occurs in all natural foods and acts as a coenzyme
along with other coenzyme in oxidative
decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex (PDH), and alpha-Keto
glutrate dehydrogenase complex in mitochondria.

29. VITAMIN B7
Also called anti-egg white injury factor and coenzyme r.
SOURCES: liver, kidney, egg yolk, milk, vegetables, legumes, and cereals.
DAILY REQUIREMENT: 150-300ug (micrograms)
FUNCTIONS: It’s coenzyme form carboxybiocytin function in carboxylation
reactions and is needed for protein and fatty acid
synthesis.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: Dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, muscle pain,
lassitude (weakness), hyperaesthesia, anaemia, hair fall etc.

31. VITAMIN ACID (Folacin, folate, vitamin M or B10)
Also called vitamin b
SOURCES: liver, kidney, yeast, fresh green leafy vegetables and is
also synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
DAILY REQUIREMENT: 0.4mg; destroyed by cooking.
FUNCTION: It’s coenzyme from tetrahydrofolate (F.H4) plays role
in transfer and utilization of single carbon moiety.
-synthesis of purines, thymine, metabolism of histidine.
-plays role in hematopoiesis.
DEFICIENCY: Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia with glossitis,
-GI lesions,
-sprue and diarrhoea.

32. VITAMIN B12 (Cabolamin)
called cyanocobalamin, castle’s extrinsic factors, animal protein
factor, and anti-pernicious anemia factor.
SOURCES: foods of animal origin; also synthesized in intestine
by bacteria.
FUNCTIONS: It’s coenzyme form co-bamide requires tetra-
hydrofolate in its function of trans-methylation,
-purine and pyrimidine metabolism,
-DNA synthesis,
-maturation of RBC, methionine metabolism
DEFICIENCY: Macrocytic (pernicious)anemia with degenerative
-changes in gastric mucosa,
-nervous lesions and methyl malonic aciduriAlso a.

33. OTHER B-COMPLEX VITAMINS
They include:
INOSITOL-deficiency in rats causes growth retardation, failure of
lactation, alopecia, and enecephalomalacia in chicks).
CHOLINE-deficiency causes fatty liver, haemorrhagic nacrosis of
kidney, and anemia due to haemorrhages)
PARA-AMINO BENZOIC ACID OR PABA- associated with failure of
lactation and greying of black hair in rats.
PANGAMIC ACID or VITAMIN B15- helps in utilization of O2 by the
cells and promotes the oxidation of alcohol ; used to treat certain
cardiac and vascular disease.
VITAMIN B17 or LATERILE- anticancer property ; source is wheat
grass juice.

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