physiology mbbs 1st yr

1. ROLE OF BLOOD GROUP IN
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
PRESENTED BY GROUP E

2. WHAT IS BLOOD GROUP?
A classification of blood based on the
presence and absence of Agglutinin
(plasma) and also based on the presence
or absence of Agglutinogens substances on
the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)

3. • Agglutinogens:
antigens present on surface of RBC
complex of carbohydrates, mainly glycosphingolipids & glycoprotein
Mainly of 2 types- A & B
If absent – BLOOD GRP O,If both -> present – BLOOD GRP AB
• Agglutinins:
antibodies to agglutinogens, present in blood plasma
Produced in body after birth, due to exposure to the respective
antigens
Population with particular agglutinogens lack its corresponding
agglutinin

4. ABO BLOOD GROUPING
• ABO compatibility between donor cell and patient serum
is the essential foundation of pretransfusion testing
• It is the only system with expected antibodies
Blood Group Antilutinogens Agglutinin Genotypes
A A Anti-B AA or AO
B B Anti-A BB or BO
AB A and B Neither AB
O Neither Anti-A and
anti-B
OO

5. RH- GROUPING
• the Rh antigen.
present, - RhD positive,
• Absent- RhD negative.
• for example, some people in group A will have it,
and will therefore ->be classed as A+ (or A positive).
• consists of 6 antigens
C,D,E,c,d,e.

6. IMPORTANCE OF RH GROUPING
• Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction:
It occurs when RH+ve blood is transferred to RH-ve
Person who has been immunized by
transfusion/pregnancy
• ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS

7. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• transfusion of blood or blood
products from one person
(donor) into another person's
bloodstream (recipient)
• lifesaving maneuver

8. INDICATIONS FOR TRANSFUSION
Conditions
Haemorrhage
Anaemic
Burns
Purpura
Haemophilia
Oedema
Blood products
Whole blood
Packed RBC
Plasma Protein,whole blood
Platelets or fresh blood
AHG or whole blood
albumin
Requirement

9. TRANSFUSION REACTION BETWEEN MISMATCHED
BLOOD TYPE
DONOR
BLOOD GROUP:A TYPE
SERUM: ANTI-B ANTIBODY
MECHANISM
1.
2.
RECIPENT
BLOOD GROUP:B TYPE
SERUM: ANTI-A ANTIBODY
THIS WILL BE DISSOLVED AND
NOT EFFECTIVE
3.
4.COMPLIMENT FIXATION
OCCURS
ANTI-B
ANTIBODY
ANTI-A
ANTIBODY
A-ANTIGEN

10. RECIPENT
-> OUT OF ALL COMPLEMENT:
C5A is most effective
-> these are called
Anaphylatoxins
Death of patient can occur
Shock, low bp
Hypotension, bronchoconstriction, smooth
muscle contraction
Permeability of blood vessel will be increased
Histamine will be released
Mast cell degranulation
Anaphylotoxins causes anaphylaxis

11. ERTHRYOBLASTOSIS FOETALIS
It is characterized by agglutination and phagocytosis of foetal RBC
Eryrhroblastosis foetalis
Erythroblasts enters to circulation
Anti-RHD attacks foetal RBC and causes Haemolysis
Anti RHD enters foetal circulation through placenta
Mother with RH + foetus during 2nd or 3rd pregnancy
Anti RH D antibody develops in mother
At time of delivery RH +ve blood of foetus enters into
maternal circulation
RH –ve mother with RH +ve foetus

12. HAZARDS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Due to
mismatched
blood transfusion
Immediate
-Hemolysis
-Shock
-Renal Failure
Delayed
-Jaundice
Due to matched blood
transfusion
Immediate
Pyrogen reaction
-Shock
-Circulatory overload
-Hyperkalemia
-Hypocalcemia
Delayed
-Transmission disease
-Hemosiderosis