2. Professor S. Sörlin, History of Science and Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SwedenSeashore in Norway. Photo: Karin Granqvist

3. Representations of Sámi in Works by Natural Scientists: Göran Wahlenberg (1780-1851) Lars Levi Læstadius (1800-1861) Sven Lovén (1809-1895) Axel Hamberg (1863-1933) ”Kaisepakte”, mountain, Sweden Photo: Karin Granqvist

4. Lars Levi Læstadius’ research area Sven Loven’s research area Göran Wahlenberg’s area of research Axel Hamberg’s area of research

6. Dwellings

7. Customs

8. Food

9. Tools

10. Language(s)

11. Origin Anthropology & Ethnology Bottom of mountain lake, Sweden Photo: Karin Granqvist

13. Barbary

14. CivilisationAnthropological and ethnographicals studies placed people at different stages on that scale: portable dwellings such as tents indicated a ’low’ stage; ploughs and stationary dwelling (houses) were markers for a civilized life style; languagescategorised people according to origin. Mountains in Sweden Photo: Karin Granqvist

17. In business were they greedy and stingy

18. They cheated and could never be trusted

20. His Sámi assistant Lars Nilsson Tuorda was describe as very competent (poster 1214)Seashore, Norway Photo: Karin Granqvist

22. Racist and condescendingMountains in afternoon sun, July, Sweden Photo: Karin Granqvist

24. Robert Stevenson’s novel from 1886

25. Similar theories got to be lamented with Charles Darwin’s theory on the evolution

26. Helped explain theories on ’the Others’; ’the Stranger within the nation’, ’the savages in the civilisation’ such as the SámiCover of new edition of Robert Louis Stevenson’s ”The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde”

28. Representations of Sámi – based on the idea on duality of Man– could also be set in the context of the nation where the Sámi’s existence was appointed to be ‘the other side’ of the nation.

30. Forestry

31. Mining industry

32. Hydroelectric power plants

33. National parks, such as Sarek in 1905Mountain ”glaicer lake”, Sweden Photo: Karin Granqvist

34. The Making of the Industrialisation in the North The making of the industrialisation in the North Similarities with the colonisation of Africa in the 19th century The African was seen as ’no one’ ’No one’ inhabited the area, therefore colonisation met no obstacles because no one was in the way The Nordic countries turned their colonisation towards their northern regions. The Sámi had been represented as excisting outside the nation the exploitationof the North was made in a designated ’inhabited’ area. Mountain ”glaicer lake”, Sweden Photo: Karin Granqvist

35. Conclusion The 19th-century representations of Sámi as “The Stranger”, “The Other” and a Swedish-Nordic “Mr Hyde” – that can be found in 19th-century natural scientific works – placed Sámi ‘outside’ the nation. Therefore was, on an ideological level, no one in the way in Sámi core areas when the exploitation of natural resources in the Swedish and Nordic North started and advanced. Seashore, Norway Photo: Karin Granqvist