radiology

1. Common Artifact & Errors In
Intraoral Periapical
Radiograph
Dr jyoti sharma
Subharti dental college

2. •Introduction
•Ideal radiograph
•Artifact
•Errors
•Types of errors
•Projection errors
•Exposure errors
• processing errors
•Types of artifacts
•Take home message
•Conclusion
CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION
When satisfactory x-ray machine, film and darkroom
equipment are available and properly used, radiographic
quality depends on the ability of the clinician to expose
the film properly. The understanding of film exposure
technique is based on knowledge of an ideal radiograph.

4. Ideal radiograph is one which has desired density and
overall blackness and which shows the part completely
without distortion with maximum details and has the
right amount of contrast to make the details fully
apparent
(H.M Worth)

5. Ideal radiograph

6. IDEAL RADIOGRAPH
• Complete area of interest , complete
film
• Density , contrast
• Sharpness
• Distortion

7. Artifact!!!!

8. What are ARTIFACT????
• An unwanted density on the radiograph that
interferes with diagnosis
Or
• Any optical density that is not an anatomy
• Can be controlled when the cause is identified.
• Due to equipment pitfalls.
• Film emulsions and packaging
• Exposure artifacts
• Processing

9. What are errors ?
Mistake Is Not A Mistake Till U Don't Do It
Instead Doing It Not Is A Bigger Mistake
Life Is All About Learning From Mistakes
Making Errors/Mistake Are Part Of Life

10. NEED TO CHECK
•Film placement technique
•Exposure
•Darkroom processing
solution sequence
ERROR
Blank image

11. The majority of the errors produced can be
categorized into groups:
I. Operator and Technique
II. Exposure errors
III. processing errors
IV.Radiographic artifacts

12. TECHNIQUES

14. Paralleling technique

15. Bisecting angle technique

16. Bitewing technique

17. Avoid Technique Error
Correctly exposing intraoral receptor
Include 4 basic steps:
• Receptor placement
• Vertical (angulations alignment)
• Horizontal (Angulations alignment)
• Central ray centering

18. Technique errors
vertical alignment
error
foreshortening elongation

19. Decrease vertical
angulation
Elongation

20. FORESHORTENING
Over angulation

21. Incorrect horizontal angulation

22. magnification

23. Source-object distance large

24. one should look at his own self;
Before pointing out a finger on
others

25. Operator errors :
Patient preparation error
Radiographic artifacts
Blurred images
Bending of film

26. Radiopaque artifact

27. Blurred image

28. Blurred image

29. Bending of film

30. •Reversed film(Herring bone
effect tyre track
appearance)
•Double image
•Apices cut off•Dot artifact
•Dropped film corner•Crown not shown
(Specific region not
showing)
Flim placement errors

31. Double image

32. Reversed film Tyre track
appearence

33. Dot artifact

34. Apices cut off

35. Crown not shown
Correction: increase amount of film showing ,not
1/8th of the film should be below or above the
crown

36. Dropped Film Corner
IF Edge Of Film Is Not Parallel To The
Occlusal Surface Of Teeth

37. Partial image (cone cut)

38. Asuan – Egy.

39. II. Exposure errors.
Blank image.
Low density image.
High density image.
Image with high and low
contrast.

40. Blank image
A film that doesn’t receive radiation
will have no image and will appear
clear.

41. Low density (faint) imageHigh density

42. Density-degree OR GRADATION OF
“BLACKNESS” ON A RADIOGRAPHIC FILM.

43. High contrast and low contrast

44. Difference in degree of blackness on radiograph

46. III. Processing errors
Processing include several variables:
•Development time
•Fixing time
•Processing temperature
•Chemical activity

47. III. Processing errors
Chemical
errors:
•Light image
•Dark image
•Reticulation
•film fog
Film Handling
errors:
•Partial images
•Overlapped film

48. processing errors
• Stain on film
• Yellowish brown
discoloration.
• Roller mark
• Dark flow marks
• Emulsion peel
• Grainy appearance
• Dark box

49. Dark radiograph Light radiograph

50. Reticulation.(orange peel appearance)

51. Partial images

52. Film fog

53. Overlapped film processing

54. Stain on film

55. DEVELOPER STAINS

56. Yellowish brown discoloration

57. Dark flow mark

58. Emulsion peel

59. Grainy appearance

60. Roller mark

61. Dark box

62. Radiographic artifacts

63. Exposure and processing artifact
• Black line
• Black spot
• Black crescent
• Static smudge
• Static tree
• Black patch
• White spot
• Air bubbles
• Streaking
• Lightening bolt type
• Phalangioma

64. Black spot

65. Black line

66. Black patch on film

67. Black crescent

68. Static electricity

69. Black smudgeBlack tree
Rapid opening of film from film
packet in the period of low humidity

70. Lightening bolt like artifacts

71. White spot or
patch
Air bubbles

72. Streaks on film

73. phalangiomaPhalangioma

74. Storage and handling artifact
• Brittleness on radiograph
• Finger prints
• finger nail
• Clip mark
• Black area
• Metallic silver artifact
• Vigorous staining

75. BRITTLENESS ON RADIOGRAPH

76. Black finger print

77. White finger print mark

78. Finger nail artifact

79. Clip mark

80. Black area

81. Metallic silver defect artifact

82. Vigorous staining

83. Judgement
Clinical
aspect
Patient
exposure

84. TAKE HOME MESSAGE

85. SHAPE DISTORTION
ALIGNMENT
IDEAL
RADIOGRAPH

86. Learn from the mistakes
of other we won’t live
long enough to make all
by ourself“”
Chanakya

87. • PRINCIPLES OF DENTAL
IMAGING – by Langland and
Langlais
• DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY AND
RADIOLOGY- by Eric whites
• ORAL RADIOLOGY PRINCIPLES
AND INTERPRETATIONS –by
White and Pharaoh
• TEXTBOOK OF DENTAL AND
MAXILLOFACIAL RADIOLOGY –by
Freny R. Karjodkar
REFERENCES

88. Dr. SANGEETA MALIK
Senior lecture Dept. of Oral medicine and Radiology (SDC)
Dr. SUMIT GOEL
Senior lecturer Dept. of Oral medicine and Radiology (SDC)
Dr . SWATI GOEL
Senior Lecturer Dept of oral medicine and radiology (SDC)
ALL POST GRADUATES
Dept of oral medicine and radiology (SDC)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS