Presentase discourse analysis group 1

1. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
GROUP I
RIFYAL MUKARRAM(14)
JUVRIANTO CJ(9)
CHAERUL FARDA(2)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
GRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2016

2. WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
The word discourse is taken from Latin “discursus”, which means
conversation or speech.
Crystal (1992:25) stated that discourse is a continuous stretch of
(especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often
constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or
narrative.

3. According to Keith Johnson (1999: 99-105), Discourse Analysis
is the study of how stretches of language used in communication
assume meaning, purpose, and unity for their users; the quality of
coherence.
WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

4. • Structural or textual definition of discourse:
Discourse is a particular unit of language (above the sentence).
• Functional definition of discourse:
Discourse is a particular focus of language use.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DEFINITIONS OF
DISCOURSE

5. Widdowson (1979:135) gives the following inferred, readily
comprehendible but non-cohesive:
Example: - That’s the telephone.
- I’m in the bath.
- OK
Functionally, the three utterances relate coherently to each other
as request, refusal, and acceptance.
THE MEANING OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

6. 1. The first approach described may be characterized as the
British-American school (Penny Cook, 1994), and has been the
most significant in applied linguistics and in language
teaching. It is, broadly speaking, an approach which has
emerged from detailed study of language.
APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

7. 2. The second approach is an approach which may be
characterized as moving in opposite direction derives as
theoretical base from the work of French philosopher, Michael
Foucolt, who intuitively identifies orders of discourse
(medicine, law, natural history, etc.) defined the textual
expression of ideology and social; relationships (Foucolt,
1970)
APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

8. 3. The third approach is critical discourse analysis. While making
use of insights from both the Anglo-American and Foucoultian
traditions of discourse analysis, it draws particularly upon the
Hallidayan view of language as a social semiotic (Halliday,
1973).
APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

9. According to Van Dijk (1985: 1-9), discourse analysis is an old as
well as a new discipline. It originated from the study of language,
public speech, and literature more than 2000 years ago. Its
historical sources are classical rhetoric, the art of good speaking,
and the grammatica, the historical antecedent of linguistics.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

10. In the 1960s various scattered attempts to apply semiotic or
linguistic method had been brought to the study of texts and
communicative events; in the early 1970s the publication of the
first monographs and collection was seen wholly and explicitly
dealing with systematic discourse analysis as an independent
orientation or research within and across several disciplines.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

11. The discovery in linguistics of the philosophical work by Austin,
Grice, and Searle about speech acts was a second important
development in the early 1970s. This approach considered verbal
utterances not only as sentences, but also as specific forms of
social context, while sociolinguistics stressed the role of language
variation and the social contact.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

12. At the same time, discourse was rediscovered by psychology and
the new field of artificial intelligence, after the early, and later
influential, work on memory for stories by Bartlett (1932).
Psychology and sociolinguistics developed in the shadow of
transformational grammar, so that much work was concerned with
the experimental testing of the psychological reality of syntactic
rules.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

13. At the same time artificial intelligence, the computer simulation
of language understanding started its important work about
knowledge representations in memory.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

14. And finally, the circle of these independent beginnings of
contemporary discourse analysis can be closed by returning again
to anthropology, the discipline where much of it had started in the
first place.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

15. The study of “real” language use in the socio-cultural context no
longer stopped at form of address, ritual or myth, but also began
to pay attention to the mundane forms of talk in different culture,
such as greetings, spontaneous storytelling, formal meetings,
verbal dueling, and other forms of communication and verbal
interaction.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS