1. McGraw-Hill
9Analyzing Causes and Effects:
Health and Medicine

2. 9-29-2
McGraw-Hill
Learning Outcomes
• Identify real world applications for explaining
causes and effects.
• Understand the steps for writing cause and
effect analyses.
• Interpret images and readings about health
and medicine.

3. 9-39-3
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Learning Outcomes (contd.)
• Analyze the rhetorical situation for explaining
causes and effects.
• Apply the steps for writing a cause and
effect essay.

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Real World Applications
(LO 9.1)
School
• You may need to explain the cause(s)
of a certain illness.
• You may need to describe the effects
of a specific war for a history course.

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Real World Applications
(contd.)
Daily Life
• You may need to determine the effects of
changing your career.
• You may need to determine the cause(s)
of issues in a personal relationship.

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Real World Applications
(contd.)
Career
• You may need to identify causes of
decreased employee productivity at work.
• You may need to investigate the effects of
a new software system.

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Steps for Writing Compare &
Contrast Essays (LO 9.2)
• Begin by identifying
the cause or effect
you want to analyze.
• Explain the
cause-and-effect
relationship
convincingly.
• Organize the causes
and/or effects
effectively.
• Use sound logic.
• Conclude effectively.

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Health and Medicine
(LO 9.3)
Writing about an image
• Write a cause and effect essay that relates
to an image in the chapter.
• You may write about the image itself
or about something the image reminds
you of.

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Health and Medicine
(contd.)
Media connection for explaining
causes and effects
• Watch, read, or listen to suggested media to
discover additional examples of cause/effect
analysis.
• Exploring various media may help you better
understand methods for explaining causes
and effects.
• Cite all sources.

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The Rhetorical Star (LO 9.4)
Subject
• Select a topic that is narrow enough to
cover within the assignment
guidelines.
• For a shorter paper, you may need to
focus on causes OR effects, instead of
both.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)
Audience
• Determine who your audience will be.
• Select the details that will be most
important to the audience.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)
Purpose
• Determine what you want to
accomplish.
• Decide if you are informing,
persuading, or expressing feelings.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)
Strategy
• Focus on the main approach of cause
and/or effect.
• Combine other strategies if necessary
to make your point.

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The Rhetorical Star (contd.)
Design
• Know how you want the essay to
look when you are finished.
• Decide if graphics, photographs, or
illustrations are needed to clarify ideas.

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Applying the Writing Process
(LO 9.5)
Discovering
• Use the media suggestions in the chapter
to help find a subject.
• Consider a subject with which you have personal
experience.
• Create a chart of causes and effects to determine
what you want to cover.

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Applying the Writing Process
(contd.)
Planning
• Create a cluster or outline to help you
organize your ideas.
• Follow one of the organizational strategies for
your essay:
o The effects of a major cause
o The causes for a major effect
o A chain of events that illustrate the cause or
effect

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Applying the Writing Process
(contd.)
Composing
• Write a first draft of your essay.
• Don’t focus on grammar and punctuation.
• Keep focused on the causes or effects
you are trying to explain.

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Applying the Writing Process
(contd.)
Getting Feedback
• Have a peer read your draft
• Use the peer review questions to gather
feedback from your reviewer.
• Get a second opinion, if possible.

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Applying the Writing Process
(contd.)
Revising
• Revise your essay based upon the feedback you
receive.
• Make sure your essay is logical and
has fully supported ideas.
• Add, delete, and rearrange ideas as necessary.

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Applying the Writing Process
(contd.)
Editing
• Read your essay one more time.
• Look for errors in grammar, punctuation, and
mechanics.
• Consider reading your essay aloud to listen
for word choice and sentence structure.

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Applying the Writing Process
(contd.)
Proofreading
• Read your essay at least one more time.
• Check for typographical errors or other issues
that could interfere with the
reader’s understanding of the essay.