1. What
health
problems
can you
see in this
Dirty ole picture?
town

2. What is this cartoon saying about Landlords and conditions for the poor?

4.  I will be able to highlight the change in the role
of Government towards Public Health in the
19th Century
 I will also be able to explain the reasons for this

5. 50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 Bethnal Green
10
5 Liverpool
0 Wiltshire
What does this Bar Chart tell you? NB Wiltshire is
a county and mainly Agricultural

6.  Carried out report in 1842 “The Sanitary Conditions
of the Labouring Population”
 The Government ignored report
 New Government introduced “Public Health Act” of
1848” to encourage local authorities to improve
condition in their area
 However they had to get support of local ratepayers to
do this

9.  Read p 111 and use bullet points to explain
who opposed Public Health improvements and
why?
 Why couldn’t Chadwick prove that his idea’s
would save lives?

10. A Court for King Cholera – Punch 1852

11.  What did John Snow discover?
 How did he do this?

12.  Snow was a British physician who is
considered one of the founders of
epidemiology for his work identifying
the source of a cholera outbreak in 1854.
 John Snow was born into a
labourer's family on 15 March 1813
in York and at 14 was apprenticed to
a surgeon. In 1836, he moved to
London to start his formal medical
education. He became a member of
the Royal College of Surgeons in
1838, graduated from the University
of London in 1844 and was admitted
to the Royal College of Physicians in
1850.

13.  At the time, it was assumed that cholera was airborne.
However, Snow did not accept this 'miasma' (bad air)
theory, arguing that in fact entered the body through the mouth.
He published his ideas in an essay 'On the Mode of
Communication of Cholera' in 1849. A few years later, Snow was
able to prove his theory in dramatic circumstances. In August
1854, a cholera outbreak occurred in Soho. After careful
investigation, including plotting cases of cholera on a map of the
area, Snow was able to identify a water pump in Broad (now
Broadwick) Street as the source of the disease. He had the handle
of the pump removed, and cases of cholera immediately began to
diminish. However, Snow's 'germ' theory of disease was not
widely accepted until the 1860s.
 Snow was also a pioneer in the field of anaesthetics. By testing the
effects of controlled doses of ether and chloroform on animals and
on humans, he made those drugs safer and more effective. In
April 1853, he was responsible for giving chloroform to Queen
Victoria at the birth of her son Leopold, and performed the same
task in April 1857 when her daughter Beatrice was born.
 Snow died of a stroke on 16 June 1858.

14.  Why did Parliament decide to give Bazalgette
money to build new Sewers for London?
 Bazelegette

15.  As chief engineer to London's metropolitan board of works in the mid-19th
century, Bazalgette had a significant impact both on London's appearance
and, through his design of an efficient sewage system, on the health of its
inhabitants.
 Joseph Bazalgette was born in London on 28 March 1819. His father was a
captain in the Royal Navy. Bazalgette began his career as a railway
engineer, gaining considerable experience in land drainage and
reclamation. In 1842 he set up in private practice.
 In 1856, London's metropolitan board of works was established. The
board was the first organisation to supervise public works in a unified
way over the whole city, and it elected Joseph Bazalgette as its first, and
only, chief engineer.
 In the mid-19th century, London was suffering from recurring epidemics
of cholera. In 1853 - 1854 more than 10,000 Londoners were killed by the
disease. It was thought at the time to be caused by foul air. The hot
summer of 1858 created the 'Great Stink of London', which overwhelmed
all those who went near the Thames - including the occupants of
Parliament. This, together with the frequent occurrence of cholera, gave
impetus to legislation enabling the metropolitan board to begin work on
sewers and street improvements. By 1866 most of London was connected
to a sewer network devised by Bazalgette.

16.  He saw to it that the flow of foul water from old
sewers and underground rivers was
intercepted, and diverted along new, low-level
sewers, built behind embankments on the
riverfront and taken to new treatment works.
 By 1870 both the Albert and the Victoria
Embankments had been opened. These replaced
the tidal mud of the Thames shore with reclaimed
ground for riverside roads and gardens behind
their curved river walls. The Victoria Embankment
protected Bazalgette's low-level sewer, as well as a
service subway and the underground railway. The
Chelsea Embankment was completed in
1874, reclaiming over 52 acres from the Thames.
 Throughout this busy time, Bazalgette continued to
train young civil engineers and provide
independent advice to other British towns and
cities - as well as places as far apart as Budapest
and Port Louis, Mauritius.
 Bazalgette died on 15 March 1891.

17.  All towns were forced to provide clean
water, proper drainage and Sewers
 Also had to appoint a Medical Officer of Health
 Why did this happen?

18.  New Voters – Working class men had vote in 1867
 Scientific Developments – Pasteur
 Statistics – William Farr used birth and Date rates to
prove link between unhealthy living conditions and
high death rates
 Education –In 1870 local authorities forced to set up
new schools. Health Education taught in many of these

19.  Sing out about the “Great stink of 1858?”
 Following website is useful:
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/victorian
_britain/social_conditions/victorian_urban_pl
anning_01.shtml