VO Course 02: Astronomy & Standards

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Overview of the virtual observatory course by Juan de Dios Santander Vela, and part of the MTAF (Métodos y Técnicas Avanzadas en Física, Advanced Methods and Techniques in Physics) Master at the University of Granada (UGR).

Technologie

Astronomy & Standards
Interoperability of astronomical data
Juan de Dios Santander Vela (IAA-CSIC)

Overview

Astrophysical records

Sharing astrophysical data

Interoperability standards

Astrophysical records

Aurignacian Lunar Calendar / diagram, drawing after
Marshack, A. 1970; Notation dans les Gravures du
Paléolithique Supérieur, Bordeaux, Delmas / Don’s Maps

Astrophysical records

In astrophysics, we record the EM radiation from
distant objects, in order to:

understand the processes that generated the
EM radiation

understand the processes that aﬀect the
received EM radiation

Many different records
Astrophysical records are diﬀerent by means of
their

EM/energy range (long vs. short-λ radio, IR,
optical, UV, X-Ray, ɣ-Ray)

Product type (images, time series, spectra,
spectral cube, image cube, combinations…)

Instrument setup

Many different records

Many, many things can change

Coordinate system, physical measurement,
physical support…

And that’s just the observation generation!

Many different records
Most of those records can be represented as
multi-dimensional arrays

Need to specify

Units

Sampling

Physical meaning

FITS: the Flexible Image
Transport System
Header + Table data

Special case: Image data

Header: Keyword-value pairs

2-level hierarchies (Main HDU + Extensions)

NASA Standard + IAU Recommendation

FITS Keywords: Basic
FITS Provenance Coordinates BSCALE
SIMPLE ORIGIN EPOCH BUNIT
END AUTHOR EQUINOX BZERO
DATE OBSERVER NAXIS TFORMn
BITPIX DATE-OBS NAXISn TNULLn
XTENSION TELESCOP CTYPEn TBCOLn
EXTNAME INSTRUME CRVALn THEAP
EXTLEVEL OBJECT CDELTn TUNITn
EXTVER REFERENC CRPIXn TDIMn
EXTEND CROTAn TZEROn
COMMENT TDISPn
HISTORY TSCALn
TTYPEn
BLOCKED Tables & GROUPS
Images GCOUNT
BLANK PCOUNT
DATAMIN PTYPEn
DATAMAX PSCALn
TFIELDS PZEROn

FITS Keywords: Common
FITS HDUDOC GRATING ORIENTAT
HDUVERS GRATINGn AIRMASS
TITLE HDUCLASn SATURATE LATITUDE
FILENAME OBJNAME
FILETYPE CHECKSUM
ROOTNAME DATASUM Target
PROGRAM CHECKVER SUNANGLE Time & Date
CREATOR MOONANGL TIME-OBS
CONFIGUR RA TIME-END
NEXTEND Groupings DEC DATE-END
HDUNAME GRPNAME RA_NOM EXPOSURE
HDUVER GRPIDn DEC_NOM EXPTIME
HDULEVEL GRPLCn RA_OBJ TELAPSE
TLMINn DEC_OBJ ELAPTIME
TLMAXn RA_PNT ONTIME
TDMINn Provenance DEC_PNT LIVETIME
TDMAXn OBS_ID PA_PNT
TDBINn OBS_MODE RA_SCX
TSORTKEY DATAMODE DEC_SCX Conventions
PROGRAM APERTURE RA_SCY HIERARCH
CREATOR DETNAM DEC_SXY INHERIT
CONFIGUR FILTER RA_SCZ CONTINUE
HDUCLASS FILTERn DEC_SCZ

Curse of Flexibility
FITS can accommodate data from any instrument/
telescope

but the price is semantics can be very diﬀerent
from instrument to instrument

initially solved through manuals for each
instrument

this doesn’t scale for multi-λ astronomy

Astronomical Catalogues

Robert Grant: Catalogue of 6415 stars for the epoch 1870.
Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons, 1883. Pages 472-473,
beginning of the catalogue. Sp Coll MacLehose f8.

Astronomical Catalogues
Collections of astronomical object properties

Typically, the result of many observations, or
exhaustive treatment of all object in a observation

Main index types
Spatial
Temporal
Object template

Astronomical Catalogues

Explosion of catalogues since early ‘90s, thanks to
Digitised astronomy
Internet (FTP ➡ WWW)
Journal tables

Astronomical Catalogues
Astrometry Miscellany

Photometry (no Non-stellar Objects
Radio)
Radio Catalogues
Spectroscopy
High-Energy
Cross-Identiﬁcations Catalogues

Combined Data Journal Catalogues

Standardising Catalogues

Standardising IC S!
A NT
S EM
Naming

Column relationships (errors, bounds, notes…)

Dates & Units

References & Links
FITS Standard Document

FITS World Coordinate System

FITS Dictionaries

Standard for Documentation of Astronomical
Catalogues

UCD List

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VO Course 02: Astronomy & Standards

1. Astronomy & Standards Interoperability of astronomical data Juan de Dios Santander Vela (IAA-CSIC)

2. Overview Astrophysical records Sharing astrophysical data Interoperability standards

3. Astrophysical Records

4. Astrophysical records Aurignacian Lunar Calendar / diagram, drawing after Marshack, A. 1970; Notation dans les Gravures du Paléolithique Supérieur, Bordeaux, Delmas / Don’s Maps

5. Astrophysical records In astrophysics, we record the EM radiation from distant objects, in order to: understand the processes that generated the EM radiation understand the processes that aﬀect the received EM radiation

6. Many different records Astrophysical records are diﬀerent by means of their EM/energy range (long vs. short-λ radio, IR, optical, UV, X-Ray, ɣ-Ray) Product type (images, time series, spectra, spectral cube, image cube, combinations…) Instrument setup

7. Many different records Many, many things can change Coordinate system, physical measurement, physical support… And that’s just the observation generation!

8. Many different records Most of those records can be represented as multi-dimensional arrays Need to specify Units Sampling Physical meaning

9. FITS: the Flexible Image Transport System Header + Table data Special case: Image data Header: Keyword-value pairs 2-level hierarchies (Main HDU + Extensions) NASA Standard + IAU Recommendation

10. FITS Keywords: Basic FITS Provenance Coordinates BSCALE SIMPLE ORIGIN EPOCH BUNIT END AUTHOR EQUINOX BZERO DATE OBSERVER NAXIS TFORMn BITPIX DATE-OBS NAXISn TNULLn XTENSION TELESCOP CTYPEn TBCOLn EXTNAME INSTRUME CRVALn THEAP EXTLEVEL OBJECT CDELTn TUNITn EXTVER REFERENC CRPIXn TDIMn EXTEND CROTAn TZEROn COMMENT TDISPn HISTORY TSCALn TTYPEn BLOCKED Tables & GROUPS Images GCOUNT BLANK PCOUNT DATAMIN PTYPEn DATAMAX PSCALn TFIELDS PZEROn

11. FITS Keywords: Common FITS HDUDOC GRATING ORIENTAT HDUVERS GRATINGn AIRMASS TITLE HDUCLASn SATURATE LATITUDE FILENAME OBJNAME FILETYPE CHECKSUM ROOTNAME DATASUM Target PROGRAM CHECKVER SUNANGLE Time & Date CREATOR MOONANGL TIME-OBS CONFIGUR RA TIME-END NEXTEND Groupings DEC DATE-END HDUNAME GRPNAME RA_NOM EXPOSURE HDUVER GRPIDn DEC_NOM EXPTIME HDULEVEL GRPLCn RA_OBJ TELAPSE TLMINn DEC_OBJ ELAPTIME TLMAXn RA_PNT ONTIME TDMINn Provenance DEC_PNT LIVETIME TDMAXn OBS_ID PA_PNT TDBINn OBS_MODE RA_SCX TSORTKEY DATAMODE DEC_SCX Conventions PROGRAM APERTURE RA_SCY HIERARCH CREATOR DETNAM DEC_SXY INHERIT CONFIGUR FILTER RA_SCZ CONTINUE HDUCLASS FILTERn DEC_SCZ

12. Curse of Flexibility FITS can accommodate data from any instrument/ telescope but the price is semantics can be very diﬀerent from instrument to instrument initially solved through manuals for each instrument this doesn’t scale for multi-λ astronomy

13. Astronomical Catalogues Robert Grant: Catalogue of 6415 stars for the epoch 1870. Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons, 1883. Pages 472-473, beginning of the catalogue. Sp Coll MacLehose f8.

14. Astronomical Catalogues Collections of astronomical object properties Typically, the result of many observations, or exhaustive treatment of all object in a observation Main index types Spatial Temporal Object template

15. Astronomical Catalogues Explosion of catalogues since early ‘90s, thanks to Digitised astronomy Internet (FTP ➡ WWW) Journal tables

16. Astronomical Catalogues Astrometry Miscellany Photometry (no Non-stellar Objects Radio) Radio Catalogues Spectroscopy High-Energy Cross-Identiﬁcations Catalogues Combined Data Journal Catalogues

17. Standardising Catalogues Standardising IC S! A NT S EM Naming Column relationships (errors, bounds, notes…) Dates & Units

18. References & Links FITS Standard Document FITS World Coordinate System FITS Dictionaries Standard for Documentation of Astronomical Catalogues UCD List

VO Course 02: Astronomy & Standards

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