1. CHAPTER 3 BIOCHEMISTRY

4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Amines -NH2 Amino Act as acids Carboxylic Acids; Fatty acids -COOH Carboxyl Polar; hydrophilic Ketones (when =O occurs in the middle of chain -CO Carbonyl Polar; hydrophilic Alcohols; carbohydrates Aldehydes (when =O end of chain) -OH Hydroxyl FUNCTION NAME OF COMPOUND SYMBOL GROUP

5. Carbon’s Cool Because carbon contains 4 electrons in its outer shell, it can pair in many ways with many different atoms in an “attempt” to fill its outer shell. Carbon is the central atom of life.

6. Carbon is the Central Atom of Life. glucose amino acids fat

7. Some Useful Nomenclature Learn to recognize these chemical groups.

8. In Biology, Molecular Shape Matters Its not just chemical formula, it’s the shape of the molecule that lets it do its “job”. Never forget the axiom – structure dictates function . Some major types of biological molecules.

9. Molecules of Life Start with water, add lots of small carbon-containing molecules and ……. How do you build a cell? use these four major classes of biological molecules.

11. Monomers, Polymers and Macromolecules Many biological molecules are macromolecules – huge assemblies of atoms. Biological macromolecules are formed by linking together a set of building blocks (monomers ) into long chains (a polymer).

16. con CONDENSATION REACTION

18. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are used for energy and to create structures. The building blocks for carbohydrates are simple sugars . ( glucose, fructose Three views of glucose, a common simple sugar.

22. Linking Simple Sugars – the First Step to a Polymer A complex carbohydrate is a long-chain polymer made of simple sugars. monosaccharides a disaccharide

24. Some Familiar and Important Complex Carbohydrates Note the way complex macromolecule are built by linking simple repeating units.

25. Carbohydrates are Central Players in Energy Production and Storage

26. Complex Carbohydrates Are Often Used to Create Structures Cellulose is the most abundant macromolecule on earth – and you’re probably wearing it now.

28. Fatty acid

29. Lipids are Hydrophobic Molecules That Exist In Three Primary Forms Steroid Fat Phospholipid

30. Fats Are Made By Linking Fatty Acid Chains to Glycerol, a Three Carbon Molecule Space-filling model of a fat A fatty acid

31. Molecular Structure of a Fat

32. Fats are Used in Energy Storage and Production

33. The Degree Of Saturation In A Fat Affects Its Physical And Health Properties Where are the double bonds?

34. Cis and Trans Unsaturated Fats all cis polyunsaturated “ Good” Omega-3-fatty acids mono- and poly-unsaturated saturated trans “ Bad”

35. At a Store Near You Beginning January 1, 2006, the FDA required that the amount of trans fat be listed on all food labels. The new line showing levels of trans fat

36. Sterols Sterols are: 1) essential membrane components and 2) form many hormones. Note the four ring structure common to all sterols.

37. Sterols As Hormones Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, and corticosteriods (cortisol) are all steroid hormones.

38. Sterols As Hormones “ Designer steroids” are major sporting news where they have been used illegally in track and field, baseball, football and countless other sports. A heavily muscled Linford Christie who was disqualified from international competition after testing positive for a banned steroid.

39. Phospholipids are Building Blocks of Cellular Membranes The hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tails are the keys to phospholipid function. Phospholipids have a molecular Jekyll and Hyde split personality.

40. Hydrophilic Head Group And Hydrophobic Tails Are The Keys To Phospholipid Function

41. Phospholipids Form Double-Layered Biological Membranes

42. Protein Proteins are THE key elements of life. Forget DNA, proteins rule. Remember the principle - structure determines function. Since proteins are the key players of the cell, it follows that protein structure determines cell function.

43. Some of the Diverse Functions of Proteins

44. Strands of the Protein Keratin Create Hair

45. Proteins are Linear Chains of Linked Amino Acids

46. A Common Thread and a Unique Identity

47. Amino Acids, Peptide Bonds, Polypeptides, Protein Proteins are linear chains of 20 different building blocks called amino acids. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds – a form of covalent bond. Peptide bonds

48. Proteins are Folded Structures Whose Shape (and therefore function) Depends on Amino Acid Sequence

49. Nucleic Acids There are two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Both are involved in the storage and flow of information from gene to gene product. DNA Recently, we’ve learned that RNA also plays important regulatory roles.

50. Nucleotides Are the Monomers That Create Polymers of DNA and RNA

51. Nucleotides fuel the cell and coordinate its metabolism. Nucleotides are Important in Their Own Right ATP, the cell’s primary energy currency.