This document discusses work-related injuries and illnesses, factors that influence workplace safety culture, and methods of prevention. It provides data on workplace fatality rates in Singapore from 2004-2013, showing a decline from 4.9 to 2.1 deaths per 100,000 workers. Worldwide, an estimated 2.3 million deaths are caused by work annually, including 25,801 in Turkey. The largest occupational causes of death are cancers, circulatory diseases, and accidents. Effective prevention requires leadership commitment to safety, identifying hazards, setting targets, ensuring safe systems, using safe technology, training workers, and investing in people. Both perceived and real risks in the workplace must be addressed.

1. Work-related Injuries and Illnesses
Safety and Health Culture, Factors and Prevention
“Safe Work - Healthy Work – For Life”
Dr Jukka Takala
Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore
Ankara , Turkey, 28 April 2015

2. 2
ss
OVERVIEW

5. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
No. of Workplace Fatal Injuries 83 71 62 63 67 70 55 61 56 59
Workplace Fatal Injury Rate 4.9 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1
3-year rolling average 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2
4.9
4.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.2
2.3
2.1 2.1
4.0
3.3
2.9 2.9
2.6
2.5
2.2 2.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Rate (per 100,000 employed
persons)
Number of
Workplace Fatal Injuries
Singapore Injury Rate Performance
Note: Figures exclude road traffic accidents on board transport in the course of work
In 2008:
Target of 1.8 per
100, 000 employed
persons by 2018

6. Turkey
in EURO
group

7. 2.5%
53.0%
5.7%
28.0%
6.0%
0.8% 1.0%
2.4%
Communicable Diseases
Malignant neoplasms
Neuropsychiatric
conditions
Circulatory diseases
Respiratory diseases
Digestive diseases
Genitourinary diseases
Accidents & violence
Circulatory
Diseases
Cancers
In EU28, cardiovascular and circulatory diseases accounts for 28%
and cancers at 53%. They were the top illnesses responsible for 4/5
of deaths from work-related diseases. Occupational injuries and
infectious diseases together amount accounts for less than 5%.
% Work-related Deaths caused by Illness in EU28

8. Singapore 2.3
Rate (per 100 000 workers)
Standardised incidence rates (per 100 000 workers) of
fatal accidents at work for 2011 (Eurostat)
Note: Figures exclude road traffic accidents on board transport in the course of work
Turkey 6.4 (reported) – 9.4 (ILO estimate)
Note: Singapore and Turkey rates not standardised

9. Occupational
cancer
Deaths, Western Europe, selected causes by GBD
Occupational
injuries
http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-cause-patterns/

10. Cancer, AFwork=13.8%
CVD,
AFwork=14.4%
Injuries
Deaths in men in 2010 by age, Western Europe, selected work risks
AF= Attributable
Fraction, re work
Communicable AF=4.8%

11. Cancer, AFwork=13.8%
CVD,
AFwork=14.4%
Injuries
Deaths in 2010 by age, Turkey, selected work risks
Communicable AFwork=4.8%

12. Musculoskeletal,
AFwork= 37%
Cancer
CVD, AFwork=13.2%
stress related
DALYs in 2010 by age, Turkey, selected work risks
Injuries
Mental health,
AFwork= 30+ %
DALY= Disability
Adjusted Life Years

13. Globally, 2.3 Million Deaths caused by Work
25,801 Work-related Deaths in Turkey
Turkey
23,686 Fatal Work-related Illnesses
= 20 workers
= 500 workers
= 1,000 workers
2,116 Fatal Accidents

14. 2% (511)
25% (6,369)
2 % (638)
62% (15,682)
0.4% (114)
1,3% (322)
0.3% (83) 7% (1,646)
Communicable diseases Cancers
Respiratory Diseases Circulatory diseases
Mental Disorders Digestive systems diseases
Genitourinary system Accidents and violence
Deaths attributed to work, Turkey 25,801 and WHO Euro area (%)
Work-related Annual Deaths – EU-27
Sources: WSH Institute Singapore 2014, Hämäläinen P, Takala J, Saarela KL; TUT, ILO, WHO,
EU-OSHA, WSH Institute Singapore, JOEH May 2014, ref. data: WHO Euro region (mid –income)
Work-related Annual Deaths –
Turkey: number of fatal injuries and illnesses,
WHO Euro % of total 224,825

15. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-cause-patterns/http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-cause-patterns/

17. Safety and health in Construction
Biggest killer in construction?
• Falling from high, working machinery?

18. Safety and Health in Construction
Biggest killer in construction?
• Falling from high, working machinery?
Answer: DUST
Occupational cancer kills in the U.K.:
• 3909 asbestos caused cancer
• 652 diesel engine exhaust (all sectors
• 789 silica dust
• 334 painting and decorating products and activities

19. In Turkey (estimate)
Cancer at work kills
• 1000-2000 asbestos
caused cancer
(consumption adjusted)
• 635 silica dust
• 525 diesel engine
exhaust (all sectors)
• 454 mineral oils
• 445 shift work
• 269 painting and
decorating products
and activities
• ………http://www.notimetolose.org.uk/

20. Singapore 2011
1 fatal
99 accidents, 30 days+
663 accidents, 4 days+
1204 accidents with sick leave
1597 accidents, all
EU 28 average 2011
1 fatal
362 accidents, 30 days+
880 accidents, 4 days+
1208 accidents with sick leave
1646 accidents , all
Singapore 2011- 2014
1 fatal
4.4 illnesses, 30+ days
43 illnesses, 4 days+
121 illnesses with sick leave
257 illnesses, all
EU 28 average 2011
1 fatal
30 illnesses, 30 days+
n/a illnesses, 4 days+
69 illnesses with sick leave
111 illnesses, all
1 death
Multi-mechanism
Multi-cause
Germany

23. Take
Leadership
Commitment
1

24. Identify
Hazards
and Risks
2

25. Set
Targets
for
Safety &
Health
3

26. Ensure
a Safe
System
4

27. Use
Safe & Healthy
Technology
5

28. TRAINING
Improve
Qualification6

29. Invest in
People7

30. 30
PERCEIVED AND REAL RISKS
PERCEIVED RISK
Airline
accident
Mobile
phones
Terrorist
attack Violent
robbery
Avian flu
Stock exchange
crash
Glass of wine
REAL RISK
Heat wave
WAR
activities,
anywhere
Traffic
Accident Cancer
Circulatory diseases
Sources: S. Hertlich, M.Hamilo, S.kuvalehti (FI), Journal Occ Env Hyg, 11: 326–337, May 9, 2014; Takala J ao.
Work-
related
Work-
related
Work-
related
Work-
related Work-
related
Evidence 2 Policy
Evidence 2 Practice

31. 31
PERCEIVED AND REAL RISKS
PERCEIVED RISK
Airline
accident
Mobile
phones
Terrorist
attack Violent
robbery
Avian flu
Stock exchange
crash
Glass of wine
REAL RISK
Heat wave
Cancer
Circulatory diseases
Work-
related
Work-
related
Work-
related
Work-
related
WORK
all
Work-
related
Evidence 2 Policy
Evidence 2 Practice
WORK
all
Sources: S. Hertlich, M.Hamilo, S.kuvalehti (FI), Journal of Occ Env Hyg, 11: 326–337, May 9, 2014; Takala ao.
WAR
activities,
anywhere
Traffic
Accident

32. Conclusion