Overview of Literature Review

1. The Impact of ADHD on theChild’s Family Julie Lewis PSY492: Advanced General Psychology August 15, 2011

3. Objective: To gain insight into how a child’s ADHD affects the family

4. Hypothesis: There is an impact on the family when there is a child with ADHD

6. Disruption of family relationships and social life

7. Interruptions at work

8. Limits on personal freedom and time

9. Feelings of sadness, guilt, anger, frustration

10. Fatigue and depression

11. Severity of child problems was the most consistent predictor of caregiver strain.

12. Strength – compared Medicaid and fee-for-service patients

14. Increased interpersonal conflict

15. Increased marital conflict, separation and divorce

16. Less contact with extended families

17. Fewer positive family experiences

18. Personal and relational transformation forged from adversity is possible

19. Family resilience can be a powerful asset in dealing with the stress and strain

20. Strength – provided research on family resilience – no previous research

22. Stress and strain from having a child with ADHD can worsen parent’s psychopathology, which can negatively affect ADHD symptoms

23. Parental stress and strain negatively affects parenting skills

24. Increased maternal anxiety and depression leading to less consistent parenting

25. Strength – highlights gap in research regarding effect of comorbities on parental stress

27. Parental stress can lead to use of physical punishment, verbal reprimands, harsh commands, and threats

28. Stress and strain can lead to dysfunctional parenting, which can lead to aggressive behavior from child toward peers and parents, which leads to more stress. . .

29. Strength – used information from children and parents

31. Less parental stress when child is properly medicated

32. High conflict and stress contributes to parent psychopathology

33. Mothers more responsive to ADHD symptoms than fathers

34. Parents often see boys ADHD symptoms as being more deliberate, which increases the stress reaction

35. Strength – longitudinal study

37. Increased alcohol intake exacerbates ADHD symptoms, which increases stress and alcohol intake.

38. Family history of alcoholism associated with effects stress has on behavior

39. Strength – contributes to sparse literature on subject, used single and married parents

41. The higher the parental stress the more disparity there is between teacher reports and parent reports.

42. Parental stress affects perception of conflict and family disruption

43. Strength – study stresses the importance of considering parental stress when reporting ADHD symptoms

45. Parents tend to be more critical, negative, and disapproving when they feel there is no end to the stress from their child’s ADHD symptoms

46. Increased conflict and discord when parents have less esteem and satisfaction

47. Increased anger with child’s noncompliance

48. Strength – study used electronic mapping, which is an effective way of reporting symptoms as they are happening

50. Family stress can decrease overall functioning of the child with ADHD and his/her family

51. Parents often have increased anxiety, depression, marital discord, divorce, and substance abuse

53. References cont. Van DerOord, S., Prins, P.J.M., Oosterlaan, J. & Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2006). The association between parenting stress, depressed mood and informant agreement in ADHD and ODD.BehaviourResearch and Therapy. 44(11). 1585-1595. Whalen, C.K., Henker, B., Jamner, L.D. Ishikawa, S.S. Joshua, N., et al. (2006). Toward mapping daily challenges of living with ADHD: Maternal and child perspectives using electronic diaries. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.34(1), 115-130. Withrow, L.M., Has, P.A.K., & Holten, K.B. (2011). Managing ADHD in children: Are you doing enough? Journal of Family Practice.60(4), E1-E3.