1. Gramática Libro
By Jeremias Moss

2. Table of Contents
1. Present Tense
2. Stem Changers
3. Irregular “Yo” Form
4. Saber Vs. Conocer
5. Reflexive Verbs
6. “Se” Impersonal
7. Verbs Similar to Gustar
8. Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir
9. Hacer Expression
10. Imperfect
1. Irregular
2. Trigger Words
11. Preterite Tense
1. Irregular (-car/gar/zar, spock, cucarcha, & snake/snakeys)
2. Trigger Words
12. Comparatives/Superlatives
13. Future
1. Irregular
2. Trigger Words

3. Table of Contents
14.Conditional
15.Por y Para
16.Commands
17.Present Perfects
18.Irregular Past Participle
19.Double Object
20.Adverbs
21.Subjunctive
22.“Se” impersonal
23.Progressive w/ ir, andar and seguir

4. Present Tense
 Used to express a past action that continues to
have importance until the present.
 -ar
 Nadar (to swim)- nado, nadas, nada, nadamos,
nadàis, nadan
 -er
 Comer (to eat)- como, comes, come, comemos,
coméis, comen
 -ir
 Vivir (to live)- vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven

5. Stem Changers
 These verbs don’t change only in the nosotros/vosotros form
 “e” se convierte a “ie”
 Ex. Pensar- pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensàis,
piensan
 More words: cerrar, despertar, divertirse, empezar…
 “e” se convierte a “i”
 Ex. Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
 More words: conseguir, despedir, seguir, servir…
 “o” se convierte a “ue”
 Ex. Poder- puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
 More words: acostar, colgar, devolver, dormir…
 “u” se convierte a “ue”
 Jugar has “u” to “ue” stem change in all except
nosotros/vosotros
 Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in
nosotros/vosotros

6. Irregular “Yo” Form
 “Go” verbs- coer, decir, oír, poner, hacer,
tener, traer, venir…
 Tener- tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis,
tienen
 Decir- digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
 Oír- oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
 “Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir,
conducir…
 Conocer- conozco, conoces, conoce,
conocemos, conocéis, conocen

7. Saber Vs Conocer
 They both mean “to know”
 Both are verbs with a irregular “yo” form
 Saber is used in the context of knowing
information or ideas.
 Ex. Sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben
 Conocer is used in the context of knowing a
person or a place.
 Ex. Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos,
conocéis, conocen

8. Reflexive Verbs
 Verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when
used.
 Reflected upon ones self
 Identified by –se suffix
 Ex. Laverse (to wash)- lavo, lavas, lava, lavamos,
lavàis, levan
 Ex. Caerse (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos,
caéis, caen
 Reflexive pronouns before the verb: me
(myself), te (yourself), se (him/herself,
themsleves), nos (ourselves)
 Ex. Me Lavo, Te Lavas, Se Lava, Nos Lavamos, Se
Lavan

9. “Se” Impersonal
 To form the “Se” impersonal, verbs are
always 3rd person singular and are
commonly followed by a direct object.
 Formula: se + 3rd person singular
 Ex. Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is
spoken here.)
 Ex. Se dice que va a llover mañana. (It's
said it is going to rain tomorrow.)

10. Verbs Similar to Gustar
 I.O. + “gusta verb” + noun
 I.O- me, te, le, les, nos, os
 Ex. Me encantan los deportes
 Te fascina la música
 Le molesta el arte
 Les intersan los estudios

11. Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-
uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir
 Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -gir change
the g to j before an a or an o.
 Ex. Proteger (to protect)- protejo (yo)
 Ex. Exigir (to require)- exijo (yo)
 More words: dirigir, escoger, recoger,
encoger, fingir, elegir, corregir…
 “Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir,
conducir…
 Conocer- conozco, conoces, conoce,
conocemos, conocéis, conocen
 Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem
change except in nosotros/vosotros

12. Hacer Expressions
 The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the
length of time an action has been taking place
 Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb
 Ex. Hace un año que estudio español.
 To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“
 Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb
 Ex. Hace un año que no estudio español.
 Present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time
 Ex. Estudio español desde hace un año
 To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“
 No + present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time

13. Imperfect Tense Regular
Verbs
 Imperfect tense is used to express a past
event that was outgoing for an
indeterminate length of time
 The imperfect generally means “used to
do” or “was doing” when talking about
actions that happened in the past

14. Rules of Imperfect
1. To express what was in the middle of
happening at the time of narration, what use
to happen, or what happened repeatedly in
the past
2. To describe people or things in the past
3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a
feeling the past
4. To describe the time of day in the past
5. When describing an action that was in the
process of happening when interrupted by
another action
6. To set the stage, describe a situation

15. Imperfect Conjugations
-ar -er/-ir
Yo Nosotros Yo Nosotros
-aba -àbamos -ía -íamos
Tú Vosotros Tú Vosotros
-abas -abais -ias -íais
Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Ud Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Ud
-aba s. -ía s.
-aban -ían

16. Imperfect Trigger Words
 a menudo (often)
 a veces (sometimes)
 cada día (every day)
 cada semana (every week)
 cada mes (every month)
 cada año (every year)
 con frecuencia (frequently)
 de vez en cuando (from time to time)
 en aquella época (at that time)
 frecuentemente (frequently)
 generalmente (usually)
 muchas veces (many times)
 mucho (a lot)
 nunca (never)
 por un rato (for awhile)
 siempre (always)
 tantas veces (so many times)
 todas las semanas (every week)
 todos los días (every day)
 todo el tiempo (all the time)
 varias veces (several times)


17. Imperfect Irregulars
 Ir
 Iba, ibas, ibamos, ibais, iban
 Ser
 Era, eras, éramos, erais, eran
 Ver
 Veía, veías, veíamos, veíais, veían

18. Verbos Irregulars En El
Presente
 ir (to go)
 Ex. Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
 Estar (to be)
 Ex. Estoy, estàs, està, estamos, estàis,
estàn
 Ser (to be)
 Ex. Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
 Dar (to give)
 Ex. Doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan

19. Ser Vs Estar
 Ser & Estar both mean –to be ,but they are
used in different situations.
 Estar (temporary)- health, emotion/mood, location,
present condition, appearance and civil state
(married, dead, etc.)
 Use present progressive tense (-o to –ing) during
state of motion
 -ar to –ando
 Ex. I am angry (Estoy enojada)
 -er/-ir to –iendo/yendo
 Ex. I read (Leyendo)

20. Ser Vs Estar Cont.
 Ser (Permanent)- physical description,
personality and character, nationality, race,
gender, profession, origin, What things are
made of, Dates, days, seasons, time,
events, concerts, and parties
 Origin and possession are followed by “de.”

21. Ser/Estar Conjugation
Yo Nosotros Yo Nosotros
Soy Somos Estoy Estamos
Tú Vosotros Tú Vosotros
Eres Soís Estàs Estàis
Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Ud Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Ud
Es s. Està s.
Son Estàn

22. Ser/Estar Rap
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=p
layer_detailpage&v=lY10_T_ROq4

23. Verbs w/ Accents in the
Present Indicative Tense
 The vowels i and u are “weak vowels” in
contrast to the “strong vowels” a, e, and o.
When they come in contact with any other
vowel they normally form a diphthong.
 Diphthong is when a weak vowel (i/y, u) and a
strong vowel (a,e,o) or two weak vowels come
together.
 Ex. Esquiar (to ski)- esquío, esquías, esquía,
esquiamos, esquiàis, esquían
 Ex. Continuar (to continue)- continùo, continùas,
continùa, continuamos, continuàis, continùan

24. Preterite
 Preterit tense is used to express a totally
completed past action, a past determinate
action, or an action that lasted for a
specific length of time.
 A perfected action in the past (beginning
and/or ending)
 Past tense
 “Snapshot” of time
 Song: é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos,
aron, ieron, esto es el preterito

25. Preterite Conjugation
-ar -er/-ir
Yo Nosotros Yo Nosotros
-é -amos -í -imos
Tú Vosotros Tú Vosotros
-aste -asteis -iste -isteis
Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Ud Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Ud
-ó s. -ió s.-ieron
-aron

26. Los Irregulars
 Prefix (1st person only yo)
 -gar to –gué (verbs with –gué in the “yo” form)
 Pagar to Pagué
 More words: apagar, jugar, llegar…
 -car to –qué (verbs with –qué in the “yo” form)
 Sacar to saqué
 More words: buscar, practicar, tocar…-zar to –cé (verbs with
–cé in the “yo” form)
 -zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the “yo” form)
 Cruzar to Crucé
 More words: empezar, lanzar…
 Includes Spock Words, Cucaracha Verbs, and
Snake/ys

27. Spock Words
 Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs
 Hacer (hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron)
 Ir/ser (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron)
 Dar/ver (-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -ieron)

28. Cucaracha Verbs
 Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs
 Andar/anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos,
anduvisteis, anduvieron - (to walk)
 Estar/estuve…- (to be)
 Poder/pude…- (to be able to)
 Poner/puse…- (to put into lace)
 Querer/quise…- (to want/wish)
 Saber/supe…- (to know facts or info)
 Tener/tuve…- (to have)
 Venir/vine…- (to come)
 conducir/conduje…- (to conduct/drive)
 Producir/produje…- (to produce)
 Tradacir/traduje…- (to translate)
 Traer/traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron
-(to bring)
 Decir/dije…- (to say)
 If it has a –j than you omit the –i in -ieron

29. Snake/Snake-y
 Snakes are Preterite Tense Irregular
Verbs
 Snakeys are Preterite Tense With
Spelling Changes
 Stem changers & -y changers

30. Snake/Snake-y Cont.
 Example of -o to –u
 Dormir- (dormí, dormiste, dúrmió, dormimos,
dúrmieron)
 Example of -e to –i
 Pedir- (pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis,
pidieron)
 More words: conseguir, despedirse, divertirse,
hervir, mentir, prefirir, seguir, sentir, servir, sugerir,
vestirse, morir…
 Example of verbs with -y
 Leer- (lei, leiste, leýo, leimos, leýeron)
 More words: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir,
influir…

31. Preterite Trigger Words
 Ayer- yesterday
 Anoche- last night
 Anteayer- day before yesterday
 La Samana Pasada- last week
 El Dia Anterior- the day before
 El Lunes/Martes/Jueves/etc. Pasada- last (day)
 El Fin De Semana Pasado- last weekend
 El Mes Pasado- last month
 Ayer Por La Manana- yesterday morning
 Ayer Por La Tarde- yesterday afternoon
 El Otro Dia- the other day
 Una Vez- one time
 Esta Tarde- this afternoon
 Esta Manana- this morning
 Esta Noche- tonight

32. Comparatives/superlatives
 Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another (more, less,
or as... As)
 Más/menos- adj/adv/noun + que
 Ex. Menos intersantes- less interesting
 “de” used instead of “que” w/ numbers
 Verb + Más/menos que
 superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.
 Two types of superlative: relative and absolute
 The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some larger
group.
 definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de
 Ex. Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.
 The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger
group.
 muy + adjective
 sumamente + adjective
 adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)
 Ex. muy guapo/ sumamente guapo/ guapísimo

33. El Futuro
 Used to express an action that will take
place after the present moment
 Infinitive + e, as a, emos, an
 Infinitive- “will” I will eat
 Ex. Vive, viviras, te amare*
 -ir + -a + infinitive (immediate future)

34. Future Conjugations
Yo Nosotros
-é -emos
Tú Vosotros
-às -éis
Él/ella/Ud. Ello(a)s/Uds.
-à - àn

35. Future Irregular
 Their endings are regular, but their -yo stem
changes.
 Infinitive + ending (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)
 Ex. Caber/ yo cabré
 Ex. decir/ yo diré
 Ex. Resaber/ yo resabré

36. Future Irregular Tense
 Tener (to have): tendré, tendràs, tendrà, tendremos,
tendréis, tendràn
 Decir (to say): dir-
 Hacer (to do): har-
 Haber (to have): habr-
 Saber (to know): sabr-
 Poder (to be able to): podr-
 Querer (to want): querr-
 Salir (to exit): saldr-
 Poner (to place): pondr-
 Venir (to come): vendr-

37. Conditional
 Should, would, could do
 What happens under certain conditions
 Make polite requests
 Ex. Yo no ne quejarle tanto (I wouldn’t
complain a lot)
 -ar/-er/-ir (same ending in conditional)
 Ía, ías, íamos, ían
 Use same irregular stem as the future
 Conditional of “hay” is always “habría”

38. Por Y Para
 Por/Para- “for”
 Por≠Para
 Por
 Used to indicate motion/general location
 Around, through, along, by
 Describe duration of an action
 During, in, for
 Express reason/motive for an action
 Because of, on account of, on behalf of

39. Por Y Para Cont.
 Por
 Object of a search
 For, in search of
 Means by which something is done
 By, by way of, by means of
 Exchange or substitution
 For, in exchange of
 Unit of measure
 Per, by

40. Por Y Para Cont.
 Para
 Destination
 Forward, in direction of
 Deadline or specific time
 By, for
 Purpose + noun
 For, used for
 Purpose or goal + infinitive
 In order to

41. Por Y Para Cont.
 Para
 Recipient of something
 For
 To make a comparison/opinion
 For, considering]
 In employment
 Works for

42. Commands
 Formal
 Commands are used when ordering, or telling
someone to do something. This is often referred to as
the "imperative" form of the verb.
 1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
 2. Then drop the -o ending.
 3. Finally, add the following endings:
 Ex. Compre Ud. el anillo.
 (You) Buy the ring.
 Ex. Haga Ud. la tarea.
 (You) Do the homework.

43. Commands Cont.
 Informal
 commands are used when ordering, or
telling someone to do something
 (hablar - ar + a = habla)
(comer - er + e = come)
(escribir - ir + e = escribe)
 Ex. Compra (tú) el anillo. (You) Buy the ring.
 Ex. Escribe (tú) la tarea. (You) Do the homework.

44. Present Perfects
 Is frequently used for past actions that
continue into present or continue to affect
the person in the present
 Add “no” before conjugated verb of haber to
make negative
 Auxiliary verb + past participle
 Haber + ar(-ado) and er/ir (-ido)
 Ex. He hablado (I have spoken)

45. Irregular Past Participle
 Ir- ido
 Abrir- abierto
 Cubrir- cubierto
 Decir- dicho
 Escribir- escrito
 Hacer- hecho
 Morir- muerto
 Poner- puesto
 Resolver- resuelto
 Romper- roto
 Ver- visto
 Volver- vuelta

46. Double Object
 Place them either directly before a conjugated
verb or attach them to an infinitive, a present
participle or a command
 Ex. Ellos me los dan. (They give them to me.)
Direct Object Indirect Oblect English
Me Me Me
Le Te You (familiar)
Lo, la Le Him, her, it, you
Nos Nos Us
Os Os You all
Los, las Les Them, you all

47. Direct Object Cont.
 Whenever both pronouns begin with the
letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se.“
 Ex. No se lo tengo. (I don't have it for you.)
“I” “Se”
Le lo Se lo
Le la Se la
Le los Se los
Le las Se las
Les lo Se lo
Les la Se la
Les los Se los
Les las Se las

48. Adverbs
 Adverbs are words that describe, or
modify, verbs, adjectives or other
adverbs.
 -mente = -ly
 Feliz = felizmente
 -o = -a
 tranquilo = tranquilamente

49. Adverbs Cont.
 Basente- quite
 Demasiado- too
 Mal- badly
 Mucho- a lot
 Muy- very
 Nunca- never
 Peor- worse
 Poco- little
 Siempre- always

50. Present Subjunctive
 Indicative mood
 Facts, actions and states (real/definite)
 Subjunctive
 Attitudes (uncertain/hypothetical)
 To express: will & influence, emotion,
doubt/disbelief/denial, nonexistence and marriage
 Main clause +(connected by “que”)+ subordinate clause
 -ar = -e
 Hablar- hable/hables/hablemos/hableís, hablen
 -er/-ir = -a
 Comer- coma, comas, comamos, comaís, coman
 Escribir- esciba, escribas, escribamos, escribaís, escriban

51. Impressions
 Es bueno que- It’s good that…
 Es malo que- it’s bad that…
 Es mejor que- it’s better that…
 Es importante que- it’s important that…
 Ojala que- I hope
 Es urgente que- it’s urgent that…
 Es necessario que- it’s necessary that…

52. “Se” Impersonal
 Use “se” to avoid specifying a person
who is doing the action of the verb
 Use “se” in 3rd person
 Use in all tenses
 Ex. Se hizo mucho
 Ex. Se horá mucho
 Ex. Se hablá hecho

53. Progressive w/ ir, andar,
and seguir
 Ir + present participle= is slowly but
surely ___-ing
 Yo voy cantando una canción
 Andar + presnt participle= is going
around ___-ing
 Jaime anda buscando trabajo
 Seguir + present participle= is still
___-ing
 Ustedes sequen estudiando historia

54. The End
 Production by: Jeremias Moss
 Credits by: Jeremias Moss
 Writer: Jeremias Moss
 Editor: Jeremias “Boss” Moss
 Creator: Jeremias Moss
 Animation by: Jeremias Moss
 “You are welcome.”