1. Chapter 9: Elections,
Campaigns, and Voting
A More Perfect Union 1/e

2. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Civic Engagement and Political
Participation
– Voting
– Volunteering
– Running for Office
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Elections in the United States
– Nominations and Primary Elections
• Types of Primary Elections
• Presidential Primaries
– General Elections
– Referendum, Initiative, and Recall
– The Act of Voting
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

4. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Elections in the United States (continued)
– The 2000 Election and Its Impact
– Types of Ballots
– Why Ballot Design Matters
– Voting by Mail
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Running for Office: The Choice to Run
– Formal Eligibility Requirements
– Informal Eligibility Requirements
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

6. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• The Nature of Campaigns Today
– The Professionalism of Political Campaigns
– Media and New Technologies: Transforming
Political Campaigns
• Personality versus Policy
• Revolutionizing the Campaign: The Internet
– Money and Modern Campaigns
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

7. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Regulating Campaign Contributions
– Regulatory Loopholes: Independent
Expenditures
– Regulatory Loopholes: Soft Money
– The Impact of Regulation: The Growth of
PACs
– The Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act
of 2002
– Regulatory Loophole: 527s
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

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10. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Presidential Campaigns
– Party Conventions and the General Election
Campaign
– The Electoral College
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

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12. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Who Votes? Factors in Voter Participation
– Education Level—the Number one Predictor
of Voting
– The Age Factor
– Race and Voter Participation
– Income—a Reliable Predictor of Voting
– Party Competitiveness and Voter Turnout
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

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14. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• How Voters Decide
– Major Factors in Voter Decision Making
• Party Identification
• Policy Priorities
• Incumbency
– Campaign Influences on Voter Choice
• Greater Reliance on Paid Professional Staffers
• Negative Campaigning
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

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16. Elections, Campaigns, and
Voting
• Why Some People Do Not Vote
– Lack of Efficacy
– Voter Fatigue and Negative Campaigns
– The Structure of Elections
– The Rational Abstention Thesis
– The Impact of Nonvoting
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

17. Chapter Three
Elections

18. Exhibit 3-1 Qualified Political Parties in California
Percent of
Qualified party Website registered
voters*
Democratic www.cadem.org 42.5%
Republican www.cagop.org 34.3%
American Independent www.aipca.org 2.0%
Green www.cagreens.org 0.9%
Libertarian www.ca.lp.org 0.5%
Peace and Freedom www.peaceandfreedom.org 0.4%
Natural Law www.natural-law.org 0.1%
Other 0.5%
Decline to state 18.7%
* Does not total exactly 100% due to rounding.
15,837,108 registered voters in October 2006 — 70% of the 22,652,190 Californians eligible to vote.
Source: California Secretary of State

19. Expenditures in State
Exhibit 3-2
Assembly Campaigns: 1976-1998
Incumbents significantly outspend challengers

20. Expenditures in State
Exhibit 3-2
Assembly Campaigns: 1976-1998
Winners outspend losers

21. Exhibit 3-3
The top 20 contributors to candidates, party committees,
and/or ballot measure committees accounted for 29 percent of
the total contributions in 2004 election cycle.
Interest Group, Policy or Amount to
Amount to
Contributor Name Candidate Supported or Ballot
Candidates
Opposed, and Outcome Measures
Agua Caliente Band of Tribal Government
$688,650 $13,700,000
Cahuilla Indians Pro Proposition 70 (lost)
California State
Public Sector Union
Council of Service
Pro Proposition 56 (lost) $1,014,315 $12,818,278
Employees
Pro Proposition 72 (lost)
International Union
Political Party Committee
California Democratic Largest recipients were
$11,413,588 $1,010,525
Party Michael Machado (won)
and Peg Pinard (lost)
San Manuel Band of Tribal Government
$955,520 $11,000,000
Mission Indians Pro Proposition 70 (lost)

22. Exhibit 3-3
The top 20 contributors to candidates, party committees,
and/or ballot measure committees accounted for 29 percent of
the total contributions in 2004 election cycle.
Interest Group, Policy or Amount to
Amount to
Candidate Supported or Ballot
Contributor Name Candidates
Opposed, and Outcome Measures
Public Sector Union
California Teachers Pro Proposition 55 (won)
$1,838,925 $8,620,336
Association Pro Proposition 56 (lost)
Pro Proposition 72 (lost)
Schwarzenegger’s Candidate Committee
California Recovery Pro Proposition 57 (won) $0 $10,178,721
Team, Governor Con Proposition 68 (lost)
Tribal Government
Morongo Band of
Pro Proposition 70 (lost) $1,251,600 $8,334,600
Mission Indians
Con Proposition 68 (lost)
Tribal Government
Auburn Rancheria $83,800 $8,285,047
Con Proposition 68 (lost)

23. Exhibit 3-3
The top 20 contributors to candidates, party committees,
and/or ballot measure committees accounted for 29 percent of
the total contributions in 2004 election cycle.
Interest Group, Policy or Amount to
Amount to
Candidate Supported or Ballot
Contributor Name Candidates
Opposed, and Outcome Measures
Rumsey Band of Tribal Government
$97,000 $8,244,241
Wintun Indians Con Proposition 68 (lost)
Political Party Committee
Largest recipients were
California Republican
Gary Podesto (lost), Dean $6,314,060 $1,374,528
Party
Gardner (lost), and
Shirley Horton (won)
Pala Band of Mission Tribal Government
$47,300 $6,693,293
Indians Con Proposition 68 (lost)
Pechanga Band of Tribal Government
$498,004 $5,571,142
Luiseno Indians Con Proposition 68 (lost)

24. Exhibit 3-3
The top 20 contributors to candidates, party committees,
and/or ballot measure committees accounted for 29 percent of
the total contributions in 2004 election cycle.
Interest Group, Policy or Amount to
Amount to
Candidate Supported or Ballot
Contributor Name Candidates
Opposed, and Outcome Measures
California Motor Car Automotive
$453,456 $5,304,911
Dealers Association Pro Proposition 64
Candidate self-finance
Poizner Family Trust Republican candidate 21st $5,313,732 $0
Assembly (lost)
Magna Entertainment Gambling & Casinos
$54,200 $4,800,008
Corp Pro Proposition 68 (lost)
Telephone Utilities
SBC Communications $558,874 $4,181,776
Con Proposition 67 (lost)

25. Exhibit 3-3
The top 20 contributors to candidates, party committees,
and/or ballot measure committees accounted for 29 percent of
the total contributions in 2004 election cycle.
Interest Group, Policy or Amount to
Amount to
Candidate Supported or Ballot
Contributor Name Candidates
Opposed, and Outcome Measures
Hospitals & Nursing
Homes
California Healthcare
Pro Proposition 67 (lost) $354,276 $3,978,835
Association
Pro Proposition 72 (lost)
Pro Proposition 63 (won)
Viejas Band of Tribal Government
$334,620 $3,302,426
Kumeyaay Indians Con Proposition 68 (lost)
Gambling & Casinos
Pinnacle Entertainment $2,000 $3,414,000
Pro Proposition 68 (lost)
League of California Government
$0 $3,109,888
Cities Pro Proposition 1A (won)

26. Exhibit 3-4
California Campaign Contribution Limits
From
To Small Candidate Candidate (to self)
Political Action Reg’d Political
Individual Contribution (to another
Committee Lobbyist Party Contribution Loan
Committee candidate)
Candidate
State legislative $3,300/election** $3,300/election $6,700/election $0 No limit $3,300/election No limit $100,000
Governor* $22,300/election $22,300/election $22,300/election $0 No limit
Other statewide $5,600/election $5,600/election $11,100/election $0 No limit
Political Action
$5,600/year -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Committee
Small Contribution
$200/year -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Committee
Political Party $27,900/year $27,900/year -- -- -- -- -- --
Ballot Measure
No limit -- -- -- No limit -- --
Committee
Source: State of California, Fair Political Practices Commission.

27. Exhibit 3-5 California Voter Participation by Race/Ethnicity 2004

28. Exhibit 3-5 California Voter Participation by Age 2004

29. Exhibit 3-5 California Voter Participation by Education

30. Exhibit 3-5 California Voter Participation by Income

31. Exhibit 3-6
Voter Participation: Percent of Eligible Population
Voting in General Elections

32. Exhibit 3-7
California’s Coastal-Inland Political Divide

33. Exhibit 3-7
November 2006 Gubernatorial Election

34. Exhibit 3-7
November 2004 Presidential Election

35. Exhibit 3-7
October 2003 Special Election:
Shall Gray Davis be Recalled?

36. Exhibit 3-7
November 2002 Gubernatorial Election

37. Exhibit 3-7
November 2000 Presidential Election

38. Exhibit 3-7
November 1998 Gubernatorial Election

39. Diminishing Democrat-Republican
Exhibit 3-8
Registration and Growth of Independents

40. Exhibit 3-9 Growing Latino Electorate

41. Exhibit 3-10
Increasing Absentee Voting