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Open Data and the Law: ISWC 2009
1. Open Data & the law
ISWC 2009
Jordan S. Hatcher, JD, LLM
Co-founder, Open Data Commons
Board of Directors, Open Knowledge Foundation
Lawyer and strategy consultant in IP/IT
Monday, 26 October 2009 1
11. Key points:
1. Legal rights can cover data & databases
2. Legal rights require legal solutions
3. Legal solutions for open data exist
Monday, 26 October 2009 11
12. A few questions before we get started....
Monday, 26 October 2009 12
13. What do you mean by data?
Monday, 26 October 2009 13
14. Have you ever used an open source license?
Monday, 26 October 2009 14
15. Have you ever used a CC license?
Monday, 26 October 2009 15
16. Key points:
1. Legal rights can cover data & databases
2. Legal rights require legal solutions
3. Legal solutions for open data exist
Monday, 26 October 2009 16
17. •Why we care – (importance of data)
•Basics of IP
•How copyright applies to databases
Monday, 26 October 2009 17
34. “It would be a dangerous undertaking for persons
trained only to the law to constitute themselves
final judges of the worth of pictorial illustrations…”
Bleistein v Donaldson Lithographic, 188 U.S.
239, 251 (1903).
Monday, 26 October 2009 34
35. facts as not original
Monday, 26 October 2009 35
36. but some jurisdictions lean towards a
“sweat of the brow” approach for originality
i.e., they use copyright law to protect the effort that
went into collecting those facts
Monday, 26 October 2009 36
41. Copyright - exclusive rights granted
• Reproduce the work (make copies);
• Distribute the work to the public;
• Rent or lend the work to the public;
• Publicly perform the work;
• Broadcast the work or include it in a cable television service; and
• Adapt the work or to do any of the above with an adaptation of the work.
Monday, 26 October 2009 41
42. No access without
(permission culture)
permission
Monday, 26 October 2009 42
45. 1. Notice not required
2. No registration required
3. No single international
Copyright copyright system
Mythbusting
4. Not absolute - there are
exceptions (Fair use)
5. Noncommercial use isn’t
a free pass
Monday, 26 October 2009 45
47. Films Performances
Music letters to gran
Web sites
Sculpture
Buildings
databases Novels
Photographs
Plays
Dance
Computer Programs
broadcasts
Monday, 26 October 2009 47
49. No access without
(permission culture)
permission
Monday, 26 October 2009 49
50. Licensing giving permission
Monday, 26 October 2009 50
51. 1. Covers a lot of stuff
2. Doesn’t cover facts, but
Copyright collections of facts gets
key points tricky
3. Licensing is how you get
permission
Monday, 26 October 2009 51
55. database:
a collection of material arranged in a systematic or
methodical way and individually accessible by
electronic or other means
Monday, 26 October 2009 55
72. Key points:
1. Legal rights can cover data & databases
(& why we care)
2. Legal rights require legal solutions
3. Legal solutions for open data exist
Monday, 26 October 2009 72
73. Key points:
1. Legal rights can cover data & databases
(& why we care)
2. Legal rights require legal solutions
3. Legal solutions for open data exist
Monday, 26 October 2009 73
74. Importance of data
+
Legal rights over data
=
Need for a legal solution
Monday, 26 October 2009 74
80. Options
1. Ask for a licence.
2. Use under an
exception (fair use or
fair dealing).
3. Infringe
4. Use something else
Monday, 26 October 2009 80
81. Options
1. Ask for a licence.
2. Use under an exception
(fair dealing such as
criticism or private study).
3. Infringe
4. Use something else
Monday, 26 October 2009 81
83. 1.What is “open”?
2.What is open data?
Baseline 3.What is Share-Alike?
4.What is open
licensing
Monday, 26 October 2009 83
84. Open Defined opendefinition.org
Monday, 26 October 2009 84
85. • Use
• Reuse
“open” • Redistribute
• Attribution & Share Alike
okay
http://www.opendefinition.org/buttons
Monday, 26 October 2009 85
86. Open data is the application of many the same
principles and philosophies as free and open
source software and open content projects such
as Creative Commons to data and databases.
Monday, 26 October 2009 86
94. CC Licence Elements
• Attribution (BY): The work is made available to the public with the
baseline rights, but only if the author receives proper credit.
• NonCommercial (NC): The work can be copied, displayed and
distributed by the public, but only if these actions are for non-
commercial purposes.
• No Derivative works (ND): This licence grants baseline rights, but it
does not allow derivative works to be created from the original.
• Share-Alike (SA): Derivative works can be created and distributed
based on the original, but only if the same type of licence is used –
reciprocal licensing.
Monday, 26 October 2009 94
95. Six CC licences
• Attribution (BY)
• Attribution | No Derivatives (BY-ND)
• Attribution | Non-Commercial | No Derivatives (BY-NC-ND)
• Attribution | Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
• Attribution | Non-Commercial | Share Alike (BY-NC-SA)
• Attribution | Share Alike (BY-SA)
Monday, 26 October 2009 95
96. Six CC licences
• Attribution (BY)
• Attribution | No Derivatives (BY-ND)
• Attribution | Non-Commercial | No Derivatives (BY-NC-ND)
• Attribution | Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
• Attribution | Non-Commercial | Share Alike (BY-NC-SA)
• Attribution | Share Alike (BY-SA)
Monday, 26 October 2009 96
97. Open licensing How you use it...
Monday, 26 October 2009 97
98. Consumer of content
Finding stuff (software,
content, databases)
Monday, 26 October 2009 98
99. • making your IP management easier
• lowering your risks
Monday, 26 October 2009 99
101. data
(and remix)
Pirates or partners? You decide...
Monday, 26 October 2009 101
102. Approaches to p2p
• No rights reserved - Public
domain
• Some rights reserved -
open licensing
• All rights reserved - Soft
enforcement
• All rights reserved - Heavy
enforcement
(and remix)
Monday, 26 October 2009 102
103. Key points:
1. Legal rights can cover data & databases
(& why we care)
2. Legal rights require legal solutions
3. Legal solutions for open data exist
Monday, 26 October 2009 103
104. • open data commons origins
• how the open data commons tools
work
Monday, 26 October 2009 104
111. ?
Software Content Data
Monday, 26 October 2009 111
112. Open
Data
Diffusion of Innovations / Technology Adoption Curve
Monday, 26 October 2009 112
113. GPL, FSF, OSI, BSD... = software
Creative Commons... = content
Data is different from
software and content
both legally
and in what you do with it
Monday, 26 October 2009 113
114. • No Public Domain tool for
Open databases existed
Data • Demand for a share alike
Commons database license & CC
seen as poor fit
Monday, 26 October 2009 114
116. CC-BY-SA (2.0 Generic/US)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode
Monday, 26 October 2009 116
117. • Not all relevant rights
licensed
Legal
• Not consistent b/w
international licenses
Monday, 26 October 2009 117
118. • Attribution trigger broad
and unclear
• Share Alike unclear when
Practical combining with other
work (collective works)
• Doesn’t address SaaS
Monday, 26 October 2009 118
119. “Creative Commons does not recommend
using Creative Commons licenses for
informational databases”
Source: http://sciencecommons.org/resources/faq/databases
Monday, 26 October 2009 119
121. Open Data Commons
Legal tools:
• Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
• Open Database License (ODbL)
• Database Contents License (DbCL)
Monday, 26 October 2009 121
122. Who is using and proposing to use Open Data Commons tools...
Monday, 26 October 2009 122
125. The party of the first part ("you") agree with the party of the second part ("the
presenter") that by hereby reading this terms conditions warranties disclaimer and
waiver of liability that you disclaim any and all liability for anything whatsoever from
now to the end of eternity in this universe or any parallel dimension or universe
whether or not accessible via a wormhole by using a sun's gravitational pull on the
part of the presenter and furthermore agree forthwith not to throw tomatoes or any
other object (paper money excluded) at the presenter throughout the entirety of any
Human readable license
and all presentations now known or hereafter created and that this presentation
creates no licence, permission, contract, property rights, or claim in any court
(temporal or spiritual) for you to actually view, watch, read, or otherwise mentally
digest its contents though you are invited to do so only on the above-referenced
terms and that if you have been sent this presentation by mistake you must destroy,
delete, or demolish the file for to not do so would cause disaster and/or chaos on the
part of the party of the second part.
Monday, 26 October 2009 125
134. Contents (the “data”) can be anything:
facts, ages, dates, sonnets, images, text
observation notes, IP addresses, postal addresses
haiku, tweets, telephone numbers, income level, NI number
survey responses, music lyrics, film cast listings, patent numbers,
filing dates, marital status, racial information, education level
and on and on and on...
Monday, 26 October 2009 134
140. Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data
http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/open-access-data-protocol/
Monday, 26 October 2009 140
141. 3.1 The protocol must promote legal predictability and certainty.
3.2 The protocol must be easy to use and understand.
3.3 The protocol must impose the lowest possible transaction costs on users.
Monday, 26 October 2009 141
142. PDDL
http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/pddl/1.0/
Monday, 26 October 2009 142
148. Key points:
1. Legal rights can cover data & databases
(& why we care)
2. Legal rights require legal solutions
3. Legal solutions for open data exist
Monday, 26 October 2009 148
151. Identify the risks
What are the risks for your activities?
____________________________________
• Risk Avoidance – Pick what you do.
• Risk Reduction – Find ways to reduce the
liability on what you do.
• Risk Acceptance – Define your level of
acceptable risk and go ahead.
• Risk Transfer – Share the risks – Insurance for
example.
Monday, 26 October 2009 151
152. OpenDataCommons
Protocol for implementing open access data
ODbL PDDL
Monday, 26 October 2009 152
155. Thank you to Talis, OSM community, ODC-discuss
list, commenters, Science Commons, & OKFN for
feedback and support!
Monday, 26 October 2009 155
156. How you can help:
• Volunteer to help bring open data to your
community as a Community Contact.
• Support the OKFN.
• Join the OKF discuss list.
• Feedback. Have an idea how we can help or
what we should be doing? Let us know.
Monday, 26 October 2009 156
157. Thanks!
www.OpenDataCommons.org
www.okfn.org/support
Jordan S. Hatcher
e: webcontact ]AT[ opencontentlawyer D O T com
w: www.jordanhatcher.com
All original and CC-BY-SA derivative works licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 UK: Scotland Licence
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/scotland/
Monday, 26 October 2009 157
159. Richard Stallman (public domain)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_-_Denmark_DTU_2007-3-31.jpg
Larry Lessig – Lessig portrait by Notwist CC-BY 2.0
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lessig_portrait.jpg
Crop of Lawrence Lessig freesouls hero.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lawrence_Lessig_freesouls_hero.jpg
Unlocked "open access" symbol" from PLOS http://www.plos.org/
CC-BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg
Spacelab, Laboratory Module
by cliff1066 CC-BY 2.0
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nostri-imago/2911393890/
The original Tux, the official Linux mascot created by Larry Ewing in 1996: Permission to use and/or modify this image is granted
provided you acknowledge lewing@isc.tamu.edu and The GIMP if someone asks.
two hats talking to each other by sleepyneko CC-BY-SA
http://flickr.com/photos/ejchang/558997184/
Copyleft symbol
Public domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copyleft.svg
Edinburgh Map
Map data CC-BY-SA Open Street Map and contributors
Desert Moon Rising by Josh Sommers CC-BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/joshsommers/935470210/
OpenStreetMap - Coastlines by PeterIto
CC-BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterito/3120509512/
097/365: Sunken Treasures by dotbenjamin CC-BY-SA
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dotbenjamin/2862947932/
Europe by Albertane CC-BY-SA
http://www.flickr.com/photos/albertane/120077777/
Monday, 26 October 2009 159
160. Long tail.svg (Public Domain)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_tail.svg
Picture by Hay Kranen http://www.haykranen.com/
Keys 1
CC-BY by ~Brenda Starr~
http://www.flickr.com/photos/brenda-starr/3466560105/
old refrigerator
CC-BY by G & A Sattler
http://www.flickr.com/photos/9512074@N02/2149128060/
Earth from the International Space Station
Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. "The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth." <http://
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS007&roll=E&frame=7304>
Catalogue cards
CC-BY by by Deborah Fitchett
http://www.flickr.com/photos/deborahfitchett/2970373235/
Linked Data diagram
CC-BY-SA
http://esw.w3.org/topic/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData#dbpedia-lod-cloud
IMGP0809
CC-BY by mikefats
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikefats/11545170/
(shelf of products)
Safe lock
CC-BY by Marcin Wichary
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mwichary/2647981973/
Lume (lightbulb)
CC-BY by johnmarchan
http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnmarchan/3877166306/
Monday, 26 October 2009 160
161. Lightbulb
CC-BY by James Bowe
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamesrbowe/3338776771/
(lightbulb big)
Sherlock Holmes
Public Domain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SherlockHolmes.jpg
dan mixtape
CC-BY-SA by jm3
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jm3/355212032/
Lake Havasu City Phonebook
CC-BY by .Larry Page
http://www.flickr.com/photos/igboo/3235239775/
Sponsored by Amdocs - Yellow print directory
CC-BY-SA by by avlxyz
http://www.flickr.com/photos/avlxyz/3082373502/
Walt Disney's grave, Forest Lawn, Glendale, Los Angeles, CA.JPG
CC-BY-SA by gruntzooki (cory doctorow)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorow/1149004046/
"You're Going to Need a Hard Hat to Live There"
CC-BY-SA by Rob Shenk
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rcsj/3194835693/
Handshake
CC-BY-SA by Aidan Jones
http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidan_jones/3575000735/
(hand drawing)
PlaGiaRisM by Digirebelle® CC-BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ad4evr/2128607/
Monday, 26 October 2009 161
163. Thanks!
www.OpenDataCommons.org
www.okfn.org/support
Jordan S. Hatcher
e: webcontact ]AT[ opencontentlawyer D O T com
w: www.jordanhatcher.com
All original and CC-BY-SA derivative works licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 UK: Scotland Licence
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/scotland/
Monday, 26 October 2009 163