review

1. U.S. History
Top 100
What every student should know
to pass the U.S. History EOC.
Goals 1-12

2. Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820)
• The learner will identify, investigate, and
assess the effectiveness of the institutions
of the emerging republic.

3. Suffrage during the Federalist Era
• Who could vote?
• White males who
owned property.
• Who could not vote?
• White males who did
not own property
• Women
• African-Americans
• Native Americans

4. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
• Farmers in Pennsylvania
rebelled against Hamilton's
excise tax on whiskey. The
army put down the
rebellion.
• The incident showed that
the new government under
the Constitution could react
swiftly and effectively to
such a problem, in contrast
to the inability of the
government under the
Articles of Confederation to
deal with Shay's Rebellion.

5. Washington’s Farewell Address,
1796
• Would not seek a third term
• Warned against competing political parties
• Warned against complicated
entanglements of Europe

6. Development of the two-party
system
• Democratic
Republicans
• Led by Thomas Jefferson
• Thought states should
have more power
• Wanted to base economy
on farming
• Were pro-French
• Supported a strict
construction of the
Constitution
• Federalists
• Led by Alexander
Hamilton
• Favored a strong central
government
• Wanted to base economy
on industry and trade
• Were pro-British
• Supported a loose
construction of the
Constitution

7. XYZ Affair, 1797
• Delegates were sent to France to meet
with French foreign minister Talleyrand.
• The American delegates were told they
could meet with Talleyrand only in
exchange for a large bribe. They did not
pay the bribe.

8. Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
• These laws were passed by the Federalist Congress and
signed by President Adams.
• The Alien Act increased the waiting period for an
immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years and the
president could deport dangerous aliens.
• The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory
statements about the federal government. It was an
attempt to silence opposition.
• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated
the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written
in response to the Acts.

9. Marbury v. Madison, 1803
• The case arose out of
Jefferson's refusal to
deliver the commissions to
the judges appointed by
Adams' Midnight
Appointments.
• This case established the
Supreme Court's right to
judicial review.

10. Louisiana Purchase, 1803
• The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River
to the Rocky Mountains from France for $15 million.
• Jefferson was interested in the territory because it was
valuable for trade and shipping and provided room to
expand.
• The Constitution did not give the federal government the
power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction
to justify the purchase.

11. Goal 2: Expansion and Reform
(1801-1850)
• The learner will assess the competing
forces of expansionism, nationalism, and
sectionalism.

12. Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
• 1798 - The cotton gin was a machine
which could separate cotton from its
seeds. Whitney’s invention made cotton a
profitable crop. It also reinforced slavery in
the economy of the South.

13. Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Admitted Missouri
as a slave state
and Maine as a
free state. Declared
that all territory
north of 36°30"
would become free
states, and all
territory south of
that latitude would
become slave
states.

14. Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Declared that Europe should not interfere
in the Western Hemisphere and any
interference by a European power would
be seen as a threat to the U.S.
• Mostly just a show of nationalism, the
doctrine had no major impact until the late
1800s.

15. Tariff of Abominations
• Tariff of 1828 raised the tariff on imported
manufactured goods. It protected the
North but harmed the South; South said
that the tariff was unconstitutional because
it violated state's rights.

16. Indian Removal, 1838-1839
• During the winter, troops evicted the
Cherokee tribe from their homes in
Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma.
Many died on the trail. The journey
became known as the "Trail of Tears".

17. Hudson River School of Art
• In the 1820s, a group of American
painters, painted landscapes.

18. Nativism
• An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the
1840's and 1850's in response to the influx
of Irish and German Catholics.

19. Women’s Reform Movement
• In the 1800's, women were not allowed to be involved in
politics or own property, had little legal status and rarely
held jobs.
• The women's movement was often overshadowed by the
anti-slavery movement. Men who had been working with the
women's movement worked for the abolition of slavery once
it became a major issue.

20. Henry Clay
• Clay helped heal the
North/South rift by
aiding passage of the
Compromise of 1850,
which served to delay
the Civil War.

21. Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and
Reconstruction (1848-1877)
• The learner will analyze the issues that led
to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and
the impact of Reconstruction on the
nation.

22. Compromise of 1850
• Admitted California as a free state
• Organized Utah and N.M. without restrictions on slavery
• Adjusted the Texas/N.M. border
• Abolished slave trade in D.C.
• Established tougher fugitive slave laws.
• Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of
national division.

23. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• This act repealed the Missouri
Compromise. Popular sovereignty (vote of
the people) would determine whether
Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or
free states.

24. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
• A Missouri slave sued for his
freedom, claiming that his
four year stay in free land
had made him a free man.
The U.S. Supreme Court
decided he could not sue in
federal court because he
was property, not a citizen.

25. Causes of Secession, 1860
• After Lincoln was elected, seven Southern
states seceded. They cited as their reason
for seceding the election of a President
“whose opinions and purposes are hostile
to slavery.”

26. Emancipation Proclamation, 1862
• Lincoln freed all
slaves in states
that had
seceded. Lincoln
had no power to
enforce the law.

27. Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
• 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000
under Lee, lasted three days and the
North won. Considered a turning point of
the Civil War.

28. Civil War Amendments
• 13th - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.
• 14th - It granted full citizenship to all native-born
or naturalized Americans, including former
slaves and immigrants. No state shall deny a
person life, liberty, or property without due
process of law.
• 15th - No one could be denied the right to vote
on account of race, color or having been a slave.
It was to prevent states from amending their
constitutions to deny black suffrage.

29. Reconstruction Plans
• Presidential Plans
• Lincoln offered the
“Ten Percent Plan.”
• Johnson’s plan was
similar to Lincoln’s,
but required wealthy
planters to request
pardons and did not
support voting rights
for African-
Americans.
• Congressional Plan
• “Radical Republicans”
passed the Wade-
Davis Bill. Lincoln
pocket vetoed the bill.
• Established
Freedmen’s Bureau
and passed the Civil
Rights Act of 1866.

30. Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks
or any other citizens.

31. Compromise of 1877
• Hayes promised to show concern for
Southern interests and end Reconstruction
in exchange for the Democrats accepting
the fraudulent election results. He took
Union troops out of the South.

32. Goal 4: The Great West and the
Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)
• The learner will evaluate the great
westward movement and assess the
impact of the agricultural revolution on the
nation.

33. Motivation for Westward Movement
• Government
Incentives
• Pacific Railway Acts
• Morrill Land-Grant Act
• Homestead Act
• Private Property
• Miners
• Cattle ranchers
• Farmers

34. Challenges of Westward Movement
• Lack of resources; wood and water
• Severe weather, bugs, floods, prairie fires,
dust storms, drought
• Conflicts with Native Americans

35. Improvements in Agriculture
• Mechanized reaper – reduced labor force
• Steel plow – cut through dense sod
• Barbed wire – kept cattle off crops
• Windmills – powers irrigation systems
• Hybridization – allowed greater yields

36. Transcontinental Railroad, 1869
• Union Pacific began in Omaha in 1865
and went west. Central Pacific went east
from Sacramento and met the Union
Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point,
Utah.

37. Dawes Act, 1887
• It tried to dissolve
Indian tribes by
redistributing the land.
Designed to forestall
growing Indian
poverty, it resulted in
many Indians losing
their lands to
speculators.

38. Helen Hunt Jackson
• A muckraker whose book
exposed the unjust
manner in which the U.S.
government had treated
the Indians. Protested
the Dawes Severalty Act.

39. Cross of Gold Speech, 1896
• Given by William
Jennings Bryan, he
said people must not
be "crucified on a
cross of gold",
referring to the
Republican proposal
to eliminate silver
coinage and adopt a
strict gold standard.

40. Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial
Society (1877-1900)
• The learner will describe innovations in
technology and business practices and
assess their impact on economic, political,
and social life in America.

41. Influence of Big Business
• Larger pools of capital
• Wider geographic span
• Broader range of operations
• Revised role of ownership
• New methods of
management

42. Laissez-faire
• A theory that the economy does better
without government intervention in
business.

43. Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872
• Union Pacific received a government
contract to build the transcontinental
railroad
• It "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the
actual construction, charging nearly
twice the actual cost of the project.
• The scheme was discovered and the
company tried to bribe Congress
with gifts of stock to stop the
investigation.
• This was the biggest bribery scandal
in U.S. history, and led to greater
public awareness of government
corruption.

44. Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889
• Social reformer who worked to improve
the lives of the working class. She founded
Hull House in Chicago, the first private
social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist
the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and
help immigrants learn to speak English.

45. Social Darwinism
• Applied Darwin's
theory of natural
selection and "survival
of the fittest" to human
society -- the poor are
poor because they are
not as fit to survive.
Used as an argument
against social reforms
to help the poor.

46. Gospel of Wealth, 1889
• Andrew Carnegie was
an American millionaire
and philanthropist who
donated large sums of
money for public works.
His book argued that
the wealthy have an
obligation to give
something back to
society.

47. Labor Practices
• Collective Bargaining - Discussions held
between workers and their employers over
wages, hours, and conditions.
• Labor Unions – organization of workers
• Strikes – refusal to perform work until
demands are met.

48. Labor Unions
• Knights of Labor
• An American labor
union originally
established as a
secret fraternal order
and noted as the first
union of all workers. It
was founded in 1869.
• American
Federation of Labor
• Began in 1886 with
about 140,000
members; by 1917 it
had 2.5 million
members. It is a
federation of different
unions.

49. Thomas Nast
• Newspaper cartoonist
who produced satirical
cartoons, he invented
"Uncle Sam" and came
up with the elephant and
the donkey for the
political parties. He
nearly brought down
Boss Tweed.

50. Jacob Riis
• Early 1900's writer who exposed social
and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker
novel.

51. Goal 6: The emergence of the United
States in World Affairs (1890-1914)
• The learner will analyze causes and
effects of the United States emergence as
a world power.

52. Alfred Mahan
• As Americans increased business
overseas it became necessary to protect
those investments. In order to protect
those investments America built the "great
white fleet" that had been requested by
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan.

53. Josiah Strong
• One of the leading
proponents of imperialism
was Minister Josiah Strong.
• Strong claimed that America
as the leading nation in the
world it was our destiny to
acquire new lands. This idea
sounds a lot like Manifest
Destiny because it is the
same idea.

54. Seward’s Folly, 1867
• An eager expansionist, Seward was the
energetic supporter of the Alaskan
purchase and negotiator of the deal often
called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska
was not fit for settlement or farming.

55. Annexation of Hawaii, 1898
• By the late 1800s, U.S.
had exclusive use of
Pearl Harbor. In July
1898, Congress made
Hawaii a U.S. territory,
for the use of the islands
as naval ports.

56. Causes of Spanish-American War,
1898
• An explosion from a mine in the Bay of
Havana crippled the warship Maine. The
U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and
used it as an excuse to go to war with
Spain.

57. Open Door Policy, 1899
• Hay sent imperialist nations a
note asking them to offer
assurance that they would
respect the principle of equal
trade opportunities,
specifically in the China
market.

58. Roosevelt Corollary, 1904
• U.S. would act as international policemen.
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

59. Goal 7: The Progressive Movement
(1890-1914)
• The learner will analyze the economic,
political, and social reforms of the
Progressive Period.

60. Causes of Progressivism
• Ineffectiveness of government
• Poor working conditions
• Emergence of Social Gospel
• Unequal distribution of wealth
• Immigration
• Urban poor
• Corruption

61. Progressive Party Platform
• The platform called for
women's suffrage, recall of
judicial decisions, easier
amendment of the U.S.
Constitution, social welfare
legislation for women and
children, workers'
compensation, limited
injunctions in strikes, farm
relief, revision of banking to
assure an elastic currency.

62. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911
• A fire in New York's
Triangle Shirtwaist
Company killed 146 people,
mostly women. The doors
were locked and the
windows were too high for
them to get to the ground.
Highlighted the poor
working conditions and led
to federal regulations to
protect workers.

63. Muckrakers
• Journalists who
searched for and
publicized real or
alleged acts of
corruption of public
officials,
businessmen.

64. Robert LaFollette
• Political leader who
believed in libertarian
reforms, he was a
major leader of the
Progressive movement
from Wisconsin.

65. Federal Reserve Act, 1913
• Regulated banking to
help small banks stay
in business. A move
away from laissez-
faire policies, it was
passed by Wilson.

66. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
• The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy,
saying that segregated facilities for whites
and blacks were legal as long as the
facilities were of equal quality.

67. Disenfranchisement
• The Mississippi supreme court ruled that
poll taxes and literacy tests, which took
away blacks' right to vote (a practice
known as "disenfranchisement"), were
legal.

68. Booker T. Washington
• Washington believed that African
Americans had to achieve economic
independence before civil rights. In 1881,
he founded the first formal school for
blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.

69. W.E.B. DuBois
• DuBois believed that black
Americans had to demand
their social and civil rights
or else become
permanent victims of
racism. Helped found the
NAACP. He disagreed
with Booker T.
Washington's theories.

70. New Marketing Techniques
• Advertising
• Mail order catalogs
• Consumerism

71. Goal 8: The Great War and Its
Aftermath (1914-1930)
• The learner will analyze
United States
involvement in World
War I and the war’s
influence on
international affairs
during the 1920s.

72. U.S. - Neutrality to Involvement
• May 1915 – U-boats sink the Lusitania
• Sept. 1915 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships
• March 1916 – Germany sinks the Sussex
• May 1916 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships
• Jan. 1917 – Zimmerman note is intercepted
• Feb. 1917 – Germany resumes unrestricted submarine
warfare
• April 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany

73. Russian Revolution, 1917
• Instituted a Communist
government lead by the
Bolshevik party under
Lenin. Lenin pulled
Russia out of WWI.

74. Fourteen Points, 1918
• Wilson's idea that he wanted included in
the WWI peace treaty, including freedom
of the seas and the League of Nations.

75. League of Nations, 1919
• Devised by President Wilson, it comprised
of delegates from many countries, the U.S.
did not join. It was designed to be run by a
council of the five largest countries. It also
included a provision for a world court.

76. Eugene V. Debs
• Debs repeatedly ran for president as a
socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a
speech protesting WWI in violation of the
Sedition Act.

77. Schenck v. U.S., 1919
• United States Supreme Court
decision concerning the
question of whether the
defendant possessed a First
Amendment right to free
speech against the draft during
World War I. During wartime,
utterances tolerable in
peacetime can be punished.

78. Sacco and Vanzetti
• Sacco and Vanzetti were
Italian immigrants charged
with murdering a guard and
robbing a shoe factory.
• Convicted on circumstantial
evidence, many believed
they had been framed for
the crime because of their
anarchist and pro-union
activities.

79. Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression
(1919-1939)
• The learner will appraise the economic,
social, and political changes of the decades
of “The Twenties” and “The Thirties.”

80. Assembly Line
• Arrangement of equipment and workers in
which work passes from operation to
operation in a direct line until the product
is assembled.

81. Impact of Mass Media
• Radio
• Marketing
• Advertising
• Jazz
• Silent & “talkie” films
• “The Jazz Singer”
• “Fireside Chats”

82. Lost Generation
• Writer Gertrude Stein told Hemingway,
"You are all a lost generation," referring to
the many restless young writers who
gathered in Paris after WW I. They thought
the U.S. was materialistic and they
criticized conformity.

83. Harlem Renaissance, Langston
Hughes
• Hughes was a gifted
writer who wrote
humorous poems,
stories, essays and
poetry. Harlem was a
center for black writers,
musicians, and
intellectuals.

84. Flappers, 1920’s
• Women started wearing
short skirts and bobbed
hair, and had more
sexual freedom. They
began to abandon
traditional female roles
and take jobs usually
reserved for men.

85. Fundamentalism
• Movement or attitude stressing strict and
literal adherence to a set of basic
principles.

86. Scopes Trial, 1925
• Prosecution of school teacher, John
Scopes, for violation of a Tennessee law
forbidding public schools from teaching
about evolution. Scopes was convicted and
fined $100, but the trial started a shift of
public opinion away from Fundamentalism.

87. Stock Market Crash, 1929
• On October 24, 1929, panic selling occurred as
investors realized the stock boom had been an over
inflated bubble. Margin investors were being
decimated as every stock holder tried to liquidate.
Millionaire margin investors became bankrupt
instantly, as the stock market crashed on October
28 and 29.

88. Dust Bowl, 1930s
• A series of catastrophic dust storms caused
major ecological and agricultural damage to
American prairie lands in the 1930s, caused
by decades of inappropriate farming
techniques.

89. Bonus Army, 1932
• Facing the financial crisis of
the Depression, WW I
veterans asked Congress
to pay their retirement
bonuses early. Congress
considered a bill, but it was
not approved. Angry
veterans marched on
Washington, D.C., and
Hoover called in the army.

90. Bank Failures
• During the first 10 months of 1930, 744
banks failed. In all, 9,000 banks failed during
the decade of the 1930s. By 1933,
depositors saw $140 billion disappear
through bank failures.

91. Causes of Great Depression
• Much debt, stock prices
spiraling up, over-
production and under-
consuming, the stock
market crashed.
Germany's default on
reparations caused
European bank failures,
which spread to the U.S.

92. New Deal Agencies
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• Works Progress Administration (WPA)
• Public Works Administration (PWA)
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

93. Long Term Effects of New Deal
Programs
• Expansion of the role of federal
government
• Government responsibility for the welfare
of its citizens
• Expanding government role in the
economy
• Deficit spending

94. U.S. History
Top 100
What every student should know
to pass the U.S. History EOC
Goal 10

95. Goal 10: World War II and the
Beginning of the Cold War (1930s-
1963)
• The learner will analyze
United States
involvement in World
War II and the war’s
influence on
international affairs in
following decades.

96. Lend-lease Act, 1941
• Authorized the president to transfer, lend,
or lease any article of defense equipment
to any government whose defense was
deemed vital to the defense of the U.S.
Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and
ammunition to the Allies.

97. Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
• Surprise attack by Japanese on U.S.
Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii. The U.S. declared war on Japan
and Germany, entering World War II.

98. D-Day, June 6, 1944
• Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops
(the largest invasion force in history)
stormed the beaches at Normandy and
began the process of re-taking France.
The turning point of World War II.

99. War Posters
• The radio, print, and
film industries
reminded Americans
that they were in a
struggle between
dictatorship and
democracy.

100. Rosie the Riveter
• Women found jobs,
especially in heavy
industry, that fell
outside the traditional
realm of women’s work.

101. Korematsu v. U.S., 1944
• Upheld the U.S. government's decision to
put Japanese-Americans in internment
camps during World War II.

102. G.I. Bill, 1944
• Servicemen's
Readjustment Act, also
called the G.I. Bill of
Rights. Granted $13
billion in aid for former
servicemen, ranging
from educational grants
to housing and other
services to assist with
the readjustment to
society.

103. Marshall Plan, 1947
• Introduced by Secretary
of State George G.
Marshall, he proposed
massive economic aid to
Europe to revitalize the
European economies
after WWII and help
prevent the spread of
Communism.

104. Korean War, 1950
• On June 25, 1950, the
Communist North invaded
the Democratic South. The
United Nations created an
international army, lead by
the U.S. to fight for the
South and China joined the
war on the side of North
Korea. This was the first
time the United Nations had
intervened militarily.

105. Post-war Organizations
• United Nations, 1945 - Founded after WWII by
victorious Allied Powers to intervene in conflicts
between nations and avoid war.
• NATO, 1949 - The member nations agreed to fight
for each other if attacked. It is an international
military force.
• SEATO, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian
nations modeled after NATO. Unlike NATO, it didn't
establish a military force.

106. Containment, George F. Keenan
• A member of the State Department, he felt
that the best way to keep Communism out
of Europe was to confront the Russians
wherever they tried to spread their power.

107. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• After discovering the
Russians were building
nuclear missile launch
sites in Cuba, the U.S.
announced a quarantine of
Cuba. After six days of
confrontation that almost
led to nuclear war,
Khrushchev agreed to
dismantle the launch sites.

108. U.S. History
Top 100
What every student should know
to pass the U.S. History EOC
Goal 11

109. Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and
Turmoil (1945-1980)
• The learner will trace economic, political,
and social developments and assess their
significance for the lives of Americans
during this time period.

110. McCarthyism, 1950-1953
• Senator who began sensational
campaign by asserting that the
U.S. State Department had
been infiltrated by Communists.
He accused the Army of
covering up foreign espionage.
The Army-McCarthy Hearings
made McCarthy look so foolish
that further investigations were
halted.

111. Domino Theory, 1957
• It stated that if one country fell to
Communism, it would undermine another
and that one would fall, producing a
domino effect.

112. Sputnik, 1957
• The first artificial
satellite sent into
space, launched by
the Soviets.

113. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
• The Supreme Court
overruled Plessy v.
Ferguson, declared that
racially segregated
facilities are inherently
unequal and ordered all
public schools
desegregated.

114. Martin Luther King, Jr.
• The leader of the Civil Rights Movement
and President of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, promoted non-
violent protest.

115. Malcolm X
• Malcolm X expressed the
feelings of many African
American activists who
had grown impatient with
King’s nonviolent
methods. Malcolm X
preached a message of
self-reliance and self-
determination.

116. Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan,
1963
• Depicted how difficult a
woman's life is because
she doesn't think about
herself, only her family. It
said that middle-class
society stifled women and
didn't let them use their
talents. Attacked the "cult
of domesticity."

117. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964
• After a U.S. Navy ship
reportedly was fired on,
Congress passed this
resolution which gave the
president power to send
troops to Vietnam to
protect against further
North Vietnamese
aggression.

118. My Lai Incident, 1968
• An American unit
destroyed the village of
My Lai, killing many
women and children.
The incident was not
revealed to the public
until 20 months later.

119. War Powers Act, 1973
• Gave any president the power to go to war
under certain circumstances, but required
that he could only do so for 90 days before
being required to officially bring the matter
before Congress.

120. Détente
• A lessening of tensions between U.S. and
Soviet Union and China. Besides disarming
missiles to insure a lasting peace between
superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade
relations and a limited military budget.

121. Watergate Scandal, 1972-1974
• In 1972, five men were arrested for breaking
into the Democratic National Committee's
executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel.
Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglary.
In 1974, as Nixon's impeachment began, he
resigned.

122. Cesar Chavez
• Non-violent leader of the United Farm
Workers from 1963-1970. Organized
laborers in California and in the Southwest to
strike against fruit and vegetable growers.
Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

123. U.S. History
Top 100
What every student should know
to pass the U.S. History EOC
Goal 12

124. Goal 12: The United States since
the Vietnam War (1973-present)
• The learner will identify and analyze trends
in domestic and foreign affairs of the
United States during this time period.

125. Camp David Accords, 1978
• Peace talks between Egypt and Israel
mediated by President Carter.

126. Title IX, 1972
• "No person in the United
States shall, on the basis of
sex, be excluded from
participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any
education program or activity
receiving Federal financial
assistance."

127. Affirmative Action
• Policy that gives special consideration to
women and minorities to make up for past
discrimination.

128. Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke, 1978
• Barred colleges from admitting students
solely on the basis of race, but allowed
them to include race along with other
considerations when deciding which
students to admit.

129. North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 1992
• The North American Free Trade Area is the
trade bloc created by the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), whose
members are Canada, Mexico and the
United States.

130. Election of 2000
• In the presidential
election of 2000
Republican George W.
Bush was elected over
Democrat Al Gore in one
of the closest and most
controversial presidential
elections in the history of
the United States.

131. September 11, 2001
• The September 11, 2001
attacks consisted of a
series of coordinated
terrorist suicide attacks
by Islamic extremists on
the United States on
September 11, 2001.

132. No Child Left Behind, 2002
• President Bush signed
the No Child Left Behind
Act. The law helps
schools improve by
focusing on accountability
for results, freedom for
states and communities,
proven education
methods, and choices for
parents.