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cultural geography of africa
- 1. Chapter 21 The Cultural Geography of Africa
- 3. Population Patterns The world’s youngest people ½ are under 15 High infant mortality and short life span People have lots of kids Population will double in 30 years
- 5. Uneven Population Density Physical geography and climate dictate this Western coast, eastern lakes, and southeastern coast Access to water, good climate and soil affect distribution.
- 7. Population and Economics Food production has dropped 20% since 1970
- 8. Population and Economics Food production has dropped 20% since 1970 Disease is widespread AIDS
- 9. Population and Economics Food production has dropped 20% since 1970 Disease is widespread AIDS All of Sub-Saharan Africa produces $150 billion
- 10. Population and Economics Food production has dropped 20% since 1970 Disease is widespread AIDS All of Sub-Saharan Africa produces $150 billion Per capita income is less than $300 in some countries
- 12. Rapid Urbanization Fastest growing urban population
- 13. Rapid Urbanization Fastest growing urban population Founded around rivers, gold mining, slave-trade, and resources
- 14. Rapid Urbanization Fastest growing urban population Founded around rivers, gold mining, slave-trade, and resources Economic hardships drive thousands to cities for work
- 16. Population Diversity Hundreds of ethnically diverse groups
- 17. Population Diversity Hundreds of ethnically diverse groups Over 800 languages and dialects spoken
- 18. Population Diversity Hundreds of ethnically diverse groups Over 800 languages and dialects spoken Political boundaries were drawn by Europeans
- 19. African roots
- 20. African roots First civilizations Egyptians in the northeast West African empires Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Bantu Migrations Spread across central and southern Africa
- 22. European Civilizations 1500-1700s, Europe actively traded with Africa
- 23. European Civilizations 1500-1700s, Europe actively traded with Africa 1800s, they seized and colonized the continent
- 24. European Civilizations 1500-1700s, Europe actively traded with Africa 1800s, they seized and colonized the continent MIddle Passage Traffic of slaves grew with the colonization of America
- 25. From Colonies to Nations
- 26. From Colonies to Nations Europe divided Africa among themselves to use their resources 1914, all of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia were colonies After the world wars, Europe allowed their colonies to be free
- 27. Challenges for the Future
- 28. Challenges for the Future Early to mid 1900s independence movements
- 29. Challenges for the Future Early to mid 1900s independence movements Challenges building stable governments and balanced economies
- 30. Challenges for the Future Early to mid 1900s independence movements Challenges building stable governments and balanced economies Nigeria's colonial legacy 1960 independence and civil war
- 31. South Africa
- 32. South Africa Apartheid Strict separation of races Whites ran the govt. Blacks were excluded 1991, apartheid ended after black and worldwide protests 1994, Nelson Mandela became president in the 1st universal suffrage election
- 33. Languages
- 34. Languages Three families Africa, Afro-Asiatic Malayo-Polynesian Indo-European imported lingua franca Swahili is a mix of Bantu, Portuguese, and Arabic Official language of countries if often their colonial one
- 35. Religions
- 36. Religions African religions have some similarities Supreme Creator and lesser gods
- 37. Religions African religions have some similarities Supreme Creator and lesser gods Islam and Christianity introduced missionaries Islam in the north and Swahili coasts Christianity in Ethiopia and former colonies
- 38. Religions African religions have some similarities Supreme Creator and lesser gods Islam and Christianity introduced missionaries Islam in the north and Swahili coasts Christianity in Ethiopia and former colonies Many blended African traditions with these new religions
- 39. Education
- 40. Education Educational advances
- 41. Education Educational advances European introduced formal schooling
- 42. Education Educational advances European introduced formal schooling 60% literacy rate
- 43. Education Educational advances European introduced formal schooling 60% literacy rate Technology advances
- 44. Education Educational advances European introduced formal schooling 60% literacy rate Technology advances Financial and practical challenges
- 45. Looking Ahead
- 46. Looking Ahead Face many challenges Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world average
- 47. Looking Ahead Face many challenges Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world average Governments are looking for new innovations to improve life
- 48. Looking Ahead Face many challenges Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world average Governments are looking for new innovations to improve life Water crisis
Hinweis der Redaktion
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- Highest birthrate\n Shortest lifespan\n Highest population growth\n Some areas are very densely populated and some have very few people\n \n \n Africa south of the Sahara is home to more than 3,000 African ethnic groups. Other groups in the region include Europeans, Asians, Arabs, and people of mixed backgrounds. (p. 517)\n \n A. People Without Borders\n In many parts of Africa, country borders do not affect daily life. People often come and go without passports. People within an ethnic group share a language and a culture. In Africa south of the Sahara, identifying with one’s ethnic group is often more important than loyalty to a central government. (p. 517)\n \n B. Growing Cities\n 1. Only about 30 percent of Africans south of the Sahara live in cities, but urban areas are growing rapidly. Cities offer job opportunities, health care, and public services that Africans cannot get in rural areas. (p. 517)\n \n 2. Most of the region’s cities lie on the coast, along major rivers,\n or near areas rich in natural resources. African cities include gleaming modern buildings and shopping centers, but city residents often must endure traffic congestion, inadequate public services, overcrowded neighborhoods, and slums that lack water or sanitary facilities. (p. 518)\n Discussion Question\n How are African cities like cities in the United States? How are they different?\n (Like: Built near sources of water; a mix of neighborhoods and shopping areas; offer advantages that people cannot find in the country. Different: Cities in the United States generally are less congested and have more facilities, even for poorer residents, than African cities.)\n
- 30 people per sq. mile if spread evenly\n Rwanda: 835 per sq. mile\n Botswana and Namibia: 5-6 per sq. mile\n \n \n Growing cities\n Only about 30 percent of Africans south of the Sahara live in cities, but urban areas are growing rapidly. Cities offer job opportunities, health care, and public services that Africans cannot get in rural areas. (p. 518)\n \n 2. Most of the region’s cities lie on the coast, along major rivers,\n or near areas rich in natural resources. African cities include gleaming modern buildings and shopping centers, but city residents often must endure traffic congestion, inadequate public services, overcrowded neighborhoods, and slums that lack water or sanitary facilities. (p. 518)\n
- Limited farmland, droughts, and over farming have caused less output\n Food production has dropped 20% since 1970\n Population tripled\n 70% are farmers\n Lowest standards of livings in the world\n All of Sub-Saharan Africa produces $150 billion (same as Belgium)\n 40% have no clean water\n \n Spread by the tsetse fly\n HIV/AIDS epidemic\n \n Africa south of the Sahara has the highest birthrate, the highest death rate, the highest infant mortality rate, and the shortest life expectancy in the world. (p. 515) The population is projected to double by 2035, but millions of AIDS-caused deaths in the next several years could drastically limit population growth. (pp. 515–516)\n \n A. Population Density and Distribution\n The people of Africa south of the Sahara are unevenly distributed over the land. Most people are concentrated along the coastal belt of West Africa and along the eastern coast of southern Africa. In these areas, access to water is easy, and the soil is fertile. (p. 516)\n \n B. Population and Food Production\n Soaring population growth, combined with economic challenges, has made it difficult for Africa south of the Sahara to feed its people. The effects of climate and intensive farming have depleted much of the farmland. (p. 516)\n \n C. Population and Health Care\n Famine, unclean water, lack of sanitation, and the AIDS epidemic are the leading causes of death in the region. Governments cannot afford to purchase expensive AIDS drugs to help their people. The high death rate means a probable future shortage of workers, which could in turn lead to the closing of industries. (pp. 516–517)\n \n Many scientists believe that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, originated in chimpanzees in central Africa. Chimpanzees apparently carry the virus but do not develop AIDS. At the end of 2001, more than 55 million Africans were infected with HIV/AIDS. In several countries more than 30 percent of the adult population has HIV/AIDS.\n \n Discussion Question\n What are ways to fight the AIDS epidemic in Africa south of the Sahara?\n (Educate people about the AIDS virus. Drug companies might allow poor countries to have medicines for free or at a substantial discount. Organizations like the United Nations, Doctors Without Borders, and the Peace Corps might send workers to the region to help prevent further spread of the virus.)\n \n \n
- Limited farmland, droughts, and over farming have caused less output\n Food production has dropped 20% since 1970\n Population tripled\n 70% are farmers\n Lowest standards of livings in the world\n All of Sub-Saharan Africa produces $150 billion (same as Belgium)\n 40% have no clean water\n \n Spread by the tsetse fly\n HIV/AIDS epidemic\n \n Africa south of the Sahara has the highest birthrate, the highest death rate, the highest infant mortality rate, and the shortest life expectancy in the world. (p. 515) The population is projected to double by 2035, but millions of AIDS-caused deaths in the next several years could drastically limit population growth. (pp. 515–516)\n \n A. Population Density and Distribution\n The people of Africa south of the Sahara are unevenly distributed over the land. Most people are concentrated along the coastal belt of West Africa and along the eastern coast of southern Africa. In these areas, access to water is easy, and the soil is fertile. (p. 516)\n \n B. Population and Food Production\n Soaring population growth, combined with economic challenges, has made it difficult for Africa south of the Sahara to feed its people. The effects of climate and intensive farming have depleted much of the farmland. (p. 516)\n \n C. Population and Health Care\n Famine, unclean water, lack of sanitation, and the AIDS epidemic are the leading causes of death in the region. Governments cannot afford to purchase expensive AIDS drugs to help their people. The high death rate means a probable future shortage of workers, which could in turn lead to the closing of industries. (pp. 516–517)\n \n Many scientists believe that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, originated in chimpanzees in central Africa. Chimpanzees apparently carry the virus but do not develop AIDS. At the end of 2001, more than 55 million Africans were infected with HIV/AIDS. In several countries more than 30 percent of the adult population has HIV/AIDS.\n \n Discussion Question\n What are ways to fight the AIDS epidemic in Africa south of the Sahara?\n (Educate people about the AIDS virus. Drug companies might allow poor countries to have medicines for free or at a substantial discount. Organizations like the United Nations, Doctors Without Borders, and the Peace Corps might send workers to the region to help prevent further spread of the virus.)\n \n \n
- Limited farmland, droughts, and over farming have caused less output\n Food production has dropped 20% since 1970\n Population tripled\n 70% are farmers\n Lowest standards of livings in the world\n All of Sub-Saharan Africa produces $150 billion (same as Belgium)\n 40% have no clean water\n \n Spread by the tsetse fly\n HIV/AIDS epidemic\n \n Africa south of the Sahara has the highest birthrate, the highest death rate, the highest infant mortality rate, and the shortest life expectancy in the world. (p. 515) The population is projected to double by 2035, but millions of AIDS-caused deaths in the next several years could drastically limit population growth. (pp. 515–516)\n \n A. Population Density and Distribution\n The people of Africa south of the Sahara are unevenly distributed over the land. Most people are concentrated along the coastal belt of West Africa and along the eastern coast of southern Africa. In these areas, access to water is easy, and the soil is fertile. (p. 516)\n \n B. Population and Food Production\n Soaring population growth, combined with economic challenges, has made it difficult for Africa south of the Sahara to feed its people. The effects of climate and intensive farming have depleted much of the farmland. (p. 516)\n \n C. Population and Health Care\n Famine, unclean water, lack of sanitation, and the AIDS epidemic are the leading causes of death in the region. Governments cannot afford to purchase expensive AIDS drugs to help their people. The high death rate means a probable future shortage of workers, which could in turn lead to the closing of industries. (pp. 516–517)\n \n Many scientists believe that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, originated in chimpanzees in central Africa. Chimpanzees apparently carry the virus but do not develop AIDS. At the end of 2001, more than 55 million Africans were infected with HIV/AIDS. In several countries more than 30 percent of the adult population has HIV/AIDS.\n \n Discussion Question\n What are ways to fight the AIDS epidemic in Africa south of the Sahara?\n (Educate people about the AIDS virus. Drug companies might allow poor countries to have medicines for free or at a substantial discount. Organizations like the United Nations, Doctors Without Borders, and the Peace Corps might send workers to the region to help prevent further spread of the virus.)\n \n \n
- Limited farmland, droughts, and over farming have caused less output\n Food production has dropped 20% since 1970\n Population tripled\n 70% are farmers\n Lowest standards of livings in the world\n All of Sub-Saharan Africa produces $150 billion (same as Belgium)\n 40% have no clean water\n \n Spread by the tsetse fly\n HIV/AIDS epidemic\n \n Africa south of the Sahara has the highest birthrate, the highest death rate, the highest infant mortality rate, and the shortest life expectancy in the world. (p. 515) The population is projected to double by 2035, but millions of AIDS-caused deaths in the next several years could drastically limit population growth. (pp. 515–516)\n \n A. Population Density and Distribution\n The people of Africa south of the Sahara are unevenly distributed over the land. Most people are concentrated along the coastal belt of West Africa and along the eastern coast of southern Africa. In these areas, access to water is easy, and the soil is fertile. (p. 516)\n \n B. Population and Food Production\n Soaring population growth, combined with economic challenges, has made it difficult for Africa south of the Sahara to feed its people. The effects of climate and intensive farming have depleted much of the farmland. (p. 516)\n \n C. Population and Health Care\n Famine, unclean water, lack of sanitation, and the AIDS epidemic are the leading causes of death in the region. Governments cannot afford to purchase expensive AIDS drugs to help their people. The high death rate means a probable future shortage of workers, which could in turn lead to the closing of industries. (pp. 516–517)\n \n Many scientists believe that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, originated in chimpanzees in central Africa. Chimpanzees apparently carry the virus but do not develop AIDS. At the end of 2001, more than 55 million Africans were infected with HIV/AIDS. In several countries more than 30 percent of the adult population has HIV/AIDS.\n \n Discussion Question\n What are ways to fight the AIDS epidemic in Africa south of the Sahara?\n (Educate people about the AIDS virus. Drug companies might allow poor countries to have medicines for free or at a substantial discount. Organizations like the United Nations, Doctors Without Borders, and the Peace Corps might send workers to the region to help prevent further spread of the virus.)\n \n \n
- Fastest growing urban population\n Urban population has grown 7 times since 1950\n Lagos, Nigeria the biggest\n \n \n As in other regions of the world, urbanism tin in the Sahel is influenced by economic need. In addition, increasing desertification and deforestation in the Sahel had caused people to migrate to cities such as Dakar in Senegal, Niamey in Niger, and Bamako in Mali. The population of each of these cites is estimated to grow about 5 percent a year, with a large number of Europeans living in Dakar. While Senegal is the most urbanized country with 43 percent of its people living in urban areas, the average level of urbanization is 32 percent Sahel countries\n \n \n Discussion Question\n How are African cities like cities in the United States? How are they different?\n (Like: Built near sources of water; a mix of neighborhoods and shopping areas; offer advantages that people cannot find in the country. Different: Cities in the United States generally are less congested and have more facilities, even for poorer residents, than African cities.)\n \n How has the changing environment of the Sahel affected urban populations in the subregion?\n
- Fastest growing urban population\n Urban population has grown 7 times since 1950\n Lagos, Nigeria the biggest\n \n \n As in other regions of the world, urbanism tin in the Sahel is influenced by economic need. In addition, increasing desertification and deforestation in the Sahel had caused people to migrate to cities such as Dakar in Senegal, Niamey in Niger, and Bamako in Mali. The population of each of these cites is estimated to grow about 5 percent a year, with a large number of Europeans living in Dakar. While Senegal is the most urbanized country with 43 percent of its people living in urban areas, the average level of urbanization is 32 percent Sahel countries\n \n \n Discussion Question\n How are African cities like cities in the United States? How are they different?\n (Like: Built near sources of water; a mix of neighborhoods and shopping areas; offer advantages that people cannot find in the country. Different: Cities in the United States generally are less congested and have more facilities, even for poorer residents, than African cities.)\n \n How has the changing environment of the Sahel affected urban populations in the subregion?\n
- Fastest growing urban population\n Urban population has grown 7 times since 1950\n Lagos, Nigeria the biggest\n \n \n As in other regions of the world, urbanism tin in the Sahel is influenced by economic need. In addition, increasing desertification and deforestation in the Sahel had caused people to migrate to cities such as Dakar in Senegal, Niamey in Niger, and Bamako in Mali. The population of each of these cites is estimated to grow about 5 percent a year, with a large number of Europeans living in Dakar. While Senegal is the most urbanized country with 43 percent of its people living in urban areas, the average level of urbanization is 32 percent Sahel countries\n \n \n Discussion Question\n How are African cities like cities in the United States? How are they different?\n (Like: Built near sources of water; a mix of neighborhoods and shopping areas; offer advantages that people cannot find in the country. Different: Cities in the United States generally are less congested and have more facilities, even for poorer residents, than African cities.)\n \n How has the changing environment of the Sahel affected urban populations in the subregion?\n
- Africa is not one homogenous group\n Very diverse\n Hundreds of ethnic groups \n Maasai are one of the 70 groups in Kenya\n Tanzania has over 100 groups\n the political boundaries set up by europeans causes conflicts.\n\n \n\n
- Africa is not one homogenous group\n Very diverse\n Hundreds of ethnic groups \n Maasai are one of the 70 groups in Kenya\n Tanzania has over 100 groups\n the political boundaries set up by europeans causes conflicts.\n\n \n\n
- Africa is not one homogenous group\n Very diverse\n Hundreds of ethnic groups \n Maasai are one of the 70 groups in Kenya\n Tanzania has over 100 groups\n the political boundaries set up by europeans causes conflicts.\n\n \n\n
- Human life started in Africa\n 5500 BC, people lived in the rain forest of the Sahara\n People migrate when it grew drier\n Egyptians in the north\n Nubians around Kush did well until the 700s\n Crushed by the Axum kingdom\n Trading kingdoms were next\n Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa\n Eastern and southern Africa had the Bantu people\n Built the states of Kongo, Luba, Lunda, Monomotapa\n \n \n \n \n I. African Roots pages 519–521\n People have lived in Africa south of the Sahara for tens of thousands of years. Cave and rock paintings show that early people were hunters and gatherers, and later people were farmers and herders. (pp. 519–520)\n \n A. First Civilizations\n As the climate of northern Africa turned hotter and drier by 2000 B.C., people migrated south to survive. In northeast Africa, Egyptian and other civilizations flourished along the Nile River. (p. 520)\n \n B. Empires in the West\n The West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew rich by trading their gold for salt. These empires flourished for nearly 1,000 years. (p. 520)\n \n C. Bantu Migrations\n Bantu peoples spread across central and southern Africa. They estabished states in present-day Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Today 60 million Bantu speakers live in Africa. (pp. 520–521)\n \n Discussion Question\n Why was salt so important to Africans south of the Sahara?\n (In the era before refrigeration, salt was an essential food preservative in a hot climate where fresh meats, vegetables, and fruits spoil quickly.)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Around 2000 BC people fleeing a dramatic shift in climate joined others in Africa sou of the Sahara. For thousands of years, the climate to the north had been mild and wet. Peoplesjo once hunted for food domesticated, or tamed animals. Around 3000 to 2500 BC the climate became hotter and drier.many people migrated south taking with them their knowledge of raising crops and animals. \n \n \n The Nile valley remained fertile and gave life to the great egyptian civilization. Between 2000 BC and 1000 BC, the Egyptians pressed south, bring various cultures along the Nile under their control. When Egyptian civilization began yo fade, the cultures under its sway rose to power, the kingdom of Kush, in what is now Sudan, extended north into egyptian territory. The kushites the. Pushed south along the Nile, building a civilization around a new capital, Meroë. Kush flourished until AD 300s, when it's grade routes were attacked by Axum, a trading empire in Ethiopia. \n \n \n Remnants of cultures dating back to one million years have been discovered in parts of southern Africa. Stone ruins called the "great Zimbabwe" dated at between the ad 800s and the 1200 evidence shows the structures were built by indigenous Africans who traded with peoples along the southeastern coast of Africa. \n \n The Zulu culture is me of soured Africa's earliest. Their homes kraals are traditional homesteads and have long been a familiar sight in what is now south Africa. Like many ethnic groups in Africa, the Zulu are defendants of the Bantu peoples. Massive Bantu migrations shaped sothern Africa's history and still influence the subregion today. \n
- Slave trade\n Middle Passage to the new world killed thousands\n Many tribes tried to resist\n Guns and dependency on goods made them fail\n \n \n \n In the 1200s European trade with Africans began to awaken greater awareness of the region as a source of wealth. By the 1600s and 1700s, the Europeans were trading with Africans for ivory, gold, textiles, and enslaved workers. (p. 521)\n \n \n The Slave Trade in Africa\n Africa’s slave trade greatly increased when Europeans began shipping enslaved Africans to the Americas to work on large plantations where sugar, tobacco, rice, and cotton were grown. Europeans made tremendous profits from the slave trade, while millions of Africans died on the journey. The loss of so many young Africans to the trade was a major setback to the societies they left behind. (pp. 521–522)\n \n \n Europe Divides and Rules\n By 1914, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia was under European control. European colonizers established colonial borders that often cut across ethnic homelands. European missionaries promoted Christianity and European culture, which often weakened traditional African ways. Colonists established plantation economies in place of the village-based African economies. (pp. 522–523)\n \n \n Discussion Question\n How might European colonial activities in Africa have created resentment among Africans? Give examples.\n (Europeans exploited Africa for their own economies. They enslaved Africans, redrew national borders, and promoted their own cultures while undermining African cultures.)\n \n
- Slave trade\n Middle Passage to the new world killed thousands\n Many tribes tried to resist\n Guns and dependency on goods made them fail\n \n \n \n In the 1200s European trade with Africans began to awaken greater awareness of the region as a source of wealth. By the 1600s and 1700s, the Europeans were trading with Africans for ivory, gold, textiles, and enslaved workers. (p. 521)\n \n \n The Slave Trade in Africa\n Africa’s slave trade greatly increased when Europeans began shipping enslaved Africans to the Americas to work on large plantations where sugar, tobacco, rice, and cotton were grown. Europeans made tremendous profits from the slave trade, while millions of Africans died on the journey. The loss of so many young Africans to the trade was a major setback to the societies they left behind. (pp. 521–522)\n \n \n Europe Divides and Rules\n By 1914, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia was under European control. European colonizers established colonial borders that often cut across ethnic homelands. European missionaries promoted Christianity and European culture, which often weakened traditional African ways. Colonists established plantation economies in place of the village-based African economies. (pp. 522–523)\n \n \n Discussion Question\n How might European colonial activities in Africa have created resentment among Africans? Give examples.\n (Europeans exploited Africa for their own economies. They enslaved Africans, redrew national borders, and promoted their own cultures while undermining African cultures.)\n \n
- Slave trade\n Middle Passage to the new world killed thousands\n Many tribes tried to resist\n Guns and dependency on goods made them fail\n \n \n \n In the 1200s European trade with Africans began to awaken greater awareness of the region as a source of wealth. By the 1600s and 1700s, the Europeans were trading with Africans for ivory, gold, textiles, and enslaved workers. (p. 521)\n \n \n The Slave Trade in Africa\n Africa’s slave trade greatly increased when Europeans began shipping enslaved Africans to the Americas to work on large plantations where sugar, tobacco, rice, and cotton were grown. Europeans made tremendous profits from the slave trade, while millions of Africans died on the journey. The loss of so many young Africans to the trade was a major setback to the societies they left behind. (pp. 521–522)\n \n \n Europe Divides and Rules\n By 1914, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia was under European control. European colonizers established colonial borders that often cut across ethnic homelands. European missionaries promoted Christianity and European culture, which often weakened traditional African ways. Colonists established plantation economies in place of the village-based African economies. (pp. 522–523)\n \n \n Discussion Question\n How might European colonial activities in Africa have created resentment among Africans? Give examples.\n (Europeans exploited Africa for their own economies. They enslaved Africans, redrew national borders, and promoted their own cultures while undermining African cultures.)\n \n
- Ghana, 1957\n Nigeria, 1960\n Kenya, 1963\n Zimbabwe, 1980\n Namibia, 1990\n \n By the mid-1900s, educated Africans had launched independence movements. During the second half of the 1900s, African colonies became independent countries. They faced great challenges in building stable governments and productive, balanced economies. (p. 523)\n \n A. Nigeria: A Colonial Legacy\n British-ruled Nigeria included several different ethnic and religious groups within its boundaries. When Nigeria became independent in 1960, ethnic and religious differences inherited from the past soon erupted in civil war. Today, even though the civil war is over, these differences still plague Nigeria as it moves from military rule to democracy. (p. 524)\n \n B. South Africa: Road to Freedom\n Until the 1990s, the South African government’s apartheid policy denied black and other non-European South Africans many opportunities and basic freedoms. Internal unrest and international protest helped to end apartheid. In 1994, South Africa held its first election in which all adult citizens were allowed to vote. Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president. (p. 524)\n
- Political boundaries drawn by Europeans\nUnderdeveloped economies\n Lack of capital and industry\nNo experience in running their own countries\nSouth Africa: apartheid\n Strict separation of races\n Whites ran the govt.\n Blacks were excluded\n 1991, apartheid ended after black and worldwide protests\n 1994, Nelson Mandela became president in the 1st universal suffrage election\n Spent 27 years in jail\n\nNigeria's colonial legacy\nIn 1914 the British formed the colony of Nigeria from several smaller ethnic territories. As a result, many different ethnic and religion groups lived within Nigeria's boundaries. In the north, cultures were based on Islam. Southern cultures were based on African religions or on Christianity. After Nigeria gained independence in 1960, these civil ethnic and religious differences erupted in civil war. Ethnic and religious divisions continue to plague Nigeria today. \n\nNigerians take great pride in their heritages. Nigerians today identify first with their ethnicity, next with their religion, and then with their nationality. There are 250 different ethnic groups, speaking 250 different languages and having 250 distinct cultural heritages.\n
- Political boundaries drawn by Europeans\nUnderdeveloped economies\n Lack of capital and industry\nNo experience in running their own countries\nSouth Africa: apartheid\n Strict separation of races\n Whites ran the govt.\n Blacks were excluded\n 1991, apartheid ended after black and worldwide protests\n 1994, Nelson Mandela became president in the 1st universal suffrage election\n Spent 27 years in jail\n\nNigeria's colonial legacy\nIn 1914 the British formed the colony of Nigeria from several smaller ethnic territories. As a result, many different ethnic and religion groups lived within Nigeria's boundaries. In the north, cultures were based on Islam. Southern cultures were based on African religions or on Christianity. After Nigeria gained independence in 1960, these civil ethnic and religious differences erupted in civil war. Ethnic and religious divisions continue to plague Nigeria today. \n\nNigerians take great pride in their heritages. Nigerians today identify first with their ethnicity, next with their religion, and then with their nationality. There are 250 different ethnic groups, speaking 250 different languages and having 250 distinct cultural heritages.\n
- Political boundaries drawn by Europeans\nUnderdeveloped economies\n Lack of capital and industry\nNo experience in running their own countries\nSouth Africa: apartheid\n Strict separation of races\n Whites ran the govt.\n Blacks were excluded\n 1991, apartheid ended after black and worldwide protests\n 1994, Nelson Mandela became president in the 1st universal suffrage election\n Spent 27 years in jail\n\nNigeria's colonial legacy\nIn 1914 the British formed the colony of Nigeria from several smaller ethnic territories. As a result, many different ethnic and religion groups lived within Nigeria's boundaries. In the north, cultures were based on Islam. Southern cultures were based on African religions or on Christianity. After Nigeria gained independence in 1960, these civil ethnic and religious differences erupted in civil war. Ethnic and religious divisions continue to plague Nigeria today. \n\nNigerians take great pride in their heritages. Nigerians today identify first with their ethnicity, next with their religion, and then with their nationality. There are 250 different ethnic groups, speaking 250 different languages and having 250 distinct cultural heritages.\n
- South Africa: Road to Freedom\nUntil the 1990s, the South African government’s apartheid policy denied black and other non-European South Africans many opportunities and basic freedoms. Internal unrest and international protest helped to end apartheid. In 1994, South Africa held its first election in which all adult citizens were allowed to vote. Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president. (p. 524)\n\n\nDiscussion Question\nHow was apartheid like the system of segregation that existed in the United States until the 1960s? How was it different?\n(Like: In both countries, African people or people of African descent were deprived of basic rights and freedoms. Different: The effect of segregation in the United States varied according to region; African Americans who lived in the south were much worse off than those who lived in the north or west. In the United States, individuals such as Mary McLeod Bethune or Thurgood Marshall were able to achieve prominent positions, although the barriers were tremendous. In South Africa, such advancement was impossible for African people.)\npages 523–524\n\n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa: apartheid\nStrict separation of races\nWhites ran the govt.\nBlacks were excluded\n1991, apartheid ended after black and worldwide protests\n1994, Nelson Mandela became president in the 1st universal suffrage election\n Spent 27 years in jail\nThe South African general election of 1994 was an election held in South Africa to mark the end of apartheid, therefore also the first held with universal adult suffrage. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC).\n\nMillions queued in lines over a three day voting period. Altogether 19,726,579 votes were counted and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. The African National Congress (ANC), whose slate incorporated the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party, fell short of a two-thirds majority. As required by the Interim Constitution, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than twenty seats in the National Assembly.\n\nUntil the nonracial elections in April 1994, the laws of apartheid governed elections. An elections administrator, or chief electoral officer, prepared a list based on the population registry of people who were qualified to register as voters. They had to be more than eighteen years of age and, under the 1983 constitution, to belong to one of the constituencies of the three racially based houses of parliament--white, coloured, and Indian. In the 1989 parliamentary election, for example, only 2,176,481 votes were cast, out of 3,170,667 registered voters and a total population of almost 28 million.\n\nIn the April 1994 national and provincial elections, nineteen political parties, representing the country's diverse constituencies, participated in the electoral process. Each voter received two ballots and cast two votes (enabling each voter to choose different parties at the national and the provincial levels). Voters selected a political party, not an individual candidate, to represent them in the National Assembly and in the provincial legislature. Each party had prepared ranked lists of delegates for the national and the provincial legislatures. Political parties gained seats in each body proportionally, according to the number of votes each party received, and party delegates became legislators based on their ranking on the appropriate list.\n\nThe number of eligible voters in 1994 was estimated at 21.7 million--about 16 million of whom had never voted before. In a radical departure from previous electoral practice, no formal voter register was prepared; instead, voters were asked to present identity books as proof of citizenship, and even this requirement was enforced with flexibility. Officials had determined before the elections that about 2.5 million people--mostly blacks--lacked identity books, and most of these were given temporary identity papers. For most residents of the homelands, valid travel documents were accepted as legal identification.\n
- \n\n\n 800 different\n Many originated in Africa\n Some brought by Arabs and Europeans\n\nA lingua franca (or working language, bridge language, vehicular language) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.\n\n\nSwahili or Kiswahili (known in Swahili itself as Kiswahili) is a Bantu language spoken by various ethnic groups that inhabit several large stretches of the Mozambique Channel coastline from northern Kenya to northern Mozambique, including the Comoro Islands. It is also spoken by ethnic minority groups in Somalia. Although only five million people speak Swahili as their mother tongue, it is used as a lingua franca in much of East Africa, meaning the total number of speakers exceeds 60 million. Swahili serves as a national, or official language, of five nations: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, the Comoros and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\n\n\nLanguages \nIn Africa south of the Sahara, more than 800 languages are spoken. African-based languages make up the largest linguistic group. Each African ethnic group often has its own language; there are over 800 Bantu-based languages alone. (pp. 525–526)\n\nB. The Sudanic peoples of the northwest and northeast corners of the region speak Afro-Asiatic languages. Europeans brought their languages with them; as a result, many people throughout the region speak French and English. Derived from the dialect of early Dutch settlers, the Afrikaans language—spoken in South Africa—also contains words from English, French, German, and African languages. The people of Madagascar speak Malayo-Polynesian languages. (p. 526)\n\n\nDiscussion Question\nWhy do you think there are so many different African languages?\n(Many ethnic groups speak their own languages in this vast region. Africa south of the Sahara was never united into a large empire that forced people to speak a single language.)\n\n
- IReligions \n\nA. Most people in the region are Christians or Muslims. Christianity was established in Ethiopia in the second century, but did not spread widely until the coming of European missionaries during the colonial period. Muslims ruled West Africa during the 1400s and 1500s, and West Africa today has a large Muslim population. Traditional African religions include characteristics such as reverence for ancestors and belief in a supreme creator. (pp. 526–527)\n\nB. Religious faith is central to everyday life, and conflicts sometimes develop between competing religious groups. (p. 527)\n\nDiscussion Question\nWhy do you think traditional African religions have survived?\n(They are central to people’s sense of themselves and are rooted in local cultures.)\n
- IReligions \n\nA. Most people in the region are Christians or Muslims. Christianity was established in Ethiopia in the second century, but did not spread widely until the coming of European missionaries during the colonial period. Muslims ruled West Africa during the 1400s and 1500s, and West Africa today has a large Muslim population. Traditional African religions include characteristics such as reverence for ancestors and belief in a supreme creator. (pp. 526–527)\n\nB. Religious faith is central to everyday life, and conflicts sometimes develop between competing religious groups. (p. 527)\n\nDiscussion Question\nWhy do you think traditional African religions have survived?\n(They are central to people’s sense of themselves and are rooted in local cultures.)\n
- IReligions \n\nA. Most people in the region are Christians or Muslims. Christianity was established in Ethiopia in the second century, but did not spread widely until the coming of European missionaries during the colonial period. Muslims ruled West Africa during the 1400s and 1500s, and West Africa today has a large Muslim population. Traditional African religions include characteristics such as reverence for ancestors and belief in a supreme creator. (pp. 526–527)\n\nB. Religious faith is central to everyday life, and conflicts sometimes develop between competing religious groups. (p. 527)\n\nDiscussion Question\nWhy do you think traditional African religions have survived?\n(They are central to people’s sense of themselves and are rooted in local cultures.)\n
- CHAPTER 21, Section 3 III. Education\nA. Educational Advances\nBefore the colonial era, most African children were apprenticed to trades rather than sent to school. Europeans brought formal schooling\nto the region. The number of students enrolled in universities increased rapidly in the late 1900s. Today, the region’s literacy rate is about\n60 percent. In rural areas, many people are too poor to send their children to school. (p. 527)\n\n B. New Ways of Learning\nComputers and the Internet may eventually help to educate people in the region, but currently computer access is limited. (p. 527)\n \nFace many challenges\n Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world\n Cannot afford to send kids to school\n Not necessary sometimes\n Kids need survival skills\nGovernments are looking for new innovations to improve life\n TV?\n
- CHAPTER 21, Section 3 III. Education\nA. Educational Advances\nBefore the colonial era, most African children were apprenticed to trades rather than sent to school. Europeans brought formal schooling\nto the region. The number of students enrolled in universities increased rapidly in the late 1900s. Today, the region’s literacy rate is about\n60 percent. In rural areas, many people are too poor to send their children to school. (p. 527)\n\n B. New Ways of Learning\nComputers and the Internet may eventually help to educate people in the region, but currently computer access is limited. (p. 527)\n \nFace many challenges\n Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world\n Cannot afford to send kids to school\n Not necessary sometimes\n Kids need survival skills\nGovernments are looking for new innovations to improve life\n TV?\n
- CHAPTER 21, Section 3 III. Education\nA. Educational Advances\nBefore the colonial era, most African children were apprenticed to trades rather than sent to school. Europeans brought formal schooling\nto the region. The number of students enrolled in universities increased rapidly in the late 1900s. Today, the region’s literacy rate is about\n60 percent. In rural areas, many people are too poor to send their children to school. (p. 527)\n\n B. New Ways of Learning\nComputers and the Internet may eventually help to educate people in the region, but currently computer access is limited. (p. 527)\n \nFace many challenges\n Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world\n Cannot afford to send kids to school\n Not necessary sometimes\n Kids need survival skills\nGovernments are looking for new innovations to improve life\n TV?\n
- CHAPTER 21, Section 3 III. Education\nA. Educational Advances\nBefore the colonial era, most African children were apprenticed to trades rather than sent to school. Europeans brought formal schooling\nto the region. The number of students enrolled in universities increased rapidly in the late 1900s. Today, the region’s literacy rate is about\n60 percent. In rural areas, many people are too poor to send their children to school. (p. 527)\n\n B. New Ways of Learning\nComputers and the Internet may eventually help to educate people in the region, but currently computer access is limited. (p. 527)\n \nFace many challenges\n Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world\n Cannot afford to send kids to school\n Not necessary sometimes\n Kids need survival skills\nGovernments are looking for new innovations to improve life\n TV?\n
- CHAPTER 21, Section 3 III. Education\nA. Educational Advances\nBefore the colonial era, most African children were apprenticed to trades rather than sent to school. Europeans brought formal schooling\nto the region. The number of students enrolled in universities increased rapidly in the late 1900s. Today, the region’s literacy rate is about\n60 percent. In rural areas, many people are too poor to send their children to school. (p. 527)\n\n B. New Ways of Learning\nComputers and the Internet may eventually help to educate people in the region, but currently computer access is limited. (p. 527)\n \nFace many challenges\n Literacy rates are rising, but are still below the world\n Cannot afford to send kids to school\n Not necessary sometimes\n Kids need survival skills\nGovernments are looking for new innovations to improve life\n TV?\n
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