SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 50
Chapter 2:
Workforce Safety and Wellness
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (1 of 4)
Preparatory
Uses simple knowledge of the emergency
medical services (EMS) system, safety/well-
being of the emergency medical responder
(EMR), and medical/legal issues at the scene
of an emergency while awaiting a higher level
of care.
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (2 of 4)
Workforce Safety and Wellness
• Standard safety precautions
• Personal protective equipment
• Stress management
• Dealing with death and dying
• Prevention of response-related injuries
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (3 of 4)
Medicine
Recognizes and manages life threats based
on assessment findings of a patient with a
medical emergency while awaiting additional
emergency response.
National EMS Education
Standard Competencies (4 of 4)
Infectious Diseases
Awareness of
• A patient who may have an infectious
disease
• How to decontaminate equipment after
treating a patient
Introduction
• You, your patients, and their families can
experience various degrees of stress and
grief during and following a medical
emergency.
• To fulfill your duties as an EMR, you need to
be in good physical condition.
– You should have a complete physical
examination to ensure that you are healthy
enough to do your job.
Emotional Aspects of
Emergency Medical Care (1 of 3)
• You must learn how to avoid unnecessary
stress and how to prevent your stress level
from getting too high.
• The most stressful calls include
– A patient who reminds you of a close family
member
– Very young or very old patients
– Critical patients
– Death
Emotional Aspects of
Emergency Medical Care (2 of 3)
• The most stressful
calls include
(cont’d)
– Unusual danger
– Violence
– Unusual sights,
smells, or sounds
– Mass casualties
Š Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman.
Emotional Aspects of
Emergency Medical Care (3 of 3)
• You must make a conscious effort to
prevent and reduce stress:
– Learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of
stress.
– Adjust your lifestyle to include stress-reducing
activities.
– Learn which services and resources are
available to help you.
Normal Reactions to Stress
(1 of 2)
• Five stages of reaction to death and dying
– Denial: The person experiencing denial cannot
believe what is happening.
– Anger: Anger is a normal reaction to stress and
it will sometimes be directed at you.
– Bargaining: The act of trying to make a deal to
postpone death and dying.
Normal Reactions to Stress
(2 of 2)
• Five stages of reaction to death and dying
(cont’d)
– Depression: The patient is usually silent or
seems to retreat into his or her own world.
– Acceptance: The patient understands that death
and dying cannot be changed.
Stress Management (1 of 7)
• Recognizing stress
– Warning signs to help you recognize stress:
• Irritability
• Inability to concentrate
• Change in normal disposition
• Difficulty in sleeping or nightmares
• Anxiety
• Indecisiveness
• Guilt
Stress Management (2 of 7)
• Recognizing stress (cont’d)
– Warning signs: (cont’d)
• Loss of appetite or overeating
• Loss of interest in sexual relations
• Loss of interest in work
• Isolation
• Feelings of hopelessness
• Alcohol or drug misuse or abuse
• Physical symptoms
Stress Management (3 of 7)
• Preventing stress
– Eat: A healthy,
well-balanced diet
helps prevent and
reduce stress.
Courtesy of the USDA.
Stress Management (4 of 7)
Courtesy of the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
Stress Management (5 of 7)
• Preventing stress
(cont’d)
– Drink: Drink adequate
amounts of fluid every
day and avoid
consuming excessive
caffeine and alcohol.
– Be merry: Learn to
balance your lifestyle.
Š Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Stress Management (6 of 7)
• Preventing stress (cont’d)
– Other ways to prevent stress:
• Spend time with your friends and family
• Develop hobbies or activities that are not
related to your job
• Exercise regularly
• Meditation or religious activities
• Assistance from a mental health professional
Stress Management (7 of 7)
• Reducing stress
– You may benefit from the help of a mental
health professional who is trained to listen in a
nonjudgmental way.
– Critical incident stress management (CISM) is a
comprehensive stress available through some
public safety departments.
Workforce Safety
• You will encounter a wide variety of hazards
at emergency scenes.
• It is important for you to
– Recognize these hazards.
– Know which steps to take to minimize the risk
they pose to your patients, your partners, and
yourself.
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (1 of 7)
• Most common routes for transmission
– Contact with infected blood
– Contact with airborne droplets
– Direct contact with infectious agents
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (2 of 7)
• Blood-borne pathogens
– Disease-causing agents that are spread through
contact with infected blood
– HIV is transmitted by contact with infected
blood, semen, or vaginal secretions.
– Wear gloves.
– Hepatitis B is also spread by direct contact with
infected blood, but it is far more contagious than
HIV.
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (3 of 7)
• Airborne pathogens
– Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that
is spread by droplets from the respiratory
system.
– Wear a mask or a high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) respirator and put an oxygen mask on
the patient.
– You should have a skin test for TB every year.
– Influenza, whooping cough, and severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) are also spread
through airborne droplets.
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (4 of 7)
• Direct contact
– Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) infection is caused by the bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus.
– Most MRSA infections occur in health care
settings such as hospitals, dialysis centers, and
nursing homes.
– MRSA most commonly occurs in people with
weakened immune systems.
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (5 of 7)
• Standard precautions
– Assume that all patients are potentially infected
with blood-borne pathogens.
– Use protective equipment.
– Always wear approved gloves, and change
gloves after contact with each patient.
– Always wear a protective mask, eyewear, or a
face shield when you anticipate blood.
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (6 of 7)
• Standard
precautions (cont’d)
– Wash your hands
with soap and
water.
– Do not recap, cut,
or bend used
needles. Place
them directly in a
puncture-resistant
container.
Š Jones & Bartlett Learning. Courtesy of MIEMSS.
Infectious Diseases and
Standard Precautions (7 of 7)
• Standard precautions (cont’d)
– See Skill Drill 2-1 for the proper removal of
gloves.
• Immunizations
– Influenza, tetanus prophylaxis, and hepatitis B
vaccine are recommended for EMS providers.
– Check the status of your varicella, measles,
mumps, and rubella vaccine.
– Tuberculin testing may also be recommended.
Responding to the Scene (1 of 4)
• Scene safety is a most important
consideration to you as an EMR.
– Includes your safety and the safety of all other
people present at the scene
– An injured or dead EMR cannot help those in
need.
– Drive safely and always fasten your seatbelt
when you are in your vehicle.
Responding to the Scene (2 of 4)
• Dispatch
– Use the dispatch information to anticipate
hazards and determine how to approach the
scene.
• Response
– Fasten your seatbelt, plan the best route, and
drive quickly but safely to the scene.
Responding to the Scene (3 of 4)
• Parking your vehicle
– Park your vehicle so that it protects the area
from traffic hazards.
– Be sure that the emergency warning lights are
operating correctly.
– Be careful when getting out of your vehicle.
Responding to the Scene (4 of 4)
• Parking your
vehicle (cont’d)
– Wear approved
safety vests when
working on an
active highway.
– If your vehicle is
not needed, park
it out of the way of
traffic.
Š Murray Wilson/Fotolia.com.
Assessing the Scene (1 of 11)
• Scan the entire area carefully to determine
what hazards are present and address them
in the most appropriate order.
• Traffic
– Control the flow of traffic on a busy highway.
– If you need assistance, call before you get out
of your vehicle.
Assessing the Scene (2 of 11)
• Crime or violence
– If you are trained in law enforcement
procedures, follow local protocols.
– If you are not, proceed very carefully.
– If you have doubts about the safety of a scene,
wait at a safe distance and request help from
law enforcement officials.
– If the scene involves a crime, avoid disturbing
anything unless it is absolutely necessary.
Assessing the Scene (3 of 11)
• Crowds
– Assess the crowd’s mood before you get into a
position from which you cannot exit.
– Request help before the crowd is out of control.
• Electrical hazards
– Do not approach the scene and keep other
people away from the source of the hazard.
Assessing the Scene (4 of 11)
• Electrical hazards (cont’d)
– Make sure the electrical current has been
turned off by a qualified person before you get
close to the source.
– Wear a helmet with a chin strap and face shield.
• Fire
– If you are a trained firefighter, follow rescue and
firefighting procedures.
Assessing the Scene (5 of 11)
• Fire (cont’d)
– If you are not a trained firefighter, do not exceed
the limits of your training.
– Never enter a burning building without proper
turnout gear and SCBA.
• Hazardous materials
– Should be marked with placards
Assessing the Scene (6 of 11)
Courtesy of the US Department of Transportation.
Assessing the Scene (7 of 11)
• Hazardous materials (cont’d)
– If you believe that a crash may involve
hazardous materials, stop uphill and upwind
and use binoculars to observe the scene.
– Odors or fumes may be the first indication.
– Call for assistance.
• Unstable objects
– Vehicles, trees, poles, buildings, cliffs, and piles
of material
Assessing the Scene (8 of 11)
• Unstable objects (cont’d)
– Vehicles may need to be stabilized before
patient extrication can begin.
– Undeployed air bags are hazards.
– Fires and explosions can result in unstable
buildings.
• Sharp objects
– Broken glass at the scene of a motor vehicle
crash
Assessing the Scene (9 of 11)
• Sharp objects (cont’d)
– Wear heavy leather or firefighting gloves over
your medical gloves to prevent injuries.
• Animals
– Can be pets, farm stock, or wild
– Should be secured in another part of the house
away from the patient
– May present other hazards such as bites,
kicking, or even trampling
Assessing the Scene (10 of 11)
• Environmental conditions
– Dress appropriately for the expected weather.
– Be alert for damage from high winds.
– Keep your patients dry and comfortable.
– Use emergency lighting when operating in the
dark.
Assessing the Scene (11 of 11)
• Special rescue situations
– Water rescue, ice rescue, confined-space or
below-grade rescue, terrorism, and mass-
casualty incidents
– Do not enter an emergency situation that is
unsafe unless you have the proper training and
equipment.
Summary (1 of 3)
• Stress is a normal part of an EMR’s life.
• The five stages of the grief process when
dealing with death and dying are denial,
anger, bargaining, depression, and
acceptance.
• Stress management consists of
recognizing, preventing, and reducing
critical incident stress.
Summary (2 of 3)
• You should understand how airborne and
blood-borne diseases are spread and how
standard precautions prevent the spread of
infection.
Summary (3 of 3)
• As you arrive on the scene of a collision or
illness, you must assess the scene for
hazards, including traffic, crime, crowds,
unstable objects, sharp objects, electrical
problems, fire, hazardous materials,
animals, environmental conditions, special
rescue situations, and infectious disease
exposure.
Review
1.Common signs or symptoms of stress
include
A. increased appetite.
B. decreased muscle tension.
C.greater ability to think clearly.
D.irritability.
Review
Answer:
D. irritability.
Review
2. You are called to a scene that seems
unsafe. What is your best course of action?
A. Refuse to respond.
B. Wait at a safe distance and request law
enforcement.
C. Proceed to the patient, but with caution.
D. Put the needs of the patient ahead of your
safety.
Review
Answer:
B. Wait at a safe distance and request law
enforcement.
Review
3. Which of the following is NOT a
consideration when responding to an
emergency scene?
A. Road conditions
B. Other drivers on the road
C. Personal safety, such as a seatbelt
D. Always using lights and sirens
Review
Answer:
D. Always using lights and sirens

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Medical Legal Power Point- Nancy Caroline
Medical Legal Power Point- Nancy CarolineMedical Legal Power Point- Nancy Caroline
Medical Legal Power Point- Nancy Caroline
djorgenmorris
 
Introduction to EMS
Introduction to EMS Introduction to EMS
Introduction to EMS
paramedicbob
 
Introduction to Emergency Medical Care
Introduction to Emergency Medical CareIntroduction to Emergency Medical Care
Introduction to Emergency Medical Care
jkbarr30
 
Chapter 02: Firefighter Safety and Health
Chapter 02: Firefighter Safety and HealthChapter 02: Firefighter Safety and Health
Chapter 02: Firefighter Safety and Health
Michael Lambert
 
Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.
Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.
Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.
taofiq yinka
 
Gaining Access and Rescue
Gaining Access and RescueGaining Access and Rescue
Gaining Access and Rescue
paramedicbob
 
HAZMAT AWARENESS
HAZMAT AWARENESSHAZMAT AWARENESS
HAZMAT AWARENESS
Ken Peters
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

EMR ch3
EMR ch3EMR ch3
EMR ch3
 
Medical Legal Power Point- Nancy Caroline
Medical Legal Power Point- Nancy CarolineMedical Legal Power Point- Nancy Caroline
Medical Legal Power Point- Nancy Caroline
 
Introduction to EMS
Introduction to EMS Introduction to EMS
Introduction to EMS
 
Chapter_02(0).ppt
Chapter_02(0).pptChapter_02(0).ppt
Chapter_02(0).ppt
 
Introduction to Emergency Medical Care
Introduction to Emergency Medical CareIntroduction to Emergency Medical Care
Introduction to Emergency Medical Care
 
Ch07 eec3
Ch07 eec3Ch07 eec3
Ch07 eec3
 
EMR ch16
EMR ch16EMR ch16
EMR ch16
 
Lesson 9
Lesson 9Lesson 9
Lesson 9
 
EMR ch12
EMR ch12EMR ch12
EMR ch12
 
Chapter 02: Firefighter Safety and Health
Chapter 02: Firefighter Safety and HealthChapter 02: Firefighter Safety and Health
Chapter 02: Firefighter Safety and Health
 
EMR ch14
EMR ch14EMR ch14
EMR ch14
 
Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.
Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.
Pre hospital care of acutely injured patient by mohd taofiq et al.
 
Ch05 eec3
Ch05 eec3Ch05 eec3
Ch05 eec3
 
History of EMS
History of EMSHistory of EMS
History of EMS
 
Mass casualty incident program s.t.a.r.t.
Mass casualty incident program   s.t.a.r.t.Mass casualty incident program   s.t.a.r.t.
Mass casualty incident program s.t.a.r.t.
 
EMR ch2
EMR ch2EMR ch2
EMR ch2
 
Gaining Access and Rescue
Gaining Access and RescueGaining Access and Rescue
Gaining Access and Rescue
 
Emergency FIrst Responder Presentation I Dive
Emergency FIrst Responder Presentation I Dive Emergency FIrst Responder Presentation I Dive
Emergency FIrst Responder Presentation I Dive
 
DMACC EMT Chapter 1
DMACC EMT Chapter 1DMACC EMT Chapter 1
DMACC EMT Chapter 1
 
HAZMAT AWARENESS
HAZMAT AWARENESSHAZMAT AWARENESS
HAZMAT AWARENESS
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter 2 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical Responder

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAINING
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAININGEMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAINING
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAINING
Oboh Aghogho oghenero
 
Reanimation(motor accident)
Reanimation(motor accident) Reanimation(motor accident)
Reanimation(motor accident)
Viju Rathod
 
Module 1 introduction to first aid
Module 1 introduction to first aidModule 1 introduction to first aid
Module 1 introduction to first aid
GIEANMURIEL
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter 2 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical Responder (20)

Chapter 9
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Chapter 9
 
Introduction to first aid
Introduction to first aidIntroduction to first aid
Introduction to first aid
 
Paramedic update part 1
Paramedic update part 1Paramedic update part 1
Paramedic update part 1
 
Paramedic update
Paramedic updateParamedic update
Paramedic update
 
Patient Assessment
Patient AssessmentPatient Assessment
Patient Assessment
 
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAINING
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAININGEMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAINING
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM MONTHLY TRAINING
 
Reanimation(motor accident)
Reanimation(motor accident) Reanimation(motor accident)
Reanimation(motor accident)
 
Basic first aid iv
Basic first aid ivBasic first aid iv
Basic first aid iv
 
5 Trauma.pptx
5 Trauma.pptx5 Trauma.pptx
5 Trauma.pptx
 
Chapter 2 approach to the incident
Chapter 2 approach to the incidentChapter 2 approach to the incident
Chapter 2 approach to the incident
 
First Aid in emergency pptx
First Aid in emergency pptxFirst Aid in emergency pptx
First Aid in emergency pptx
 
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY & FIRST AID.pptx
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY & FIRST AID.pptxLESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY & FIRST AID.pptx
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY & FIRST AID.pptx
 
1st aid adult.pdf
1st aid adult.pdf1st aid adult.pdf
1st aid adult.pdf
 
First aid dewasa
First aid dewasaFirst aid dewasa
First aid dewasa
 
Chapter 24 PPT part 2.pptx
Chapter 24 PPT part 2.pptxChapter 24 PPT part 2.pptx
Chapter 24 PPT part 2.pptx
 
First Aid for the First Responder by EVFD
First Aid for the First Responder by EVFDFirst Aid for the First Responder by EVFD
First Aid for the First Responder by EVFD
 
HEALTH 9 LESSON 1 THIRD QUARTER.pptx
HEALTH 9 LESSON 1 THIRD QUARTER.pptxHEALTH 9 LESSON 1 THIRD QUARTER.pptx
HEALTH 9 LESSON 1 THIRD QUARTER.pptx
 
HLTAID001 Presentation V20 Sept 2018.pptx
HLTAID001 Presentation V20 Sept 2018.pptxHLTAID001 Presentation V20 Sept 2018.pptx
HLTAID001 Presentation V20 Sept 2018.pptx
 
Module 1 introduction to first aid
Module 1 introduction to first aidModule 1 introduction to first aid
Module 1 introduction to first aid
 
disaster Response final.pptx disaster response
disaster Response final.pptx disaster responsedisaster Response final.pptx disaster response
disaster Response final.pptx disaster response
 

KĂźrzlich hochgeladen

Thrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Thrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetThrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Thrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Hubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Hubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetHubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Hubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Erode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Erode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetErode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Erode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Patna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Patna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetPatna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Patna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...
Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...
Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...
Ahmedabad Call Girls
 
Punjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call Girls
Punjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call GirlsPunjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call Girls
Punjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call Girls
@Chandigarh #call #Girls 9053900678 @Call #Girls in @Punjab 9053900678
 
Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...
Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...
Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...
mahaiklolahd
 
Bhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetBhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Muzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Muzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMuzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Muzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Vip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Vip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetVip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Vip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ahmedabad Call Girls
 
Mathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Bareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetBareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
Sangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Sangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetSangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Sangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Service
 
(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...
(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...
(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...
Ahmedabad Call Girls
 
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetErnakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Call Girls Chandigarh
 

KĂźrzlich hochgeladen (20)

Thrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Thrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetThrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Thrissur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Hubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Hubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetHubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Hubli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Sexy Call Girl Dharmapuri Arshi 💚9058824046💚 Dharmapuri Escort Service
Sexy Call Girl Dharmapuri Arshi 💚9058824046💚 Dharmapuri Escort ServiceSexy Call Girl Dharmapuri Arshi 💚9058824046💚 Dharmapuri Escort Service
Sexy Call Girl Dharmapuri Arshi 💚9058824046💚 Dharmapuri Escort Service
 
Erode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Erode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetErode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Erode Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Patna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Patna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetPatna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Patna Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
(Big Boobs Indian Girls) 💓 9257276172 💓High Profile Call Girls Jaipur You Can...
(Big Boobs Indian Girls) 💓 9257276172 💓High Profile Call Girls Jaipur You Can...(Big Boobs Indian Girls) 💓 9257276172 💓High Profile Call Girls Jaipur You Can...
(Big Boobs Indian Girls) 💓 9257276172 💓High Profile Call Girls Jaipur You Can...
 
Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...
Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...
Independent Call Girls Hyderabad 💋 9352988975 💋 Genuine WhatsApp Number for R...
 
Punjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call Girls
Punjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call GirlsPunjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call Girls
Punjab Call Girls Contact Number +919053,900,678 Punjab Call Girls
 
Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...
Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...
Call Girl in Bangalore 9632137771 {LowPrice} ❤️ (Navya) Bangalore Call Girls ...
 
Bhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetBhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bhagalpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Kolkata Call Girls Miss Inaaya ❤️ at @30% discount Everyday Call girl
Kolkata Call Girls Miss Inaaya ❤️ at @30% discount Everyday Call girlKolkata Call Girls Miss Inaaya ❤️ at @30% discount Everyday Call girl
Kolkata Call Girls Miss Inaaya ❤️ at @30% discount Everyday Call girl
 
Gorgeous Call Girls Mohali {7435815124} ❤️VVIP ANGEL Call Girls in Mohali Punjab
Gorgeous Call Girls Mohali {7435815124} ❤️VVIP ANGEL Call Girls in Mohali PunjabGorgeous Call Girls Mohali {7435815124} ❤️VVIP ANGEL Call Girls in Mohali Punjab
Gorgeous Call Girls Mohali {7435815124} ❤️VVIP ANGEL Call Girls in Mohali Punjab
 
Muzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Muzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMuzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Muzaffarpur Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mangalore Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Vip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Vip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetVip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Vip Call Girls Makarba 👙 6367187148 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Mathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetMathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Mathura Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Bareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetBareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Bareilly Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
Sangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Sangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetSangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Sangli Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 
(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...
(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...
(Deeksha) 💓 9920725232 💓High Profile Call Girls Navi Mumbai You Can Get The S...
 
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real MeetErnakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Ernakulam Call Girls 👙 6297143586 👙 Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
 

Chapter 2 Powerpoint - Emergency Medical Responder

  • 2. National EMS Education Standard Competencies (1 of 4) Preparatory Uses simple knowledge of the emergency medical services (EMS) system, safety/well- being of the emergency medical responder (EMR), and medical/legal issues at the scene of an emergency while awaiting a higher level of care.
  • 3. National EMS Education Standard Competencies (2 of 4) Workforce Safety and Wellness • Standard safety precautions • Personal protective equipment • Stress management • Dealing with death and dying • Prevention of response-related injuries
  • 4. National EMS Education Standard Competencies (3 of 4) Medicine Recognizes and manages life threats based on assessment findings of a patient with a medical emergency while awaiting additional emergency response.
  • 5. National EMS Education Standard Competencies (4 of 4) Infectious Diseases Awareness of • A patient who may have an infectious disease • How to decontaminate equipment after treating a patient
  • 6. Introduction • You, your patients, and their families can experience various degrees of stress and grief during and following a medical emergency. • To fulfill your duties as an EMR, you need to be in good physical condition. – You should have a complete physical examination to ensure that you are healthy enough to do your job.
  • 7. Emotional Aspects of Emergency Medical Care (1 of 3) • You must learn how to avoid unnecessary stress and how to prevent your stress level from getting too high. • The most stressful calls include – A patient who reminds you of a close family member – Very young or very old patients – Critical patients – Death
  • 8. Emotional Aspects of Emergency Medical Care (2 of 3) • The most stressful calls include (cont’d) – Unusual danger – Violence – Unusual sights, smells, or sounds – Mass casualties Š Jones & Bartlett Learning. Photographed by Glen E. Ellman.
  • 9. Emotional Aspects of Emergency Medical Care (3 of 3) • You must make a conscious effort to prevent and reduce stress: – Learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of stress. – Adjust your lifestyle to include stress-reducing activities. – Learn which services and resources are available to help you.
  • 10. Normal Reactions to Stress (1 of 2) • Five stages of reaction to death and dying – Denial: The person experiencing denial cannot believe what is happening. – Anger: Anger is a normal reaction to stress and it will sometimes be directed at you. – Bargaining: The act of trying to make a deal to postpone death and dying.
  • 11. Normal Reactions to Stress (2 of 2) • Five stages of reaction to death and dying (cont’d) – Depression: The patient is usually silent or seems to retreat into his or her own world. – Acceptance: The patient understands that death and dying cannot be changed.
  • 12. Stress Management (1 of 7) • Recognizing stress – Warning signs to help you recognize stress: • Irritability • Inability to concentrate • Change in normal disposition • Difficulty in sleeping or nightmares • Anxiety • Indecisiveness • Guilt
  • 13. Stress Management (2 of 7) • Recognizing stress (cont’d) – Warning signs: (cont’d) • Loss of appetite or overeating • Loss of interest in sexual relations • Loss of interest in work • Isolation • Feelings of hopelessness • Alcohol or drug misuse or abuse • Physical symptoms
  • 14. Stress Management (3 of 7) • Preventing stress – Eat: A healthy, well-balanced diet helps prevent and reduce stress. Courtesy of the USDA.
  • 15. Stress Management (4 of 7) Courtesy of the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
  • 16. Stress Management (5 of 7) • Preventing stress (cont’d) – Drink: Drink adequate amounts of fluid every day and avoid consuming excessive caffeine and alcohol. – Be merry: Learn to balance your lifestyle. Š Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • 17. Stress Management (6 of 7) • Preventing stress (cont’d) – Other ways to prevent stress: • Spend time with your friends and family • Develop hobbies or activities that are not related to your job • Exercise regularly • Meditation or religious activities • Assistance from a mental health professional
  • 18. Stress Management (7 of 7) • Reducing stress – You may benefit from the help of a mental health professional who is trained to listen in a nonjudgmental way. – Critical incident stress management (CISM) is a comprehensive stress available through some public safety departments.
  • 19. Workforce Safety • You will encounter a wide variety of hazards at emergency scenes. • It is important for you to – Recognize these hazards. – Know which steps to take to minimize the risk they pose to your patients, your partners, and yourself.
  • 20. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (1 of 7) • Most common routes for transmission – Contact with infected blood – Contact with airborne droplets – Direct contact with infectious agents
  • 21. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (2 of 7) • Blood-borne pathogens – Disease-causing agents that are spread through contact with infected blood – HIV is transmitted by contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. – Wear gloves. – Hepatitis B is also spread by direct contact with infected blood, but it is far more contagious than HIV.
  • 22. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (3 of 7) • Airborne pathogens – Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that is spread by droplets from the respiratory system. – Wear a mask or a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) respirator and put an oxygen mask on the patient. – You should have a skin test for TB every year. – Influenza, whooping cough, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are also spread through airborne droplets.
  • 23. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (4 of 7) • Direct contact – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. – Most MRSA infections occur in health care settings such as hospitals, dialysis centers, and nursing homes. – MRSA most commonly occurs in people with weakened immune systems.
  • 24. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (5 of 7) • Standard precautions – Assume that all patients are potentially infected with blood-borne pathogens. – Use protective equipment. – Always wear approved gloves, and change gloves after contact with each patient. – Always wear a protective mask, eyewear, or a face shield when you anticipate blood.
  • 25. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (6 of 7) • Standard precautions (cont’d) – Wash your hands with soap and water. – Do not recap, cut, or bend used needles. Place them directly in a puncture-resistant container. Š Jones & Bartlett Learning. Courtesy of MIEMSS.
  • 26. Infectious Diseases and Standard Precautions (7 of 7) • Standard precautions (cont’d) – See Skill Drill 2-1 for the proper removal of gloves. • Immunizations – Influenza, tetanus prophylaxis, and hepatitis B vaccine are recommended for EMS providers. – Check the status of your varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. – Tuberculin testing may also be recommended.
  • 27. Responding to the Scene (1 of 4) • Scene safety is a most important consideration to you as an EMR. – Includes your safety and the safety of all other people present at the scene – An injured or dead EMR cannot help those in need. – Drive safely and always fasten your seatbelt when you are in your vehicle.
  • 28. Responding to the Scene (2 of 4) • Dispatch – Use the dispatch information to anticipate hazards and determine how to approach the scene. • Response – Fasten your seatbelt, plan the best route, and drive quickly but safely to the scene.
  • 29. Responding to the Scene (3 of 4) • Parking your vehicle – Park your vehicle so that it protects the area from traffic hazards. – Be sure that the emergency warning lights are operating correctly. – Be careful when getting out of your vehicle.
  • 30. Responding to the Scene (4 of 4) • Parking your vehicle (cont’d) – Wear approved safety vests when working on an active highway. – If your vehicle is not needed, park it out of the way of traffic. Š Murray Wilson/Fotolia.com.
  • 31. Assessing the Scene (1 of 11) • Scan the entire area carefully to determine what hazards are present and address them in the most appropriate order. • Traffic – Control the flow of traffic on a busy highway. – If you need assistance, call before you get out of your vehicle.
  • 32. Assessing the Scene (2 of 11) • Crime or violence – If you are trained in law enforcement procedures, follow local protocols. – If you are not, proceed very carefully. – If you have doubts about the safety of a scene, wait at a safe distance and request help from law enforcement officials. – If the scene involves a crime, avoid disturbing anything unless it is absolutely necessary.
  • 33. Assessing the Scene (3 of 11) • Crowds – Assess the crowd’s mood before you get into a position from which you cannot exit. – Request help before the crowd is out of control. • Electrical hazards – Do not approach the scene and keep other people away from the source of the hazard.
  • 34. Assessing the Scene (4 of 11) • Electrical hazards (cont’d) – Make sure the electrical current has been turned off by a qualified person before you get close to the source. – Wear a helmet with a chin strap and face shield. • Fire – If you are a trained firefighter, follow rescue and firefighting procedures.
  • 35. Assessing the Scene (5 of 11) • Fire (cont’d) – If you are not a trained firefighter, do not exceed the limits of your training. – Never enter a burning building without proper turnout gear and SCBA. • Hazardous materials – Should be marked with placards
  • 36. Assessing the Scene (6 of 11) Courtesy of the US Department of Transportation.
  • 37. Assessing the Scene (7 of 11) • Hazardous materials (cont’d) – If you believe that a crash may involve hazardous materials, stop uphill and upwind and use binoculars to observe the scene. – Odors or fumes may be the first indication. – Call for assistance. • Unstable objects – Vehicles, trees, poles, buildings, cliffs, and piles of material
  • 38. Assessing the Scene (8 of 11) • Unstable objects (cont’d) – Vehicles may need to be stabilized before patient extrication can begin. – Undeployed air bags are hazards. – Fires and explosions can result in unstable buildings. • Sharp objects – Broken glass at the scene of a motor vehicle crash
  • 39. Assessing the Scene (9 of 11) • Sharp objects (cont’d) – Wear heavy leather or firefighting gloves over your medical gloves to prevent injuries. • Animals – Can be pets, farm stock, or wild – Should be secured in another part of the house away from the patient – May present other hazards such as bites, kicking, or even trampling
  • 40. Assessing the Scene (10 of 11) • Environmental conditions – Dress appropriately for the expected weather. – Be alert for damage from high winds. – Keep your patients dry and comfortable. – Use emergency lighting when operating in the dark.
  • 41. Assessing the Scene (11 of 11) • Special rescue situations – Water rescue, ice rescue, confined-space or below-grade rescue, terrorism, and mass- casualty incidents – Do not enter an emergency situation that is unsafe unless you have the proper training and equipment.
  • 42. Summary (1 of 3) • Stress is a normal part of an EMR’s life. • The five stages of the grief process when dealing with death and dying are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. • Stress management consists of recognizing, preventing, and reducing critical incident stress.
  • 43. Summary (2 of 3) • You should understand how airborne and blood-borne diseases are spread and how standard precautions prevent the spread of infection.
  • 44. Summary (3 of 3) • As you arrive on the scene of a collision or illness, you must assess the scene for hazards, including traffic, crime, crowds, unstable objects, sharp objects, electrical problems, fire, hazardous materials, animals, environmental conditions, special rescue situations, and infectious disease exposure.
  • 45. Review 1.Common signs or symptoms of stress include A. increased appetite. B. decreased muscle tension. C.greater ability to think clearly. D.irritability.
  • 47. Review 2. You are called to a scene that seems unsafe. What is your best course of action? A. Refuse to respond. B. Wait at a safe distance and request law enforcement. C. Proceed to the patient, but with caution. D. Put the needs of the patient ahead of your safety.
  • 48. Review Answer: B. Wait at a safe distance and request law enforcement.
  • 49. Review 3. Which of the following is NOT a consideration when responding to an emergency scene? A. Road conditions B. Other drivers on the road C. Personal safety, such as a seatbelt D. Always using lights and sirens
  • 50. Review Answer: D. Always using lights and sirens

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Preparatory Uses simple knowledge of the emergency medical services (EMS) system, safety/well-being of the emergency medical responder (EMR), and medical/legal issues at the scene of an emergency while awaiting a higher level of care.
  2. Workforce Safety and Wellness • Standard safety precautions (pp 23-29) • Personal protective equipment (pp 24-25) • Stress management (pp 19-21) • Dealing with death and dying (p 18) • Prevention of response-related injuries (pp 25-29)
  3. Medicine Recognizes and manages life threats based on assessment findings of a patient with a medical emergency while awaiting additional emergency response.
  4. Infectious Diseases Awareness of • A patient who may have an infectious disease (pp 23-26) • How to decontaminate equipment after treating a patient (p 29)
  5. I. Introduction A.You, your patients, and their families can experience various degrees of stress and grief during and following a medical emergency. B.To fulfill your duties as an EMR, you need to be in good physical condition. 1.As a new EMR, you should have a complete physical examination to ensure that you are healthy enough to do your job.
  6. II. Emotional Aspects of Emergency Medical Care A.Providing emergency medical care as an EMR is stressful. 1.You must learn how to avoid unnecessary stress and how to prevent your stress level from getting too high. 2.Some types of calls are more stressful than others, including calls that involve the following situations: a.A patient who reminds you of a close family member b.Very young or very old patients c.Critical patients d.Death
  7. e.Unusual danger f.Violence g.Unusual sights, smells, or sounds h.Mass casualties Figure: Certain kinds of patients may produce a high level of stress
  8. 3.Because you work in a stressful environment, you must make a conscious effort to prevent and reduce unnecessary stress. a.Learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of stress. b.Adjust your lifestyle to include stress-reducing activities. c.Learn which services and resources are available to help you.
  9. III. Normal Reactions to Stress A.EMRs need to know how stress can affect them and the people for whom they provide emergency medical care. 1.Because dying is one of the most stressful experiences that people may have, the grief reaction to death and dying provides a basis for looking at stress. 2.Five stages of reaction to death and dying proposed by Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross: a.Denial (“Not me!”): The person experiencing denial cannot believe what is happening. b.Anger (“Why me?”): Understanding that anger is a normal reaction to stress should help EMRs deal with anger that is directed at them by a patient or a patient’s family. c.Bargaining (“Okay, but…”): Bargaining is the act of trying to make a deal to postpone death and dying.
  10. d.Depression (“Heavy-hearted”): The person who is unusually silent or who seems to retreat into his or her own world may have reached this stage. e.Acceptance: Acceptance does not mean that you are satisfied with the situation; it means that you understand that death and dying cannot be changed.
  11. B.Stress management 1.Recognizing stress a.An important step in managing stress in yourself and others is the ability to recognize its signs and symptoms. b.Once you recognize that stressors are present, you can take steps to prevent or reduce stress. c.Warning signs to help you recognize stress: i.Irritability ii.Inability to concentrate iii.Change in normal disposition iv.Difficulty in sleeping or nightmares v.Anxiety vi.Indecisiveness vii.Guilt
  12. viii. Loss of appetite or overeating ix.Loss of interest in sexual relations x.Loss of interest in work xi.Isolation xii.Feelings of hopelessness xiii.Alcohol or drug misuse or abuse xiv.Physical symptoms
  13. C.Preventing stress 1.Three simple-to-remember techniques can help prevent stress. Eat: A healthy, well-balanced diet helps prevent and reduce stress. Figure: A healthy diet is illustrated by the USDA MyPlate food guidance system.
  14. Figure: Steps you can take to plan a healthy diet.
  15. b.Drink: Active EMS providers need to drink adequate amounts of fluid every day and avoid consuming excessive caffeine and alcohol. c.Be merry: When a person is happy, he or she generally is not experiencing an elevated level of stress; therefore, it is important to learn to balance your lifestyle. Figure: Drinking adequate quantities of water is important.
  16. 2.Other ways to prevent stress: a.Spend time with your friends and family b.Develop hobbies or activities that are not related to your job c.Exercise regularly d.Meditation or religious activities e.Assistance from a mental health professional
  17. 2.Reducing stress a.You may benefit from the help of a mental health professional. i.Psychologists ii.Psychiatrists iii.Social workers iv.Specially trained clergy b.They are trained to listen in a nonjudgmental way and to help you find ways to diminish your stress. c.Critical incident stress management (CISM) is a program available through some public safety departments. i.Preincident stress education provides information about the stresses that you will encounter and the reactions you may experience. ii.On-scene peer support and disaster support services provide aid for you on the scene of especially stressful incidents. iii.A debriefing may help to alleviate the stress reactions caused by high-stress emergency situations by allowing an open discussion of feelings, fears, and reactions. iv.Contact the CISM team if you are involved in a high-stress incident.
  18. IV. Workforce Safety A.As an EMR, you will encounter a wide variety of hazards at emergency scenes. 1.It is important for you to recognize these hazards and to know which steps you need to take to minimize the risk they pose to your patients, your partners, and yourself.
  19. B.Infectious diseases and standard precautions 1.Understanding common infectious diseases is important for your protection. 2.Infectious diseases can be contracted in several different ways. a.The three most common routes for transmission that you will be exposed to are contact with infected blood, contact with airborne droplets, and direct contact with infectious agents. b.The disease-causing agents that are spread through contact with infected blood are called blood-borne pathogens.
  20. 3.Blood-borne pathogens a.HIV is transmitted by contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. b.Exposure can take place in the following ways: i.The patient’s blood is splashed or sprayed into your eyes, nose, or mouth or into an open sore or cut. ii.You have blood from the infected patient on your hands and then you touch your own eyes, nose, mouth, or an open sore or cut. iii.A needle that was used to inject the patient breaks your skin. iv.Broken glass at a motor vehicle collision or other incident that is covered with blood from an infected patient penetrates your gloves and skin. c.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that health care workers to wear certain types of gloves any time they are likely to come into contact with secretions or blood from any patient. d.Hepatitis B is also spread by direct contact with infected blood, although it is far more contagious than HIV.
  21. 4.Airborne pathogens a.Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that is spread by droplets from the respiratory system. i.The virus is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. ii.Drug-resistant strains of TB have evolved. iii.To minimize your exposure, wear a face mask or a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) respirator and put an oxygen mask on the patient. iv.You should have a skin test for TB every year. b.Influenza, whooping cough, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are other diseases that are spread through airborne droplets.
  22. C.Direct contact 1.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus – often called staph. 2. Most MRSA infections occur in health care settings such as hospitals, dialysis centers, and nursing homes. 3.They are more likely to appear in people with weakened immune systems. 4.In healthy people, MRSA may show up as a skin sore.
  23. 5.Standard precautions a.Federal regulations require all health-care workers, including EMRs, to assume that all patients are potentially infected with blood-borne pathogens. b.All health care workers must use protective equipment to prevent possible exposure to blood and certain body fluids. c.The CDC recommends that all health care workers use the following standard precautions: i.Always wear approved latex or nitrile gloves when handling patients, and change gloves after contact with each patient. Wash your hands with soap and water immediately after removing your gloves. ii.Always wear a protective mask, eyewear, or a face shield when you anticipate that blood or other body fluids may splatter.
  24. iii.Wash your hands and other skin surfaces immediately and thoroughly with soap and water if they become contaminated with blood and other body fluids. iv.Do not recap, cut, or bend used needles. Place them directly in a puncture-resistant container designed for “sharps.” Use a face shield, pocket mask, or other airway adjunct if the patient needs resuscitation. Figure: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water if you are contaminated with blood or other body fluids.
  25. d.Proper removal of gloves is important to minimize the spread of pathogens (see Skill Drill 2-1). 6.Immunizations a.Certain immunizations are recommended for EMS responders, including influenza, tetanus prophylaxis, and hepatitis B vaccine. b.Check the status of your varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, and your measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. c.Tuberculin testing may also be recommended.
  26. D.Responding to the scene 1.Scene safety is a most important consideration to you as an EMR. a.Safety considerations need to include your own safety and the safety of all other people present at the scene. b.An injured or dead EMR cannot help those in need. c.Drive safely and always fasten your seatbelt when you are in your vehicle.
  27. 2.Dispatch a.Use your dispatch information to anticipate hazards and determine how to approach the scene. 3.Response a.Vehicle accidents are a major cause of death and disability for law enforcement personnel, firefighters, and EMS personnel. b.Fasten your seatbelt, plan the best route, and drive quickly but safely to the scene.
  28. 4.Parking your vehicle a.Park your vehicle so that it protects the area from traffic hazards. b.Be sure that the emergency warning lights are operating correctly. c.Be careful when getting out of your vehicle, especially if you must step into a traffic-filled area.
  29. d.Federal safety standards require EMRs to wear approved safety vests when they are working on an active highway. e.If your vehicle is not needed to protect the incident scene, park it out of the way of traffic. Figure: Reflective clothing helps make you more visible.
  30. E.Assessing the scene 1.Scan the entire area carefully to determine what hazards are present and address them in the most appropriate order. 2.Traffic a.Control the flow of traffic on a busy highway. b.If you need more help to handle traffic, call for assistance before you get out of your vehicle.
  31. 3.Crime or violence a.If you are trained in law enforcement procedures, follow local protocols. b.If you are not a law enforcement official, proceed very carefully. c.If you have doubts about the safety of a scene, wait at a safe distance and request help from law enforcement officials. d.If the scene involves a crime, take a mental picture and avoid disturbing anything at the scene unless it is absolutely necessary.
  32. 4.Crowds a.Crowds may be friendly and helpful or hostile. b.Assess the crowd’s mood before you get into a position from which you cannot exit. c.Request help from law enforcement officials before the crowd is out of control. d.You may have to wait for the arrival of police before you approach the patient. 5.Electrical hazards a.Do not approach a scene if there are indications of electrical problems.
  33. b.Keep all other people away from the source of the hazard. c.Make sure that the electrical current has been turned off by a qualified person before you get close to the source of the current. d.Wear a helmet with a chin strip and face shield. 6.Fire a.Fire can result in injury or death to you and to the patient. b.If you are a trained firefighter, follow the rescue and firefighting procedures established for your department.
  34. c.If you are not a trained firefighter, do not exceed the limits of your training. d.Never enter a burning building without proper turnout gear and self-contained breathing apparatus. e.Carefully assess the fire hazard before you determine your course of action. 7.Hazardous materials a.Hazardous materials may be found almost anywhere. b.Federal regulations require vehicles that are transporting a certain quantity of hazardous materials to be marked with specific placards.
  35. Figure: Hazardous materials placards.
  36. c.If you believe that a crash may involve hazardous materials, stop uphill and upwind at some distance from the crash and use binoculars to determine whether the vehicle is marked with a placard. d.Odors or fumes may be the first indication of hazardous materials. e.Call for assistance. f.Remain far enough away so that you do not become an additional casualty. F. Unstable objects 1.Unstable objects may include vehicles, trees, poles, buildings, cliffs, and piles of materials.
  37. 2.After an accident, vehicles may need to be stabilized before you assess the patient or begin patient extrication. 3.Undeployed air bags represent another hazard following a motor vehicle collision. 4.Fires and explosions can result in unstable buildings. 5.Assess stability before attempting to enter a building. 6.If in doubt, call for trained personnel. G. Sharp objects 1.Sharp objects are frequently present at an emergency scene. 2.They may include broken glass at the scene of a motor vehicle crash or hypodermic needles in the pocket of a drug addict.
  38. 3.Wear heavy leather or firefighting gloves over your medical gloves to prevent injuries. H. Animals 1.Can be pets, farm stock, or wild 2.Present in a wide variety of indoor and outdoor settings 3.Can become very upset in the confusion of a medical emergency and should be secured in another part of the house away from the patient 4.May present other hazards such as bites, kicking, or even trampling
  39. I. Environmental conditions 1.Dress appropriately for the expected weather. 2.Be alert for possible damage from high winds. 3.Keep your patients dry and comfortable. 4.Use emergency lighting when operating in the dark to help you avoid hazards.
  40. J. Special rescue situations 1.These situations include water rescue, ice rescue, confined-space or below-grade rescue, terrorism, and mass-casualty incidents 2.Do not enter an emergency situation that is unsafe unless you have the proper training and equipment.
  41. V. Summary A.EMRs should understand the role that stress plays in the lives of emergency care providers and patients who have experienced a sudden illness or accident. Stress is a normal part of an EMR’s life. B.The five stages of the grief process when dealing with death and dying are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Patients and rescuers move through these stages at different paces. C.Stress management consists of recognizing, preventing, and reducing critical incident stress.
  42. D.Scene safety is an important part of your job. You should understand how airborne and blood-borne diseases are spread and how standard precautions prevent the spread of infection.
  43. E.As you arrive on the scene of a collision or illness, you must assess the scene for a wide variety of hazards, including traffic, crime, crowds, unstable objects, sharp objects, electrical problems, fire, hazardous materials, animals, environmental conditions, special rescue situations, and infectious disease exposure. You should understand the safety equipment and precautions that are needed for the various types of rescue situations.