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Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation




Intercropping maize and mungbean
      to intensify summer cropping
  systems in Queensland, Australia

                                             Joseph Eyre
                                          Richard Routley
                                         Daniel Rodriguez
                                              John Dimes
Project background
    SIMLESA aims at increasing farm-household food security and
  productivity, in the context of climate risk and change, through the
   development of more resilient, profitable and sustainable maize-
                         legume farming systems

                               Socio-economic                                    More productive,     Improved range of
                               characterization                                    resilient and      maize and legume
                                                                                    sustainable       varieties available
                               Input and output                                    smallholder         for smallholders
                                 value chain                                      maize-legume
                                                                                 practices, tactics
                                     Whole farm                                   and strategies
                                      resource
                                     allocations

                                          Scaling out and capacity building
                                    30% increase in maize yields and 30% reduction
                                   in risk 500,000 households over the next 10 years
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                              2
Project background

       Similar agro-ecologies




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   3
Objective:
                        The sustainable intensification of
                       cropping with an emphasis on maize
                                   and legumes




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   4
How intensify?




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   5
Intensifying resource use
                                                                         Double cropping




                                                                                  Maize

                                                                                                 Legume



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011            6
Intensifying resource use
                                                                                Intercropping




                                                                                   Maize



                                                                                Legume



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   7
Intensifying resource use
                                                                             Relay cropping




                                                                                  Maize

                                                                                                 Legume



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011            8
Intercropping 2010-2011

       •        2 by 2 row replacement
                intercropping
                  –        Suitable for mechanisation
                  –        No opportunity for relay
       •        Maize-mungbean
                  –        Opportunities to increase maize
                           production in Qld
       •        Light competition managed with
                multiple maize population
                densities




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   9
Materials & Methods

       • cv. Emerald and cv. 34N43 (CRM 110) sown 1/2/2011 at Gatton RS
       • 0.75 m rows in Nth-Sth orientation
       • Nitrogen (150 Kg/Ha N) and rain fed (water unlimited)
       • 2, 2 row replacement intercropping with consistent intra row plant
         spacing
          – Sole Mungbean (Mb) 20 pl/m2
          – Sole Maize (Mz) 2 pl/m2
          – Sole Mz 4 pl/m2
          – Sole Mz 8 pl/m2
          – Intercropped Mb 10 pl/m2 Mz 1 pl/m2
          – Intercropped Mb 10 pl/m2 Mz 2 pl/m2
          – Intercropped Mb 10 pl/m2 Mz 4 pl/m2
       • Soil water and light interception monitored intensively
       • 4 replicates (blocks)
       • 4.5 m2 harvest area

© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   10
Preliminary results

       •       Maize population density
                – Yield plateau 4-8 plants/m2 monoculture
                – No plateau for intercropped maize?


                                                           7

                                                           6       l.s.d. (p=0.05)

                                                           5
                                            Yield (t/Ha)




                                                           4
                                                                                                          Sole maize
                                                                                                          Intercropped maize
                                                           3

                                                           2

                                                           1

                                                           0
                                                               0         1       2          3    4    5      6      7     8
                                                                                 Population density (plants/m2)
© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                 11
Preliminary results

       • Maize intra-specific competition; Land use Equivalence Ratio (LER)
                  – Intercropped maize more land efficient (Partial LER>0.5)




    Treatment                                 Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER        Total

                                              Mz             Mb                 Total            Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb   LER

    Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole

    Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole                           7.35a
                                                                                         IC 16.5 cm intra row (t/ha)
    Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole                           6.85a
                                                                                         Sole 16.5 cm intra row (t/ha) = Partial LER
    Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole                           4.80b

    Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     5.14b                                                                0.70a

    Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     3. 92c                                                               0.58b

    Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     2.62d                                                                0.55b

    l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                         0.63                                                                 0.04


© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                12
Preliminary results

       • Maize intra-specific competition
                  – Intercropped maize more land efficient (Partial LER>0.5)
                  – Maize is more susceptible to intra-specific competition



    Treatment                                 Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER        Total

                                              Mz             Mb                 Total            Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb   LER

    Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole

    Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole                           7.35a

    Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole                           6.85a

    Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole                           4.80b

    Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     5.14b                                                                0.70a

    Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     3. 92c                                                               0.58b

    Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     2.62d                                                                0.55b

    l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                         0.63                                                                 0.04


© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                13
Preliminary results

       • Maize yields; intercropped vs. sole
                  – Intercropped maize more land efficient (partial LER>0.5)
                  – Maize is more susceptible to intraspecific competition
                  – Intercropping can’t compensate for reduced land area


    Treatment                                 Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER        Total

                                              Mz             Mb                 Total            Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb   LER

    Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole

    Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole                           7.35a

    Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole                           6.85a

    Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole                           4.80b
                                                                         ≠
    Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     5.14b                                                                0.70a

    Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     3. 92c                                                               0.58b

    Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     2.62d                                                                0.55b

    l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                         0.63                                                                 0.04


© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                14
Preliminary results

       • Maize yields; intercropped vs. sole
                  – Intercropped maize more land efficient (partial LER>0.5)
                  – Maize is more susceptible to intraspecific competition
                  – Intercropping can’t compensate for reduced land area


    Treatment                                 Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER        Total

                                              Mz             Mb                 Total            Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb   LER

    Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole

    Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole                           7.35a

    Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole                           6.85a

    Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole                           4.80b

    Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     5.14b                      ≠                                         0.70a

    Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     3. 92c                                                               0.58b

    Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                     2.62d                                                                0.55b

    l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                         0.63                                                                 0.04


© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                15
Preliminary results

        •       Mungbean yields; intercropped vs. sole
                 – High sole crop yield




      Treatment                               Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER        Total

                                              Mz              Mb                  Total          Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb   LER

      Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole                                        2.40a

      Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                   0.73d

      Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                   0.89c

      Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                   1.07b

      l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                                       0.59



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                16
Preliminary results

        •       Mungbean yields; intercropped vs. sole
                 – High sole crop yield
                 – Intercropping reduced mungbean yield partly due to population
                   decreases


      Treatment                                 Yield (t/ha)                                     Yield (g/plant)    Partial LER        Total

                                                Mz            Mb                  Total          Mz          Mb     Mz            Mb   LER

      Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole                                        2.40a                                          12ab

      Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                   0.73d                                          8c

      Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                   0.89c                                          10bc

      Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                   1.07b                                          13a

      l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                                       0.59                                            3



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                 17
Preliminary results

        •       Mungbean competition; intercropped vs. sole
                 – High sole crop yield
                 – Intercropping reduced mungbean yield partly due to population
                   decreases
                 – Susceptible to interspecific competition (Partial LER<0.5)

      Treatment                               Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER           Total

                                              Mz              Mb                  Total          Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb      LER

      Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                                                                                      0.30c

      Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                                                                                      0.37b

      Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                                                                                      0.45a

      l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                                                                                                          0.02



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                   18
Preliminary results

        •       Total LER; intercropped vs. sole
                 – No effect of maize population
                 – Similar land area could produce both crops in monoculture




      Treatment                               Yield (t/ha)                                       Yield (g/plant)   Partial LER           Total

                                              Mz              Mb                  Total          Mz          Mb    Mz            Mb      LER

      Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole
      Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole

      Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                                                                        0.70a         0.30c   1.00a

      Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                                                                        0.58b         0.37b   0.95a

      Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC                                                                                        0.55b         0.45a   0.99a

      l.s.d. (P = 0.05)                                                                                            0.04          0.02    n.s.



© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                                                   19
Conclusions

        •       Intercropped maize is more land efficient than sole maize, but can’t
                completely compensate for decreased area

        •       Mungbean is susceptible to competition from maize




        Future research
        •       Investigate novel temporal (i.e. relay cropping) and spatial arrangements to
                manage intra- & inter-specific competition

        •       Famer interest in wheat-mungbean, millet-mungbean, & sorghum-chickpea
                relay




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011   20
Acknowledgements
             DEEDI                                                                               QAAFI
              James McLean                                                                        Daniel Rodriguez
              Richard Routley
              John Dimes
              Solomon Fekybelu
              Aldo Zeppa
              Scott Geddes




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011                       21

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Intercropping maize and mungbean to intensify summer cropping systems in QLD, Australia. Joseph Eyre

  • 1. Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation Intercropping maize and mungbean to intensify summer cropping systems in Queensland, Australia Joseph Eyre Richard Routley Daniel Rodriguez John Dimes
  • 2. Project background SIMLESA aims at increasing farm-household food security and productivity, in the context of climate risk and change, through the development of more resilient, profitable and sustainable maize- legume farming systems Socio-economic More productive, Improved range of characterization resilient and maize and legume sustainable varieties available Input and output smallholder for smallholders value chain maize-legume practices, tactics Whole farm and strategies resource allocations Scaling out and capacity building 30% increase in maize yields and 30% reduction in risk 500,000 households over the next 10 years © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 2
  • 3. Project background Similar agro-ecologies © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 3
  • 4. Objective: The sustainable intensification of cropping with an emphasis on maize and legumes © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 4
  • 5. How intensify? © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 5
  • 6. Intensifying resource use Double cropping Maize Legume © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 6
  • 7. Intensifying resource use Intercropping Maize Legume © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 7
  • 8. Intensifying resource use Relay cropping Maize Legume © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 8
  • 9. Intercropping 2010-2011 • 2 by 2 row replacement intercropping – Suitable for mechanisation – No opportunity for relay • Maize-mungbean – Opportunities to increase maize production in Qld • Light competition managed with multiple maize population densities © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 9
  • 10. Materials & Methods • cv. Emerald and cv. 34N43 (CRM 110) sown 1/2/2011 at Gatton RS • 0.75 m rows in Nth-Sth orientation • Nitrogen (150 Kg/Ha N) and rain fed (water unlimited) • 2, 2 row replacement intercropping with consistent intra row plant spacing – Sole Mungbean (Mb) 20 pl/m2 – Sole Maize (Mz) 2 pl/m2 – Sole Mz 4 pl/m2 – Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 – Intercropped Mb 10 pl/m2 Mz 1 pl/m2 – Intercropped Mb 10 pl/m2 Mz 2 pl/m2 – Intercropped Mb 10 pl/m2 Mz 4 pl/m2 • Soil water and light interception monitored intensively • 4 replicates (blocks) • 4.5 m2 harvest area © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 10
  • 11. Preliminary results • Maize population density – Yield plateau 4-8 plants/m2 monoculture – No plateau for intercropped maize? 7 6 l.s.d. (p=0.05) 5 Yield (t/Ha) 4 Sole maize Intercropped maize 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Population density (plants/m2) © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 11
  • 12. Preliminary results • Maize intra-specific competition; Land use Equivalence Ratio (LER) – Intercropped maize more land efficient (Partial LER>0.5) Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole 7.35a IC 16.5 cm intra row (t/ha) Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole 6.85a Sole 16.5 cm intra row (t/ha) = Partial LER Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole 4.80b Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 5.14b 0.70a Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 3. 92c 0.58b Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 2.62d 0.55b l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.63 0.04 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 12
  • 13. Preliminary results • Maize intra-specific competition – Intercropped maize more land efficient (Partial LER>0.5) – Maize is more susceptible to intra-specific competition Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole 7.35a Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole 6.85a Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole 4.80b Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 5.14b 0.70a Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 3. 92c 0.58b Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 2.62d 0.55b l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.63 0.04 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 13
  • 14. Preliminary results • Maize yields; intercropped vs. sole – Intercropped maize more land efficient (partial LER>0.5) – Maize is more susceptible to intraspecific competition – Intercropping can’t compensate for reduced land area Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole 7.35a Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole 6.85a Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole 4.80b ≠ Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 5.14b 0.70a Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 3. 92c 0.58b Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 2.62d 0.55b l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.63 0.04 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 14
  • 15. Preliminary results • Maize yields; intercropped vs. sole – Intercropped maize more land efficient (partial LER>0.5) – Maize is more susceptible to intraspecific competition – Intercropping can’t compensate for reduced land area Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole 7.35a Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole 6.85a Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole 4.80b Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 5.14b ≠ 0.70a Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 3. 92c 0.58b Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 2.62d 0.55b l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.63 0.04 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 15
  • 16. Preliminary results • Mungbean yields; intercropped vs. sole – High sole crop yield Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole 2.40a Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.73d Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.89c Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 1.07b l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.59 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 16
  • 17. Preliminary results • Mungbean yields; intercropped vs. sole – High sole crop yield – Intercropping reduced mungbean yield partly due to population decreases Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole 2.40a 12ab Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.73d 8c Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.89c 10bc Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 1.07b 13a l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.59 3 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 17
  • 18. Preliminary results • Mungbean competition; intercropped vs. sole – High sole crop yield – Intercropping reduced mungbean yield partly due to population decreases – Susceptible to interspecific competition (Partial LER<0.5) Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.30c Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.37b Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.45a l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.02 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 18
  • 19. Preliminary results • Total LER; intercropped vs. sole – No effect of maize population – Similar land area could produce both crops in monoculture Treatment Yield (t/ha) Yield (g/plant) Partial LER Total Mz Mb Total Mz Mb Mz Mb LER Mb 20 pl/m2 Sole Mz 8 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 pl/m2 Sole Mz 2 pl/m2 Sole Mz 4 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.70a 0.30c 1.00a Mz 2 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.58b 0.37b 0.95a Mz 1 & Mb 10 pl/m2 IC 0.55b 0.45a 0.99a l.s.d. (P = 0.05) 0.04 0.02 n.s. © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 19
  • 20. Conclusions • Intercropped maize is more land efficient than sole maize, but can’t completely compensate for decreased area • Mungbean is susceptible to competition from maize Future research • Investigate novel temporal (i.e. relay cropping) and spatial arrangements to manage intra- & inter-specific competition • Famer interest in wheat-mungbean, millet-mungbean, & sorghum-chickpea relay © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 20
  • 21. Acknowledgements DEEDI QAAFI James McLean Daniel Rodriguez Richard Routley John Dimes Solomon Fekybelu Aldo Zeppa Scott Geddes © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2011 21