3. 5 Modal Verbs
Reviewing Content
7 Simple Future
New content: learning how to talk
about the future
10 Adjectives
New content: id/eng ending
14 Parts of Speech
Totally new and awesome content:
how to improve your speech
18 Past Tenses
Learning how to talk about the
past
34 Gerunds & Infinitives
Helpful tips and grammar content
39 Tag Questions
New and useful content
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DIGITAL STUDY CONTENT INDEX
5. MODAL
VERBS
The Modal Verbs are special verbs we use in very specific
context. They also have very specific rules. The modal
verbs include: can, must, may, might, will, would, should
and others.
They are used with other verbs to express:
Ability, Permission, Obligation, Prohibition,
Advice/Opinion and Possibility.
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6. REVIEWING
MODAL VERBS
STRUCTURE OF THE MODAL VERBS
Interrogative (?):
MODAL VERB + SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ?
Can you ask her if she is coming to the party tomorrow?
Will you marry me?
Would you do me a favour, sweetie?
Affirmative (+):
SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + VERB + OBJECT
I can ask her if she is coming tonight, if you want me to ask…
I will marry you!
I would do you a favour if you asked me politely…
Negative (-):
SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + NOT + VERB + OBJECT
I can’t ask her if she is coming tonight. I don’t like talking to her.
I will not (won’t) marry you; in fact, I am breaking up with you.
I wouldn’t do you a favour even if the Pope asked me to do so!
RULES OF THE MODAL VERBS
#1 – They do not change when in the 3rd persons of singular.
She can play the piano very well. (no she cans or she can plays)
Paul might not come today; I think he had something to do.
(no Paul mights or he might not comes).
#2 – We do not use the infinitive verb after the modal verb.
You shall not pass (no you shall not to pass)
I must go; I have many things to do. (no I must to go)
#3 – we only add ‘not’ to form negatives.
Eliza cannot help her sister because she isn’t at home today.
(no she don’t can, etc)
Fabian may not like the surprise. (no he doesn’t may)
#4 – The modal verb is the auxiliary to form questions.
Should I stay or should I go now? (no do should I stay? Etc)
Will you travel abroad one day? (no do you will travel? Etc)
#5 – they do not change (past, present, future).
My cat could climb a tree in 5 seconds when he was younger. (past)
My cat can climb a tree in 5 minutes, although he cannot descent it.
(present)
7. SIMPLE
FUTURE
We have four forms of Future Simple in
English. We use them every time we refer to
the future.
However, depending on what you want to
say (context) we have to use the tenses
wisely.
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8. VERB TENSE
SIMPLE FUTURE
WILL
We use will to talk about hopes and promises, predictions, requesting help and
involuntary acts.
I believe you will be very successful in your new career (prediction).
They hope they will receive a salary raise by the end of the year. (hope)
Carlos will get a job, he promised that to everyone! (promise)
Will you help me to carry this table, please? (requesting help)
“It’s so hot here!” “I’ll turn on the AC, don’t worry”. (involuntary action)
TO BE GOING TO
We use to be going to talk about a prediction or a plan.
Everybody is going to the beach in December to celebrate the New Year. (Plan)
I am going to visit my parents in Lisbon next week! I’ve got the tickets! (Plan)
Scientist say that many species are going to be extinct in 10 years. (Prediction)
You are going to be an amazing lawyer as your mother is. (Prediction)
Obs.: Informal English we use the form to be + gonna instead of to be going to.
That concert is gonna be crazy!
I’m gonna leave you alone now.
She’s gonna study at Yale! I’m so exciting for her.
They’re gonna love having you here! Welcome!
PRESENT SIMPLE as future
We use Present Simple as future tense to talk about time-tabled
actions.
Rebecca is coming back home, her bus arrives at 10am.
The train leaves the station at 3pm.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS as future
We use Present Continuous as future to talk about actions that are
within a close time (near future).
It is usually used for appointments within a week.
Rebecca is attending classes at Speak One next week.
She scheduled it with the coordinator.
They are coming to have dinner with us tonight, remember?
Michael has serious sight issues, he is going to the doctor on Tuesday.
9. C O M P A R A T I V E S
& S U P E R L A T I V E
T H A N / T H E N
D I D Y O U K N O W ? C O N F U S I N G
W O R D S : T H A N / T H E N
Comparatives: sometimes, when we describe
things, we need to compare them somehow. In
English, there are ways to do it. To compare two
- or more things - we use the adjectives in a
particularly way:
Sharknado I is more interesting than Sharknado
II. When I watched the first movie I had no clear
reaction, however, at the end, I loved it.
Riding a bike is less exhausting than running a
marathon.
Apple smart phones are costlier than Motorola
ones.
Fiat popular cars are as cheap as Volkswagen
cars.
THE… THE…
The less I see them the more I like them.
The more she reads, the less she understands.
The older we grow, the wiser we become.
The higher you climb, the colder it gets.
Superlatives: other times, we just want to
emphasise some things and for that we use the
adjectives in other particularly ways:
Bad Moms is one of the funniest movies I have
ever seen.
The most confusing feeling we have might be
love.
We use then to express a sense of time.
Examples:
If the weather isn’t good, then my flight will be
cancelled.
...Then when she looked at him she saw a smirk
on his face.
We use than to make comparisons between
things.
Examples:
Nathalia is taller than Bruna.
This updated version of the ebook is way better
than the older ones.
THAN/THEN
11. ED/ING
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ (e.g. ‘bored’, ‘interested’) and adjectives that end ‘-ing’
(e.g. ‘boring’, ‘interesting’) are often confused.
-ed adjectives
Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ describe emotions – they tell us how people feel
about something.
Lizzy was very bored in the History lesson. She almost fell asleep.
Steven was surprised to see Leana. She’d told him she was going to Portugal on
vacation.
Andrew was Feeling tired and depressed, so he went to bed early.
-ing adjectives
Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that causes the emotion – a boring
lesson makes you feel bored.
Have you seen that Jaw film? It’s absolutely terrifying.
I could listen to him for hours. He’s one of the most interesting people I’ve ever
met.
I can’t eat this! It’s disgusting! What is it?
Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people
feel bored.
He talks about the weather for hours. He’s so boring.
NOT I was very boring at the party so I went home.
Here are some more adjectives that can have both an ‘-ed’ and an ‘-ing’ form:
amused
amusing
annoyed
annoying
confused
confusing
disappointed
disappointing
excited
exciting
exhausted
exhausting
frightened
frightening
satisfied
satisfying
shocked
shocking
12. VERY, A LOT
A LOT OF
L O T S O F
D I D Y O U K N O W ?
C O N F U S I N G W O R D S A N D
L E A R N I N G H O W T O U S E T H E M .
Ver y i s a n a dv e r b of i nt e ns i t y . I t
me a ns t ha t i t i nt e ns i f i e s t he
a dj e c t i v e s a f t e r t he m.
E xampl es :
Ma donna i s a v e r y t a l e nt e d s i ng e r .
S he s t a r t e d he r c a r e e r i n t he e a r l y
8 0 ’ s a nd s i nc e t ha n s he ha s be e n one
of t he mos t popul a r s i ng e r s of a l l
t i me s .
Y ou a r e v e r y a nnoy i ng , di d y ou k now?
S t op doi ng t hi s !
T he t e a c he r i s v e r y a ng r y a t t he c l a s s .
T he y di dn’ t do a ny of t he a s s i g nme nt s
s he a s k e d t he m t o do.
A l ot i s a qua nt i f i e r . We us e i t t o
qua nt i f y t he a c t i on of s ome one . We
us ua l l y us e i t a f t e r v e r bs .
E xampl es :
My mot he r wor k s a l ot ! S he i s s o t i r e d
t ha t I wi s h I c oul d do s ome t hi ng t o
he l p he r .
Oh! T ha t ’ s s o s we e t . T ha nk y ou. I t
me a ns a l ot t o me .
A l ot of / l ot s of a r e s y nony ms a nd
t he y a r e a l s o qua nt i f i e r s .
T he y a r e us ua l l y us e d be f or e a noun.
L ot s of s ounds mor e i nf or mal t han a
l ot of .
De ni s e boug ht a l ot of f r ui t s s o s he
c oul d pr e pa r e a de l i c i ous j a m f or us .
De ni s e boug ht l ot s of f r ui t s s o s he
c oul d pr e pa r e a de l i c i ous j a m f or us .
We do not ha v e t i me f or t hi s .
We ha v e l ot s of wor k t o do!
DID YOU KNOW? -
CONFUSING WORDS
VERY/A LOT/A LOT
OF/LOTS OF
13. we are one
Be a part of something great!
“Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with
what you can do.” – John Wooden
14. PARTS OF
SPEECH
When we communicate in English we use words that
are part of the speech. Speech is the communication
itself, words combined into a sentences that form an
idea to be said. The parts of the speech are the
words that, combined, make the communication
happen.
It is important to know them and use them in the
correct order.
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15. PARTS OF
SPEECH
Pronouns are words that work as the subject of a sentence or replace the
subject in the sentence.
SEE THE TABLE OF THE PRONOUNS HERE
Examples:
Marta is going to Mexico on Saturday. (Subject Pronoun)
You told him that he could not come to the party with us. (Object Pronoun)
Our grandfather has been very sick since last year. We hope he will be better
soon. (Possessive Adjective)
It’s my composition that was the best of the class, not yours! (Possessive
Pronoun)
Don’t let the kids play with this, they might hurt themselves. (Reflexive Pronouns)
VERBS
They are the words that change according to the tense (past, present,
future) and the person in the sentence. They are connected to the subject of
the sentence but can also make part of the object of a sentence.
Examples:
I love singing while I am having a shower. (love - main verb, singing - gerund verb,
am - auxiliary verb, having - continuous form of the verb have).
Yesterday at the party, Michael and Eric fought because of the last can of beer.
(fought - past simple of the irregular verb fight)
I cannot stay, I must go home and organize my house. (modal verbs + verbs)
Brazil will be one of the richest countries in 50 years. (verb in the future)
ADVERBS
It usually modifies a verb in the sentence. We have some types of adverbs
that are important to know:
Adverbs of Manner (how an action occurs):
Examples:
Monica has been in California for two years with her husband. They are living
happily there.
He has nicely done his job. We should congratulate him.
Why was she speaking so angrily with you?
Please, behave decently!
Everyone was listening to the teacher carefully.
16. Adverbs of Place (where an action occurs):
Examples:
Were you there when The President made the
speech?
Liz is coming here tomorrow night to have
dinner with us.
“Where were you?” “I was upstairs with the
dog”.
It’s getting cold, I am going inside now.
My parents used to bring me near the woods
when I was a kid.
Adverbs of Time (when an action occurs):
Examples:
Tim and Gina are going to the concert
tomorrow. Their daughter is going to perform.
Last week, Natasha went to a Coffee Shop and
bought us some tea with biscuits. It was so
nice of her.
We want to watch that movie! It is coming
soon, right?
We are still waiting for the reports. It’s been
like this the whole morning!
Yesterday, at the office, the boss could not
handle the situation with George and fired
him.
Adverbs of Frequency (how often an action
occurs):
Examples:
The teachers of Speak One are always
creating crazy activities!
Mauro never comes late to work. He is an
example we should look up to.
These animals are seldom seen on the
surface, they prefer to hide from predators.
My ex boyfriend is so annoying, he is calling
me over and over again.
I do like your folks, I just think they come to
visit too often. We need a break sometimes.
PREPOSITIONS
They show the relation of a noun or a
pronoun to another word.
Examples:
Sarah left the money on the table for you.
The goal is to make it as simple and clear as
possible for you.
The museum is between the shopping center
and the hospital.
Matthew stopped by the grocery store to buy
me some things.
The cat is trapped in the bathroom. It can’t
get out of there.
ADJECTIVES
They describe the quality of a noun. In English
the adjective always comes before the noun.
Sometimes nouns have the function of an
adjective because it gives the quality to
another noun.
Important: some adjectives may end with +ED
or +ING as we have already seen.
Examples:
Jimmy is so thirsty. Give him some fresh water
to drink.
Jimmy is so thirsty. Give him that water glass
to drink.
Her mother in law gave her a delicious
chocolate box.
She told me she loves wearing cotton fabric
NOUNS
The name of a person, an animal, a thing or
an idea.
Examples:
Mary prefers writing with a pencil than with a
pen.
The first time they flew on an airplane they
simply panic.
Drinking alcohol isn’t a very good idea if you
need to drive right after it.
My car broke when I was coming to Speak
One yesterday.
She is one of the most altruistic persons I
know. My admiration for her is deep.
CONJUNCTIONS
They join two words, ideas or phrases
together. They allow us to form more complex
sentences and ideas and linking them instead
of forming short and poor sentences. We have
three types of conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions:
most known as the FANBOYS (for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so).
I am not going to the concert, for I didn’t buy
the tickets.
She was not watching TV when the burglar
broke in the house, nor was my brother.
17. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
PARTS OF THE
A SPEECH
L E A R N I N G H O W T O O R D E R Y O U R
S P E E C H .
S ubor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons : a f t e r ,
a l t houg h, a s , a s i f , a s l ong a s , a s
muc h a s , a s s oon a s , a s t houg h,
be c a us e , be f or e , by t he t i me , e v e n
i f , e v e n t houg h, i f , i n or de r t ha t , i n
c a s e , i n t he e v e nt t ha t , l e s t , now
t ha t , onc e , onl y , onl y i f , pr ov i de d
t ha t , s i nc e , s o, s uppos i ng , t ha t ,
t ha n, t houg h, t i l l , unl e s s , unt i l ,
whe n, whe ne v e r , whe r e , whe r e a s ,
whe r e v e r , whe t he r or not , whi l e .
S ome t i me s , unt i l , a f t e r , or be f or e
c a n f unc t i on a s a c onj unc t i on e v e n
t houg h t he y a r e a dv e r bs .
E xampl es :
I pr omi s e I ’ l l c a l l y ou a s s oon a s I
a r r i v e a t home , ok a y ?
We l l , whe t he r y ou l i k e i t or not we
mus t l e a v e t he c i t y now.
Unl e s s y ou a l r e a dy k now e v e r y t hi ng
a bout t he t opi c , y ou mus t s t udy
ha r d t o pa s s t he e x a ms .
Cor r el at i v e c onj unc t i ons :
bot h/ a nd, e i t he r / or , ne i t he r / nor ,
not onl y / but , whe t he r / or
E xampl es :
We ha v e done bot h t he r e por t a nd
t he e s s a y .
I t wa s r a i ni ng a l ot whe n we r e a l i s e d
we di dn’ t ha v e ne i t he r a r a i nc oa t
nor a n umbr e l l a wi t h us .
We l l , e i t he r y ou s e nd he r a me s s a g e
or y ou c a l l he r . But pl e a s e , t a l k t o
he r s ome how!
I NTE RJ E CTI ONS
T he y a r e wor ds or s e nt e nc e s t ha t
e x pr e s s a s t r ong e mot i on. I t wor k s
a s a s hor t e x c l a ma t i on.
E xampl es :
He y ! Y ou s houl d not be he r e a t t hi s
t i me .
Wow! Ha v e y ou s e e n t he s e pi c t ur e s
of t he we ddi ng ?
Oh my God! I a m s o ha ppy y ou a r e
he r e !
Oops ! I di d i t a g a i n, I pl a y e d wi t h
y our he a r t . . .
“ S he ha s qui t he r j ob” “ Re a l l y ? Why
woul d s he do t ha t ? ”
19. PAST CONTINUOS VS
PAST SIMPLE
Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
Last night I heard a weird noise outside. Then my dog started to bark and I got
really afraid. When I finally reunited courage to check by the window, I saw that
there was a possum crossing the yard with its cubs. It was cute, however my dog
went crazy to attack it. While my dog was annoyingly barking, I was holding the
front door so she would not be able to open it and bite the animals outside. After
a while, everything was normal again.
Check the examples above. What is Past Simple? What is Past Continuous?
Past Simple - An action that started and finished in the past. We usually use a
specific time in the past.
Past Continuous - An action that started in the past and continued for a while
until an interruption occured or when two actions happened for a while in the
past.
DID YOU KNOW? - CONFUSING WORDS
OTHER/OTHERS/THE OTHER /ANOTHER
Another - we use it with singular nouns.
They need another chance!
Could you please give me another cup?
Don’t you have another thing to do?
Other - We use it with plural nouns
They need other chances to continue.
Could you please give me other two cups?
Don’t you have other things to do?
Others - we use it to replace the pronouns other + plural noun.
I didn’t like these cookies. Let’s order others. (other cookies)
Some of my brothers are already here, others are still coming. (other brothers)
The other/the others - refers to other people/options.
We are going to a pub tonight, what about the others?
First option is going to a pub, the other is going to the movies.
“”What about this one?” “hmm I think I prefer the other one”.
20. “Successful and unsuccessful people do not vary greatly in their
abilities. They vary in their desires to reach their potential.” – John
Maxwell
21. PRESENT
PERFECT
the present perfect is used to indicate a link between
the present and the past. WE ARE MORE INTERESTED IN
THE RESULT THAN THE ACTION ITSELF.
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22. PAST TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT
The Present Perfect shows the result of an action in the past that is clearly
present now.
Examples:
The British author J.K. Rowling has written at least three crime fiction books
under the pseudonym of Robert Galbraith.
Thanks God they have washed the car, it was terribly dirty!
The Present Perfect shows actions that have been completed recently.
Examples:
Hello, Terry. I feel terrible sorry! I’m not gonna make it in time at the movies
because my boss has just sent me an e-mail scheduling an emergency meeting
for now. May we have a rain check?
Marian is pretty busy today! She has just rushed out of here to run her errands
immediately.
The Present Perfect shows period of time of an action (since, for).
Examples:
Avril is a marvellous musician! She has played guitar and piano since she was five
years old; because of that today she is a remarkable professional.
I can’t believe I’ve broken it! I have had this watch for ages! It belonged to my
great-grand father once. I feel awful!
OBSERVATIONS:
While the Past Simple requires a specific time in past, the Present Perfect does
not.
Examples:
The project began in 2008 and its main goal is to enlighten people and educate
them about conservation and protection of nature. The project has already
helped hundreds of people and their communities around the country.
Many people have switched their traditional bank accounts to a digital bank
account in order to pay less – or even none – fees, face almost zero
bureaucracy and no waiting time or queues. Last year, over more than 2 million
people decided to open 100% digital accounts only in Brazil. Experts say that this
number will increase even more within the next few years.
While the Past Simple gives the idea of finished actions (specific time in
past), the Present Perfect gives the idea of unfinished actions (no specific
time in past).
Examples:
Jackie went to India a few days ago and Jack is at home taking care of everything
by himself. I believe he has done a great job so far.
Sarah, have you finished the report I asked you this morning?
No, I haven’t finished it yet due to the two meetings that I had to attend in our
branch.
23. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
PRESENT
PERFECT
L E A R N I N G H O W T O T A L K A B O U T
T H E P A S T .
STRUCTURE TENSE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
Object = complement
Auxiliary verb = have/has
Participle verb = the past of the past (3st
column of the list)
Interrogative sentences (?):
AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + PARTICIPLE
VERB + OBJECT + ?
Have you done your homework?
Has Veronica read all the books?
Affirmative sentences (+):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + PARTICIPLE
VERB + OBJECT
I have done all my homework until now.
Veronica has read three books this week.
Negative sentences (-):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT +
PARTICIPLE VERB + OBJECT
I have not done all my homework yet.
Veronica has not read all the books.
CONTRACTIONS
I have lived here all my life – I’ve lived here all my life.
You have eaten five biscuits already! – You’ve eaten five
biscuits already!
He has worked here since he graduated at college – He’s
worked here since he graduated at college.
She has not finished her homework. – She’s not/hasn’t
finished her homework.
It has been lost for a long time! – It’s been lost for a long
time!
We have not seen each other – We’ve not/haven’t seen each
other
They have had that lesson already – They’ve had that lesson
already
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS –
Brief review
When we conjugate verbs we divide them into regular and
irregular verbs.
Regular verbs are those verbs that do not modify in their
essence and we just add –ED at the end to form the past.
Examples:
TALK – TALKED - TALKED
PLAY – PLAYED - PLAYED
LOOK – LOOKED – LOOKED
Irregular verbs, on the other hand, are those verbs that
do modify in their essence. Examples:
SWIM – SWAM - SWUM
FLY – FLEW - FLOWN
BREAK – BROKE – BROKEN
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Just, already, yet, for a long time, since, for,
recently, ever, so far, until now.
24. PRESENT
PERFECT C.
the present perfect continuous is used to refer to an
unspecified time between "before now" and "now".
the speaker is thinking about something that started
but perhaps did not finish in that period of time.
24
25. PAST TENSES
PRESENT
PERFECT C
The Present Perfect Continuous shows an action that started in the past and
continues for a while in the present.
Examples:
Refugees have been waiting for asylum for weeks, even though no answer comes
from the Government. Therefore, the population is concern about security since
refugees have nowhere else to go or any basic conditions to maintain themselves.
Monica said she has been waiting for her flight for five hours. She will arrive only at
night, so we don’t need to wait for her to have lunch.
The Present Perfect Continuous also shows activities that have recently stopped
or just stopped with a clear connection with now.
Examples:
What has she been doing? She is so sweat!
Tiffany has been running until arriving here. Now she is sweaty and exhausted!
The Present Perfect Continuous, unlike the Present Perfect, focuses on the
duration of time of an action.
Examples:
How long have you been travelling around the world?
I have been travelling around the world for about three years. Since the beginning I
knew it would be an extraordinary experience but I could never thought I would find
so many people willing to help me. They have been experiencing this journey with me
since 2017 when it all started.
STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Object = complement
Auxiliary verbs = have/has + BEEN
Interrogative sentences (?):
AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + BEEN + ING VERB + OBJECT +?
Have you been doing your homework since this morning?
Has Veronica been reading the book for hours?
Affirmative sentences (+):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + BEEN + ING VERB + OBJECT
I have been doing my homework since this morning, I’m tired!
Veronica has been reading the book for hours!
Negative sentences (-):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + ING VERB + OBJECT
I have not been doing my homework for two weeks. My teacher must be pissed off.
Veronica has not been reading the book, she may fail on the exam!
26. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
PRESENT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
L E A R N I N G H O W T O U S E T H E
V E R B T E N S E S I N T H E P A S T .
STATIVE VERBS AND ACTION VERBS –
Brief review
Stative verbs are verbs that express a state
rather an action. They usually express:
emotions, thoughts, relationships, senses,
states of being and measurements. We do
not use those verbs in continuous forms.
Examples:
Recognize, have, appreciate, see, cost, love,
etc
For more examples of Stative Verbs, check
the Stative Verbs List on speakone.com.br
Action verbs are verbs that express an action
whether it be physical or mental. We can use
those verbs in continuous forms.
Examples:
Run, walk, think, play, fly, keep, etc.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
How long, for, since.
OBSERVATIONS!
We use the Present Continuous to talk
about actions that are happening right
now.
Examples:
Alexander is painting his house right now,
his wife told you so.
They are preparing a delicious pizza because
everybody is hungry.
We use the Present Perfect to talk about
actions that have a result in the present.
Examples:
Alexander has painted his house. It looks
beautiful!
They have prepared a delicious pizza, would
you like some?
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to
talk about an action that started in the
past and continuous for a while in the
present.
Examples:
Alexander has been painting his house for
three days. He works a lot!
They have been preparing a delicious pizza
since 6pm.
28. PAST
PERFECT
the past perfect shows a completed action before the
past. It can also show a duration of an action in the past.
24
29. PAST TENSES
PAST PERFECT
The Past Perfect shows a completed action before something in the past. We
like to say that the Present Perfect represents the past of the past.
Examples:
Kate only understood the movie because she had read the book. It is such a
complicated story that it was necessary to be very focused on it.
Patrick had studied German before he moved to Berlin; otherwise he wouldn’t be
able to get that promotion at the company.
The Past Perfect also shows duration before something in the past (for
stative verbs only).
Examples:
Oh! I miss my first car; I had had it for ten years before I bought a new one. I’ve
got so many good memories!
Before they started talking, they had seen many pictures of each other for days.
They are extremely shy people.
Important!
Although the use of Past Perfect is normally limited to non-continuous verbs
(stative verbs) and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs (stative and action
verbs), the words “live”, “work”, “teach”, and “study” are sometimes used in
this way even though they are action verbs.
Examples:
Before she started travelling the world, she had lived in Madrid for five years.
They looked exhausted! They had worked for over 12 hours nonstop. Thanks God
they are all free of this slavery job now!
When she finally retired in 2017, she said me she had taught teenagers for forty
years! She was an amazing teacher indeed.
When she could finally breath, Leticia realized she had studied for an entire
month to pass the final exams.
STRUCTURE OF THE PAST PERFECT
Object = complement
Auxiliary verbs = had
Interrogative sentences (?):
AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + PARTICIPLE VERB + OBJECT +?
Had Peter written the report before he went on vacation?
Had they had that house for three years before they sold it?
Affirmative sentences (+):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + PARTICIPLE VERB + OBJECT
Peter had written the report before he went on vacation.
They had had that house for three years before they sold it.
30. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
PAST
PERFECT
L E A R N I N G H O W T O T A L K A B O U T
T H E P A S T .
Negative sentences (-):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT +
PARTICIPLE VERB + OBJECT
By the time Richard finished his work, his co-
workers hadn’t left the meeting.
The waitress brought a dish that we had not
ordered. So, we asked her to bring another
one and she was very kind.
OBSERVATIONS:
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is
possible to use specific time words and
phrases with the Past Perfect. Although
this is possible, it is usually not
necessary.
Examples:
She had visited her best friend in Nepal once
in 1998 before she moved in with her in
2000.
They had seen a lot of TV last weekend when
I arrived and turned it off.
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a
specific time, the Simple Past can be used
instead of the Past Perfect when “before” or
“after” is used in the sentence. The words
“before” and “after” actually tell you what
happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional.
For this reason, both sentences below are
correct:
She had visited her best friend in Nepal once
in 1998 before she moved in with her in
2000.
She visited her best friend in 1998 before
she moved in with her in 2000.
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an
action at specific time, Past Simple is not
optional. Compare the examples below. Here,
past perfect is referring to a lack of
experience rather than an action at a
specific time. For this reason, Simple Past
cannot be used.
She never saw an elephant before she
moved to Africa. Not correct
She had never seen an elephant before she
moved to Africa. Correct
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
After, before, previously, by the time,
until, when.
31. PAST TENSES
PAST PERFECT C.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used to talk about actions or situations that
were in progress before some other actions or situations.
Examples:
When they arrived at home they saw the dogs bleeding; they had been fighting.
He was very tired when he got at home; he had been working hard all day.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used to talk about the duration of a past
action up to a certain point in the past (action verbs).
Examples:
The girls had been preparing dinner when their parents arrived home. The
kitchen was in a mess.
Peter and Susan had been dating for three years before they got married.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used to show cause of an action or situation.
Examples:
Linda was grounded because she had been misbehaving at school.
The road was wet because it had been raining.
STRUCTURE OF THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Object = complement
Auxiliary verbs = had + BEEN
Interrogative sentences (?):
AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + BEEN + ING VERB + OBJECT +?
How long had you been planning the trip before you went to Greenland?
Had you been running before started raining?
Affirmative sentences (+):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + BEEN + ING VERB + OBJECT
By the time the boss arrived, Peter had been writing a report about the last
meeting they held.
Amanda got terribly sunburnt because she had been lying in the sun too long.
She looked like a shrimp!
Negative sentences (-):
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + BEEN + ING VERB + OBJECT
It hadn’t been snowing all night long yesterday. When I woke up this morning it
was all green.
Ella hadn’t been improving a lot until she started the private classes with Emma.
32. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
NARRATIVE
TENSES
L E A R N I N G H O W T O T A L K A B O U T
T H E P A S T .
NARRATIVE TENSES
We use narrative tenses to talk
about the past. We can use
them to tell a story or to
describe past events and
anecdotes. The four narrative
tenses are the past simple, past
continuous, past perfect and
past perfect continuous and one
or more of these can be used in
a sentence.
Example:
My family and I were walking as
usual one day on the beach,
when all of a sudden, chewie
shot off. He started to bark
furiously. I saw a crab coming
out of a hole from the sand.
Chewie continued to bark. The
crab raised his claws and
clinched his pincers at Chewie.
It wasn’t trying to hurt Chewie,
just giving him a warning to stay
away. As soon as Chewie saw
the crab’s pincers he ran away
like lightining. It was clear that
Chewie had had enough playing
with the crab. The crab on the
other hand, felt victorious and
went back into his hole. We
have never forgotten that day,
for it was Chewie’s first
encounter with Charlie the crab.
33. CONFUSING
WORDS
DID YOU KNOW? - CONFUSING WORDS
ALL/WHOLE/EVERY/EACH
All - complete, full, total.
Whole - all of, entire.
Every - members of a groups considered individually. (similar with all).
Each -members of a group but considered one by one - more
individually.
See the examples below and analyse the usage of the confusing words.
Every member of the Chamber of Deputies has voted against the
new measures.
I listen to this Podcast every Sunday morning.
Samantha has read each one of these books.
Each member of this Company has the same rights and duties.
They have heard all this rigmarole their whole life! That’s enough.
We have been studying the same old things during the whole week.
All people have the right of free will.
Clean all of this mess before your Andrea arrives here!
24
35. GERUND &
INFINITIVES
Gerunds are verbs with –ing at the end. We use these verbs in gerund (do not
confuse this verbs with the continuous forms) in very particularly situations.
After certain verbs.
It can be used as a subject of a sentence.
Walking is good for your health.
Driving drunk has killed many lives.
Learning a new language can be a precious challenge for your brain.
It can be used as the object (complement) of a sentence. However, it
depends on the previously verb and meaning expressed.
All artists enjoy creating.
People usually hate cleaning.
My mother loves cooking.
It is used after prepositions.
I talked him out of taking that job.
She had an interest in becoming a musician.
They forgave her for not telling the truth.
Exception:
Even though the word “but” is commonly used as a conjunction, when it gives the
meaning of “except” it becomes a preposition. After “but”, in this particularly
case, we do not use gerund, but the infinitive.
Examples:
He had no choice but to follow her lead.
We made no stops but to get some gas.
There was many things to do but to take our stuff and leave the place.
INFINITIVE
Infinitives are verbs with to; it means that they are not conjugated by the subject.
We use these verbs in infinitive in very particularly situations.
After certain verbs.
Should be used after adjectives (also with too and enough)
This shirt is too large to wear.
They weren’t old enough to enter the party.
It’s not easy to learn a second language
It can be used as the object (complement) of a sentence.
Yesterday, I decided to draw.
I agreed to go to the concert with my cousin
Coming this way, they hope to avoid some traffic.
It is used after sentences objects that are nouns or pronouns referring to a
person.
You asked him not to go, right?
We invited a friend to attend the wedding.
They warned us not to do this!
36. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
GERUNDS &
INFINITIVE
L E A R N I N G H O W T O U S E
G E R U N D S A N D I N F I N I T I V E S .
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES:
DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
There are verbs we can use
with the gerund form or the
infinitive form, although it
changes the context of what
you mean to say.
Other verbs, we can only use in
gerund or infinitive. Have a
look at the Gerunds and
Infinitives list.
Verbs of the Sense:
feel/see/hear/watch someone
do/doing
We can use either the infinitive
without to or the -ing form
after the object of verbs of the
sense.
The infinitive
without to often emphasises
the whole action or event
which someone hears or sees.
Examples:
I heard him tell you about the
letter.
She saw them leave the house.
They watched the player score
an amazing goal.
In all examples, the subject of
the sentences heard, saw or
watched all the process of the
action.
The Gerund (-
ing) form usually emphasises
an action or event which is in
progress or not yet
completed.
Examples:
I saw her drinking a coffee in
the bar
She smelt something burning
Sophie heard it coming towards
the room and she felt scared.
37. In all examples, the subject of the sentences saw,
smelt or heard part of the action.
Forget/Regret/Remember
When they are used with an infinitive verb, they refer
to something that happens at or after a certain time.
Examples:
Forget: when it is used with infinitive it means “to
forget that you needed to do something”. (first
example) or alert to not forget soothing in the future
(second example).
Oh bullets! I forgot to close the windows at home!
Do not forget to meet me at 5pm today.
Regret: It is used with infinitive to give bad news in a
formal and polite way. It’s often used with the verbs:
to say, to announce, to tell, to inform.
We regret to inform you that your application has
been denied.
We regret to tell you the interview is cancelled.
Remember: It is used with infinitive for something
that happens at or after a certain time. It means “to
remember you need to do something”.
He remembered to feed the dog before he left the
house.
Please, remember to close the door.
When these verbs are used with a gerund they refer
to something that happened before a certain time.
Obs.: Forget with the gerund is often used with
never for a memorable previous action.
Examples:
Forget: when it is used with gerund it means “to
forget you have done something”. In the examples,
the subjects forgot they actually had closed the
windows and had read the book in the past.
I forgot closing the window at home! You are right, I
have a terrible memory.
She forgot reading that book when she was a child!
Everybody read it.
Regret: when we used it with a gerund verb it
refers to a previous action. It means you feel (or
not) sorry.
I don’t regret leaving my job. (= I don’t feel sorry)
She regretted being late to the appointment (= she
felt sorry)
Remember: when it is used with a gerund refers to a
previous action. It means “to remember you have
done something”.
Yes, sure! I remember meeting you before.
She remembers reading that book. It was one of her
favourite ones!
Care, love, like, hate, prefer
When used in CONDITIONAL they are followed by the
infinitive.
Would you like to come with me?
I would prefer to travel to Bali.
When used in the PRESENT or PAST, they are usually
followed by the gerund.
He hates waiting for buses.
She loves cooking for her family.
Mean
When it is used with infinitive it shows INTENTION
(intend).
He means to leave his job next month (he has the
intention)
I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings (It wasn’t my
intention)
When it is used with a gerund, it means INVOLVE.
You can buy a new car, but it means spending a lot of
money.
Living by yourself means working a lot to pay all the
bills.
Try
When it is used with the infinitive it means to attempt.
I tried to lift it, but I can’t.
I’ll try to finish this by tomorrow morning.
When it is used with the gerund it means make an
experiment.
Try exercising and eating healthy food if you want to
lose weight.
If you are hot, try sitting here, it’s much cooler.
Stop
When it is used with an infinitive, it means to interrupt
an action.
I was walking to the subway station, and I stopped to
say “hi” to my friends.
I stop to smoke my cigarettes. I was so anxious, I really
needed them.
When it is used with a gerund, it means to end an
action.
I stop talking to my friends a long time ago.
I stop smoking cigarettes, now I only smoke cigars and
pipes.
Help
It is often used with an infinitive. It is also used without
to, especially in American conversational English.
I helped to make dinner.
I helped make dinner.
My teacher helped me to do my homework.
My teacher helped me do my homework.
It is used with a gerund when it means a reaction
beyond the person’s control. It is usually used with the
modal verb can’t.
That joke was so good! I can’t help laughing.
Those kids are noisy, but I can’t help liking them.
38. Speak
Labs
Every Friday you can choose to participate in our labs.
It cn be with creative writing, or simply conversational
labs.
40. STRUCTURE
TAG QUESTIONS
It is a statement followed by a mini-question. We use tag questions to ask for
confirmation. They mean something like: "Is that right?" or "Do you agree?" They
are very common in English.
The basic structure of a tag question is:
Affirmative statement
negative tag
Snow is white, isn't it?
Negative statement
Affirmative tag
You don't like me, do you?
The tag repeats the auxiliary verb (or main verb when be) from the
statement and changes it to negative or positive.
SUBJECT AUXILIARY MAIN VERB AUXILIARY PERSONAL PRONOUM
are coming you?
aren't
do like coffee don't you?
You
You
have
will
finished
help
We
They
haven't we?
won't they?
NEGATIVE
can
should
come
try harder
I
He
can't I?
shouldn't he?
AFFIRMATIVE
Notice that the negative verb in the original statement is changed to positive in the tag.
SUBJECT AUXILIARY MAIN VERB AUXILIARY PERSONAL PRONOUM
isn't raining it?
isn't
have never seen that have we?
It
We
don't
won't
like coffee
report us
You
They
don't you?
will they?
can't
shouldn't
do this
drive so faste
I
He
can I?
should he?
41. NOUNS
T he name of a per s on, an
ani mal , a t hi ng or an i dea.
Exampl es :
Mar y pr ef er s wr i t i ng wi t h a
penc i l t han wi t h a pen.
T he f i r s t t i me t hey f l ew on an
ai r pl ane t hey s i mpl y pani c .
Dr i nki ng al c ohol i s n’ t a v er y
good i dea i f y ou need t o dr i v e
r i ght af t er i t .
My c ar br oke when I was
c omi ng t o Speak One
y es t er day .
She i s one of t he mos t
al t r ui s t i c per s ons I know. My
admi r at i on f or her i s deep.
CONJ UNCTI ONS
T hey j oi n t wo wor ds , i deas or
phr as es t oget her . T hey al l ow
us t o f or m mor e c ompl ex
s ent enc es and i deas and
l i nki ng t hem i ns t ead of
f or mi ng s hor t and poor
s ent enc es . We hav e t hr ee t y pes
of c onj unc t i ons :
Coor di nat i ng c onj unc t i ons :
mos t known as t he F ANBOYS
( f or , and, nor , but , or , y et , s o) .
Exampl es :
I am not goi ng t o t he c onc er t ,
f or I di dn’ t buy t he t i c ket s .
She was not wat c hi ng T V when
t he bur gl ar br oke i n t he hous e,
nor was my br ot her .
T he ki ds c oul dn’ t eat s o muc h
c hoc ol at e, y et t hey eat .
Peopl e hav e not t aken c ar e of
t he env i r onment as we
s uppos e t o, s o we mus t f ac e
t he c ons equenc es of t he
Gl obal War mi ng.
TAG
QUESTIONS
S P E C I A L C A S E S W I T H N E G A T I V E
A D V E R B S
Tag Question Special Cases
Negative adverbs
The adverbs never, rarely,
seldom, hardly, barely and
scarcely have a negative sense.
Even though they may be in a
positive statement, the feeling
of the statement is negative.
We treat statements with these
words like negative
statements, so the question
tag is normally positive.
Look at these examples:
He never came again,
did he?
She can rarely come these
days,can she?
You hardly ever came late,
did you?
I barely know you,do I?
You would scarcely expect her
to know that,would you?
Positive statement
treated as negative statement
with a
positive tag
Intonation
We can change the meaning of
a tag question with the musical
pitch of our voice. With rising
intonation, it sounds like a
real question. But if our
intonation falls, it sounds
more like a statement that
doesn't require a real answer:
You don't know where my
wallet is,do you?
rising + real question
It's a beautiful view,
isn't it?
falling + not a real question
